Electromagnetic Induction: Physics Project Report Submitted For Class XII

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
PHYSICS PROJECT REPORT

Submitted
For Class XII
PRASHANT SINGH
Sughar singh academy

Koyla nagar
FEB, 2025
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the PHYSICS project titled

‘ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION’ has
been successfully completed by PRASHANT
SINGH of Class XII in partial fulfillment of
curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE) for the year
2024-2025
.
TEACHER IN-CHARGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I thank my teacher who

has assigned me this term paper to bring out my
creative capabilities.
I express my gratitude to my parents for being a
continuous source of support & encouragement.
I would like to acknowledge the assistance provided
to me by the school library.
My heartfelt gratitude to my classmates and for
helping me to complete my work in time.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
DEFINITION
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a
process where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field
(or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field)
causes the production of a voltage across the conductor. This
process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical
current – it is said to induce the current.
Theory
While Oersted's surprising discovery of electromagnetism paved the
way for more practical applications of electricity, it was Michael
Faraday who gave us the key to the practical generation
of electricity: electromagnetic induction. Faraday discovered that
a voltage would be generated across a length of wire if that wire
was exposed to a perpendicular magnetic field flux of changing
intensity.
An easy way to create a magnetic field of changing intensity is to

move a permanent magnet next to a wire or coil of wire. The
magnetic field must increase or decrease in
intensity perpendicular to the wire (so that the lines of flux "cut
across" the conductor), or else no voltage will be induced.
Faraday’s Experiment
The following experiment performed by Faraday led to the

discovery of the electromagnetic induction.
When the strength of magnetic field is varied

Consider two coils P and S wound on an iron rod. Iron rod is
connected with galvanometer, battery and tapping key. When
tapping key is pressed and when it is released galvanometer shows
deflection showing the presence of induced current.
Explanation:
When the tapping key is pressed then magnetic flux linked with the
coil S changed because of increase in magnetic field of coil P and
induced current is produced and when it is released magnetic flux
is again changed and induced current is produced. But when the
tapping key is kept pressed then the magnetic flux linked with coil
do not changed and induced current do not produce so galvanometer
shows no deflection.
Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction:
The results of Faraday’s experiment on electromagnetic induction

are known as “Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction”. These
are stated as below:
1. Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit (a loop of wire or a
coil or an electric circuit in general) changes, induced e.m.f. is
produced.
2. The induced e.m.f. lasts as long as the change in magnetic flux

continuous.
3. The magnitude of induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the

rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
Faraday was able to mathematically relate the rate of change of the

magnetic field flux with induced voltage (the lower-case letter "e"
represents voltage. This refers to instantaneous voltage, or
voltage at a specific point in time, rather than a steady, stable
voltage.):
The "d" terms are standard calculus notation, representing rate- of-
change of flux over time. "N" stands for the number of turns, or
wraps, in the wire coil (assuming that the wire is formed in the shape
of a coil for maximum electromagnetic efficiency).
A corollary of Faraday’s Law, together with Ampere’s Law and

Ohm’s Law is Lenz’s Law: The EMF induced in an electric circuit
always acts in such a direction that the current it drives around the
circuit opposes the change in magnetic flux which produces the EMF.
Lenz’s Rule:
Lenz’s rule is a convenient method to determine the direction of
induced current produced in the circuit.
Lenz’s law states that the induced current produced in a circuit

always flows in such a direction that it opposes the change or cause
that produce it.
On pressing the key the current in the coil P flows in clockwise

direction and magnetic lines of force are directed from left to right.
Then magnetic flux linked with the coil S changed. The direction of
induced current should be such that it should oppose the direction
of flow of magnetic field lines. So induced current in the coil S is in
the direction opposite to the magnetic field in P. Hence, direction
of induced current in coil S is from right to left. So induced current
in coil S should flow in anticlockwise direction.
Electromagnetic Induction is put into practical use in the

construction of electrical generators, which use mechanical power
to move a magnetic field past coils of wire to generate voltage.
However, this is not the only practical use for this principle.
The magnetic field produced by a current-carrying wire was always

perpendicular to that wire, and that the flux intensity of that
magnetic field varied with the amount of current through it, we can
see that a wire is capable of inducing a voltage along its
own length simply due to a change in current through it. This effect
is called self-induction: a changing magnetic field produced by
changes in current through a wire inducing voltage along the length of
that same wire. If the magnetic field flux is enhanced by bending the
wire into the shape of a coil, and/or wrapping that coil around a
material of high permeability, this effect of self- induced voltage will
be more intense. A device constructed to take advantage of this
effect is called an inductor.
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in many

