3.

8 CHEM Chapter 8: Study of

Compounds A. Hydrogen Chloride |
Questions
Chapter 8: Study of Compounds A. Hydrogen Chloride
| Question
Key Points from Oswal
Condensed Key Themes with Answer Bank Integration
1. Chemical Preparation and Properties
HCl is prepared in the lab by reacting NaCl with concentrated H2SO4.
The drying agent for HCl gas is conc. H2SO4, preferred because it doesn't
react with HCl.
HCl is not collected over water due to its high solubility.
The funnel prevents back suction and allows HCl to dissolve in water
efficiently.
2. Chemical Reactions and Conductivity
Anhydrous HCl is a poor conductor, while aqueous HCl conducts electricity
due to ion presence.
HCl in water turns blue litmus red, indicating acidity.
When exposed to air, HCl forms white fumes, showing its reaction with
atmospheric moisture.
Ammonium hydroxide near HCl forms white fumes of NH4Cl, confirming
HCl's presence.
3. Laboratory Techniques and Precautions
Conc. H2SO4 is used to dry HCl gas because it doesn't react with the gas,
unlike P2O5 and CaO.
Hydrochloric acid is demonstrated to contain hydrogen and chlorine through
electrolysis, producing H2 and Cl2 gases.
The inverted funnel in the arrangement prevents back suction and ensures
efficient absorption of HCl gas.
10 REACTIONS
HCL-10: 10 Reaction Types
HCL-10:: ""Precise Acidic nDynamics ReMove FormiDable Elemental nCompounds,
Making Precipitation SignificaNt""
1. P - Preparation and Solubility: Peculiar party tricks in water."
2. A - Ammonia Reactions: Awestruck by the abrupt, cloudy conjuring of salts."
3. ND - Neutralization and Decomposition: "Nerdy neutralizing, nonplussed by
the fizzy fallout of feisty carbonates."
4. RM - Remove Moisture: "Reveling in the magic of making HCl gas go dry."
5. FD - Formation and Dissolution: "Flaunting the fiery formation of HCl."
6. E - Electrolysis: "Eliciting bubbly hydrogen and chlorine show."
7. NC - Nascent Chlorine: "Nascent novelty in the chemical kingdom."
8. M - Metal Reactions: "Metals, making hydrogen hop away."
9. P - Precipitation Reactions: "Pulling insoluble salts out of thin solution."
10. SN - Reaction with Silver Nitrate: "SiNging up storms of chalky chlorides."
Enriched Key Terms & Definitions
Concentrated Sulphuric Acid: Acid used to produce HCl gas from NaCl; does not
react with HCl and serves as a drying agent (Solution 1a, 1c).
Hydrogen Chloride (HCl): A highly soluble, colorless gas that turns moist blue
litmus red and forms white fumes when in contact with ammonia (Solution 2b, 2d).
Back Suction: A condition prevented by the funnel arrangement in HCl
preparation to ensure safe and efficient gas absorption (Solution 3e).
Hydronium Ions (H3O+): Formed when HCl is dissolved in water, indicative of its
acidic properties and ability to conduct electricity (Solution 13 Old).

