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Shape The Future 1 - Grammar Map - Unit 5

This document provides an overview of different modal verbs in English and how they are used to express ability, recommendation, possibility, obligation, and prohibition. It explains that modals are used with the infinitive form of the main verb. Modals like can, could, be able to express ability or lack of ability. Should and ought to give advice. Must, can't, may, might express different levels of possibility or certainty. Have to and don't have to indicate obligation or lack of obligation. Must and mustn't are used for rules and prohibition.

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117 views

Shape The Future 1 - Grammar Map - Unit 5

This document provides an overview of different modal verbs in English and how they are used to express ability, recommendation, possibility, obligation, and prohibition. It explains that modals are used with the infinitive form of the main verb. Modals like can, could, be able to express ability or lack of ability. Should and ought to give advice. Must, can't, may, might express different levels of possibility or certainty. Have to and don't have to indicate obligation or lack of obligation. Must and mustn't are used for rules and prohibition.

Uploaded by

GTA V
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Grammar Maps UNIT 5

Modal

Ability Recommendation / Advice


• Can and be able to: to talk about ability, or lack of • Should and ought to to give advice
ability, to do something

Can / can’t and could / couldn’t


• Be able to in the present: can / can’t
• Be able to in the past simple: could / couldn’t
Possibility in the present
Remember – we use these modals with the infinitive Certainty: must and can’t
without to of the main verb.
• Must for something very likely or probable
• It is also possible to use can to make present
• C
 an’t for something very unlikely or impossible
decisions about the future.
impossible
Be able to
Possibility: may, might and could
• To express ability and lack of ability in present
• Could is used only in the affirmative
perfect, past perfect, future and conditional tenses
• M
 ay and might can be used in the affirmative and
Could vs. was / were able to the negative
• Could in the past for general ability
• W
 as / were able to to talk about ability in a specific
situation
Remember – in this type of specific situation, we often
use managed to instead of be able to.
Possibility in the past
Must / can’t / could / may (not) / might (not) +
have + past participle
• Could / may (not) / might (not) + have + the past
Obligation, lack of obligation participle when we are not absolutely certain about
the speculations we are making
and prohibition
• Must + have and can’t + have + past participle when
Have to and don’t have to we are almost certain about the speculations we are
making
• Have to: things we are obliged to do or which we
feel are necessary for us to do
• Don’t have to: when there is no obligation to do
something

Must and have to


• Must:
- to talk about what we feel it is necessary to do
- in written rules and instructions
• Have to
- for facts or when somebody or something else
obliges us to do something
- to express obligation in tenses other than the
present tense

Mustn’t
- for prohibition

PHOTOCOPIABLE © Cambridge University Press 2019 Shape the Future 1

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