ACKNOWLEGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere thanks and

gratitude to my physics teacher Mr. Manoj Shahi
Sir for his sincere guidance and advice to complete
my project successfully. Also, I am thankful to him
for providing such an interesting topic for our
physics project.

I am also grateful to my parents and friends for

their constant support and help throughout the
project, without their encouragement and support
this project could not have been completed on time.

Lastly, I would like to thank all the accessories and

every single person who helped me to complete this
physics project successfully.
- Kunal Kumar
 Certificate
This is to certify that Kunal Kumar (Adm no. 665) ,
student of class XII – ‘A’, Holy Cross International
School Patna has successfully completed research in
the below given project during the academic session
2023-2024 under the guidance of Mr. Manoj Shahi
conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.

Signature
Signature
( External Examiner ) ( Physics
Teacher )
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

DEFINITION
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a process

where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or a

conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field) causes the

production of a voltage across the conductor. This process of

electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical current – it is

said to induce the current.

Theory
While Oersted's surprising discovery of electromagnetism paved the

way for more practical applications of electricity, it was Michael

Faraday who gave us the key to the practical generation of

electricity: electromagnetic induction. Faraday discovered that a

voltage would be generated across a length of wire if that wire was

exposed to a perpendicular magnetic field flux of changing intensity.

An easy way to create a magnetic field of changing intensity is to

move a permanent magnet next to a wire or coil of wire. The

magnetic field must increase or decrease in

intensity perpendicular to the wire (so that the lines of flux "cut

across" the conductor), or else no voltage will be induced.

Faraday’s Experiment

The following experiment performed by Faraday led to the discovery

of the electromagnetic induction.

Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction:

The results of Faraday’s experiment on electromagnetic induction

are known as “Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction”. These

are stated as below:

1. Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit (a loop of wire or a

coil or an electric circuit in general) changes, induced e.m.f. is

produced.

2. The induced e.m.f. lasts as long as the change in magnetic flux

continuous.

3. The magnitude of induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the

rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.

Faraday was able to mathematically relate the rate of change of the

magnetic field flux with induced voltage (the lower-case letter "e"

represents voltage. This refers to instantaneous voltage, or voltage

at a specific point in time, rather than a steady, stable voltage.):

The "d" terms are standard calculus notation, representing rate-of-

change of flux over time. "N" stands for the number of turns, or
wraps, in the wire coil (assuming that the wire is formed in the shape

of a coil for maximum electromagnetic efficiency).

A corollary of Faraday’s Law, together with Ampere’s Law and Ohm’s

Law is Lenz’s Law: The EMF induced in an electric circuit always

acts in such a direction that the current it drives around the circuit

opposes the change in magnetic flux which produces the EMF.

Lenz’s Rule:

Lenz’s rule is a convenient method to determine the direction of

induced current produced in the circuit.

Lenz’s law states that the induced current produced in a circuit

always flows in such a direction that it opposes the change or cause

that produce it.

On pressing the key the current in the coil P flows in clockwise

direction and magnetic lines of force are directed from left to right.

Then magnetic flux linked with the coil S changed. The direction of

induced current should be such that it should oppose the direction

of flow of magnetic field lines. So induced current in the coil S is in

the
 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in many

devices and systems. Induction is used in power generation and

power transmission. Electric generators and electric motors are

based on electromagnetic induction.

Electric Generator
An electric generator is a device for transforming mechanical energy

into electrical energy. Generators have a wire coil in a magnetic

field. When the device is used as a generator, the coil is spun which

induces current in the coil.

An AC (alternating current) generator utilizes Faraday’s law of

induction, spinning a coil at a constant rate in a magnetic field to

induce an oscillating emf. A coil turning in a magnetic field can also

be used to generate DC power.

Electric Motor

An electric motor is a device which converts electric energy into

mechanical energy. It also has a coil. When a current is passed

through the coil, the interaction of the magnetic field with the

current causes the coil to spin.

Mutual Inductance

Consider two coils P and S are placed very close to each other. Coil P

consists of battery and tapping key and coil S consists of

galvanometer G. When the key of coil P is pressed then magnetic

flux is building and induced e.m.f. produced in it opposes the flow of

magnetic flux. Because coil P and coil S are very close to each other.
So magnetic flux also changed in coil S and induced current is

produced which opposes the direction of flow of magnetic lines of

force in coil P.

The phenomenon according to which an opposing e.m.f. is produced in

a coil as a result of change in current or magnetic flux linked with a

neighboring coil is called mutual induction.

Coefficient of Mutual Induction :

Suppose that current I is flowing through coil P and  be the

magnetic flux linked with coil S

I

= MI
M = Coefficient of mutual induction.

Let be the induced e.m.f. in coil S.

= – (-ive sign shows opposition of induced e.m.f.)

M= /
The mutual inductance of two coils is said to be one Henry, if a rate

of change of current of 1 ampere per second in one coil induces an

e.m.f. of 1 volt in neighboring coil.

A device specifically designed to produce the effect of mutual

inductance between two or more coils is called a transformer.

A transformer designed to output more voltage than it takes in

across the input coil is called a "step-up" transformer, while one

designed to do the opposite is called a "step-down," in reference to

the transformation of voltage that takes place. The current through

each respective coil, of course, follows the exact opposite

proportion.

Self Inductance

Consider a coil connected to a battery and a tapping key. When key K

is pressed magnetic lines of forces starts growing through it and

induced e.m.f. is produced. Direction of induced e.m.f. is opposite to

that of growth of current. On the other hand when key is released

the current in the coil decreases and e.m.f. is produced in opposite

direction. Thus during both growth and decay of current an opposite

induced e.m.f. is produced. This e.m.f. is called back e.m.f.

The phenomenon according to which an opposing induced e.m.f. is

produced in the coil as a result of change in current or magnetic flux

linked with the coil is called self induction.

Coefficient of Self Induction :

Suppose when key is pressed, current I flows through the coil and

magnetic flux  linked with the coil.



 (-ive sign shows opposing nature of induced e.m.f.)

M= /
Self inductance of a coil is said to be one Henry if a rate of change

of current of 1 ampere per second induces an e.m.f. of one volt.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 TEXTBOOK OF PHYSICS - NCERT, CLASS XII

 WEBSITES

o www.wikipedia.com

o www.howstuffworks.com

o www.scienceforall.com

o www.allaboutcircuits.com

www.allprojectreports.com