10 BULLETS
1. **Historical and Natural Occurrence of HCl:** Discovered in 1648, hydrochloric acid
(HCl) occurs naturally in volcanic emissions and mammalian gastric juice, aiding
digestion.
2. **Drying and Purification of HCl Gas:** HCl gas is dried using concentrated sulfuric
acid because it does not react with HCl. Other agents like phosphorus pentoxide and
quicklime are unsuitable as they react with HCl.
3. **Laboratory Preparation and Characteristics:** HCl is prepared by dissolving
hydrogen chloride gas in water, forming hydrochloric acid. Dry HCl gas and liquefied
HCl do not turn blue litmus paper red, showing their non-acidic character, while moist
HCl is acidic.
4. **Reactions and Solubility:** HCl reacts with ammonia to form white fumes of
ammonium chloride. It is highly soluble in water, forming tiny droplets of hydrochloric
acid in moist air.
5. **Electrolysis Experiment for Composition Analysis:** Electrolyzing hydrochloric
acid demonstrates its composition of hydrogen and chlorine. Evolved hydrogen ignites,
while chlorine turns moist starch iodide paper blue-black.
6. **Chemical Reactions and Precipitation:** HCl reacts with certain nitrates like lead
nitrate to give white precipitates (e.g., lead chloride), which dissolve upon heating.
7. **Reaction with Ammonia and Safety Precautions:** HCl combines with ammonia
to form dense white fumes of ammonium chloride. Safety precautions in handling
include using protective gloves and ensuring proper dilution.
8. **Hydrochloric Acid in Various Reactions:** Hydrochloric acid reacts with different
substances, yielding various products like iron(II) chloride, ammonium chloride, sulfur
dioxide, and carbon dioxide.
9. **Properties of Aqueous HCl and Its Limitations:** Aqueous HCl is a good
conductor of electricity and has specific properties like inability to be concentrated
beyond 22.2% by boiling due to the mixing of HCl(g) with water vapor.
10. **Conversion to Nascent Chlorine and Balanced Equations:** Hydrochloric acid
can be converted to nascent chlorine using a mixture of concentrated HCl and nitric
acid. The document also highlights the importance of balanced chemical equations in
understanding reactions involving HCl.

EDUKOSH IN TABLE
ANSWER KEY
Solution 1
a. Concentrated H2SO4
b. The balanced equation for the reaction:

c. The drying agent used in drying hydrogen chloride gas is conc. sulphuric acid.
d. Phosphorous pentoxide and calcium oxide are good drying agents, but they cannot
be used to dry hydrogen chloride gas because they react with hydrogen chloride.

e. Hydrogen chloride gas is highly soluble in water. Therefore, it is not collected over
water.
f. The funnel arrangement is done to dissolve HCl gas in water.

Solution 2
(a) Anhydrous HCl is poor conductor due to the absence of ions in it whereas aqueous
HCl is excellent conductor since it contains ions.
(b) When the stopper is opened HCl gas comes in contact with water vapors of air and
gives white fumes due to the formation of hydrochloric acid.
(c) A solution of HCl in water gives hydronium ions and conducts electricity, but HCl is
also soluble in dry toluene, but in that case it neither (i) turns blue litmus red (ii) nor
does conducts electricity. This indicates the absence of H+ ions in toluene showing
thereby that hydrogen chloride is a covalent compound.
(d) When ammonium hydroxide is brought near the mouth of HCl, dense white fumes
are formed due to the formation of ammonium chloride.
HCl + NH4OH

NH4Cl + H2O
(e) Dry hydrogen chloride is not acidic whereas moist Hydrogen chloride is acidic. In
presence of a drop of water HCl gas dissolves in water and forms hydrochloric acid
which turns blue litmus paper red.
(f) Hydrogen chloride is not collected over water as it is highly soluble in water.

Solution 3
(a) Hydrochloric acid is prepared by this method.
(b) The reactants are sodium chloride and Sulphuric acid.
(c) The empty flask acts as Anti-Suction device. In case the back suction occurs the
water will collect in it and will not reach the generating flask.
(d) The drying agent is Conc. Sulphuric acid. Sulphuric acid is chosen as drying agent
because it does not react with HCl.
(e) The Inverted funnel :
Prevents or minimizes back suction of water.
Provides a large surface area for absorption of HCl gas.

Solution 4
a. Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to form hydrogen chloride.
b. Dilute hydrochloric acid cannot be concentrated by boiling beyond 22.2% because
molecules of HCl(g) get mixed with water vapour.

Solution 5
We can prove that hydrochloric acid contains both hydrogen and chlorine by the
following experiment.
Take a voltameter used for electrolysis of water, fitted with platinum cathode and
graphite anode.
Into the voltameter pour 4 molar HCl and pass direct current.
It is seen that a colourless gas is evolved at cathode and a greenish gas is evolved at
anode.
When a burning splinter is brought near a colourless gas, it bursts into flame thereby
proving that it is hydrogen gas.
When moist starch iodide paper is held in the greenish yellow gas, it turns blue black,
thereby proving that the gas is chlorine.
2HCl ? H2 + Cl2
This experiment proves that hydrochloric acid contains both hydrogen and chlorine.