devices and systems. Induction is used in power generation and
power transmission. Electric generators and electric motors are
based on electromagnetic induction.
Electric Generator
An electric generator is a device for transforming mechanical energy
into electrical energy. Generators have a wire coil in a magnetic
field. When the device is used as a generator, the coil is spun
which induces current in the coil.
An AC (alternating current) generator utilizes Faraday’s law of

induction, spinning a coil at a constant rate in a magnetic field to
induce an oscillating emf. A coil turning in a magnetic field can
also be used to generate DC power.
Electric Motor
An electric motor is a device which converts electric energy into

mechanical energy. It also has a coil. When a current is passed
through the coil, the interaction of the magnetic field with the
current causes the coil to spin.
Mutual Inductance
Consider two coils P and S are placed very close to each other. Coil
P consists of battery and tapping key and coil S consists of
galvanometer G. When the key of coil P is pressed then magnetic
flux is building and induced e.m.f. produced in it opposes the flow
of magnetic flux. Because coil P and coil S are very close to each
other. So magnetic flux also changed in coil S and induced current
is produced which opposes the direction of flow of magnetic lines of
force in coil P.
The phenomenon according to which an opposing e.m.f. is

produced in a coil as a result of change in current or magnetic flux
linked with a neighboring coil is called mutual induction.
Coefficient of Mutual Induction :
Suppose that current I is flowing through coil P and  be the

magnetic flux linked with coil S
 I
= MI
M = Coefficient of mutual induction. Let
 be the induced e.m.f. in coil S.
= – (-ive sign shows opposition of induced e.m.f.)
M = /
The mutual inductance of two coils is said to be one Henry, if a rate

of change of current of 1 ampere per second in one coil induces an
e.m.f. of 1 volt in neighboring coil.
A device specifically designed to produce the effect of mutual

inductance between two or more coils is called a transformer.
A transformer designed to output more voltage than it takes in

across the input coil is called a "step-up" transformer, while one
designed to do the opposite is called a "step-down," in reference to
the transformation of voltage that takes place. The current through
each respective coil, of course, follows the exact opposite
proportion.
Self Inductance
Consider a coil connected to a battery and a tapping key. When key

K is pressed magnetic lines of forces starts growing through it and
induced e.m.f. is produced. Direction of induced e.m.f. is opposite
to that of growth of current. On the other hand when key is released
the current in the coil decreases and e.m.f. is produced in opposite
direction. Thus during both growth and decay of
current an opposite induced e.m.f. is produced. This e.m.f. is called
back e.m.f.
The phenomenon according to which an opposing induced e.m.f.

is produced in the coil as a result of change in current or magnetic
flux linked with the coil is called self induction.
Coefficient of Self Induction :
Suppose when key is pressed, current I flows through the coil and
magnetic flux  linked with the coil.
I
 = MI
L is called coefficient of self induction.
Let  be the induced e.m.f.
 
 (-ive sign shows opposing nature of induced e.m.f.) M =
/
Self inductance of a coil is said to be one Henry if a rate of change
of current of 1 ampere per second induces an e.m.f. of one volt.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 TEXTBOOK OF PHYSICS - NCERT, CLASS XII
 WEBSITES
o www.wikipedia.com
o www.howstuffworks.com
o www.scienceforall.com
o www.allaboutcircuits.com
o www.allprojectreports.com

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ELECTROMAGNETIC

PHYSICS PROJECT REPORT

Sughar singh academy

This is to certify that the PHYSICS project titled

First and foremost I thank my teacher who

An easy way to create a magnetic field of changing intensity is to

The following experiment performed by Faraday led to the

When the strength of magnetic field is varied

Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction:

The results of Faraday’s experiment on electromagnetic induction

2. The induced e.m.f. lasts as long as the change in magnetic flux

3. The magnitude of induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the

Faraday was able to mathematically relate the rate of change of the

A corollary of Faraday’s Law, together with Ampere’s Law and

Lenz’s law states that the induced current produced in a circuit

On pressing the key the current in the coil P flows in clockwise

Electromagnetic Induction is put into practical use in the

The magnetic field produced by a current-carrying wire was always

The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in many

An AC (alternating current) generator utilizes Faraday’s law of

An electric motor is a device which converts electric energy into

The phenomenon according to which an opposing e.m.f. is

Coefficient of Mutual Induction :

Suppose that current I is flowing through coil P and  be the

 be the induced e.m.f. in coil S.

= – (-ive sign shows opposition of induced e.m.f.)

The mutual inductance of two coils is said to be one Henry, if a rate

A device specifically designed to produce the effect of mutual

A transformer designed to output more voltage than it takes in

Consider a coil connected to a battery and a tapping key. When key

The phenomenon according to which an opposing induced e.m.f.

Coefficient of Self Induction :

Let  be the induced e.m.f.

 (-ive sign shows opposing nature of induced e.m.f.) M =

 TEXTBOOK OF PHYSICS - NCERT, CLASS XII

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