Solution 6
(a) Manganese dioxide
(b) Hydrogen chloride and ammonia
(c) Hydrogen and oxygen
(d) AgCl(Silver chloride)
(e) Aqua regia
(f) Fountain experiment
(g) Hydrogen chloride gas
Solution 7
A is Silver nitrate
B is Hydrochloric acid
C is Silver chloride

Solution 8
(a) NH4OH + HCl

NH4Cl + H2O
(b) NaHSO3 + HCl

NaCl + H2O + SO2

(c) Pb(NO3)2 +2HCl

PbCl2 +2HNO3
(d) Pb3O4 + 8HCl

3PbCl2 +4H2O +Cl2

Solution 9
a. Sodium carbonate on treating with dil.HCl results in the formation of sodium chloride
with the liberation of carbon dioxide gas.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 ↑
Sodium sulphite on treating with dil.HCl results in the formation of sodium chloride
with the liberation of sulphur dioxide gas.
Na2SO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + SO2 ↑
b. Sodium thiosulphate reacts with dil. HCl to produce sulphur dioxide gas and
precipitates yellow sulphur.
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + SO2 + S↓
Sulphur is not precipitated when sulphites are treated with dil.HCl.

Solution 10
Three tests are:
HCl gas gives thick white fumes of ammonium chloride when glass rod dipped in
ammonia solution is held near the vapours of the acid.
NH3 + HCl

NH4Cl
With silver nitrate HCl gives white precipitate of silver chloride. The precipitate is
insoluble in nitric acid but soluble in ammonium hydroxide.
AgNO3 + HCl

AgCl + HNO3

A greenish yellow gas is liberated when concentrated hydrochloric acid is heated with
oxidizing agent like manganese dioxide.
MnO2 + 4HCl

MnCl2 +2H2O + Cl2

Solution 11
MnO2, PbO2 and red lead react with conc. HCl acid to liberate Cl2. This shows that
hydrochloric acid is oxidized to chlorine by oxidizing agents.

Solution 12
Conversion of metallic nitrates to insoluble metallic chlorides using dil. HCl:
(i)

(ii)

Solution 13

S.No. Substances added Gas evolved Odour

 1. Calcium carbonate Odourless
Carbon dioxide

2. Magnesium ribbon Odourless

Hydrogen

3. Manganese(IV) Strong Pungent

Cl2
oxide with heating odour
4.
Hydrogen sulphide
Sodium sulphide Rotten egg

Solution 14
A mixture having three parts of conc. Hydrochloric acid and one part of conc. Nitric acid
is called aqua-regia.
Nitric acid acts as oxidizing agent.

Solution 15
Equations for the reactions of hydrochloric acid on
a. silver nitrate solution

b. magnesium foil

c. caustic soda solution

d. zinc carbonate

e. manganese (IV) oxide

f. copper oxide

Solution 16
NaCl + H2SO4

NaHSO4 + HCl
Fe + 2HCl

FeCl2 + H2
HCl + NH3

NH4Cl
PbO2 + 4HCl

PbCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2

Solution 17
(a) Fe +2HCl

FeCl2 +H2
(b) NaHCO3 + HCl

NaCl + H2O + CO2

(c) FeS + 2HCl

FeCl2 + H2S
(d)

Solution 18(2018)
1. When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to lead nitrate solution a white coloured
ppt of lead chloride appears.
Pb(NO3)2 + HCl ⟶ PbCl2 + 2HNO3
2. When small piece of zinc is added to dilute hydrochloric acid, bubbles of
hydrogen gas observed.

Solution 19(2019)
1. - conc H2SO4
2. sodium hydrogen sulphate
Solution 20(a)
Add AgNO3 to both dilute HCl and dilute HNO3 solutions. If white ppt of AgCl is
formed then HCl and no ppt indicates HNO3.
HCl + AgNO3 → AgCl ↓ + HNO3

Solution 20(b)
Two gases which can be used in the study of the fountain experiment are hydrogen
chloride gas and ammonia gas.
The common property demonstrated by fountain experiment:
Highly soluble nature of hydrogen chloride and ammonia gas in water.
The acidic and alkaline property of gases when litmus solution is added to the reaction
mixture and shows the colour change by the gas dissolved in water.

Solution 2011
a. Hydrogen chloride gas being highly soluble in water is dried by conc. sulphuric acid.
b. Balanced chemical equations:
i. Sodium thiosulphate is reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid:

ii. Calcium bicarbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid:

c.
i. Diagram to show the arrangement used for the absorption of HCl gas in water:
ii. Such an arrangement is necessary to prevent back suction of water into the
apparatus and it provides a large surface area for dissolution of hydrogen chloride gas.

iii. Balanced chemical equations for the laboratory preparation of HCl gas:

Solution 2012
a. Aqua regia contains one part by volume of conc. nitric acid and three parts by
volume of conc. hydrochloric acid.
b. Because HCl undergoes a chemical reaction with quicklime.
2HCl + CaO → CaCl2 + H2O
c. Balanced equation for the reaction of conc. hydrochloric acid and potassium
permanganate solution:

d. Balanced equations with conditions for the following conversions:

i. Sodium chloride → Hydrogen chloride

ii. Hydrogen chloride → Iron (II) chloride

iii. Hydrogen chloride → Ammonium chloride

iv. Hydrogen chloride → Lead chloride

Solution 2013
a. i. When potassium sulphite is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid, sulphur dioxide
gas is evolved.

ii. When concentrated hydrochloric acid is made to react with manganese dioxide,
chlorine gas is evolved.

b. i. Hydrogen sulphide gas is evolved which has the smell of rotten eggs.
ii. A white precipitate of silver chloride is formed which is soluble in ammonium
hydroxide.

Solution 2014
a. Quicklime is not used to dry HCl gas because CaO is alkaline.
b. Action of dilute hydrochloric acid on sodium sulphide:

c. Dilute HCl is added to sodium carbonate crystals:

Sodium carbonate crystals on reaction with dilute HCl form sodium chloride, water and
carbon dioxide gas, which is evolved with brisk effervescence. This is a neutralisation
reaction because sodium carbonate is a basic salt, while hydrochloric acid is an acid.
The chemical equation for this reaction is as follows:
d.
i. The gas is HCl (hydrogen chloride) gas.
ii. The extreme solubility of hydrogen chloride gas is demonstrated by the fountain
experiment.
iii. Another gas which has the same property and can be demonstrated through this
experiment is ammonia gas.

Solution 2015
(a) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
(b) Hydrogen chloride
(c)
(i)

(ii) For purification of HCl, it is dried by passing through conc. Sulphuric acid. It is
preferred over the other drying agent because it does not react with HCl
(iii) i. Temperature should be maintained at nearly 200oC.
ii. Delivery tube should be dipped in drying agent i.e., conc. H2SO4.
iii. The lower end of the thistle funnel must be dipped in conc. Sulphuric acid.

Solution 2016
(a) Option C
HCl is highly soluble in water.
HCl is highly soluble in water. Its high solubility may be demonstrated by the fountain
experiment.
(b) NaHCO3(s) + HCl(l)→ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
(c)
(i) Hydrogen sulphide
The gas released has a rotten egg smell.
(ii) Sulphur dioxide
Freshly prepared K2Cr2O7 paper changes from orange to green.

Solution 13 Old
When hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in water, hydrochloric acid is formed. The
covalent compound ionises in water because of its polar nature and it can conduct
electricity.
Hydrogen chloride gas is soluble in toluene, but there is an absence of H3O+ in toluene,
so it does not ionise the gas; thus, it cannot conduct electricity.