Name: AP Biology Mr. Pellegrino Evolution Practice Test Questions 1. How is natural variation used in artificial selection? @ Nature provides the variation among different organisms and humans select this differences b. Nature only produces the most fit species c. Humans chose to bred animals with little or no natural variation 4, Natural variation is not used in artificial selection, 2. Natural selection acts on which in turn may result in the evolution of __over time, a, Populations, individuals @® Individuals, populations c. Species, species 4. Individuals, families 3. Pandas developed longer wrists to better eat bamboo over time and in turn increase their chance of survival. This is an example of: a. Fitness b. Comparative Anatomy &. Artificial Selection @ Adaptation 4, Which of the following does NOT provide evidence for evolution? a. Cytology b. Biochemical Processes (Ce) Fitness [, Comparative Anatomy 5. How does natural selection contribute to the theory of evolution? @ Over time, natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population, b. Natural selection selects for the same animals every time c. Natural selection acts on populations d. Over time, natural selection evolves populations6. The struggle for existence refers to ‘a, The hardships newborn offspring face due to predation b, The struggle for animals who cannot breathe (@) Members of each species compete regularly to obtain food and living space 4. The hardships between parents of raising offspring 7. What is the relationship between natural selection and fitness? Descent with modification (@ changes in inherited characteristics of a population inerease a species’ fitness in its environment. e® ‘Natural selection selects for traits of the most fit animals to pass on genes to the next generation. 4d, b&e 8. Farmer Joe only breeds the largest hogs, the fastest horses, or the cows that give the most milk. This is an example of: a, Natural selection Ub, Fitness (©) Artificial selection d._ Survival of the fittest 9, The streamline shape of sharks and whales, similar but not due to a common ancestor is an example of: a) Analogous traits Homologous traits c. Artificial selection d, Fitness 10. Metabolism of organisms based on the same complex compounds, like protein chrome c, essential for aerobic respiration, is an example of: a) Biochemical processes . Cellular respiration ©. Cytology d. Entomology 1, The answer to the previous question is essential in evolution because: ‘a, Those processes are not present across all species b. All animals can breathe c. All animals need lungs to breathe @ Mose processes are present across all species likely due to decent from a common ancestor.12, Below is a cladogram missing some of its parts. Use the derived characteristic chart to the right of the cladogram and filled in clues to write in the missing parts of the cladogram. Use this cladogram to answer questions 13-15. (Synthesis, Obj. 4) A Baclrwoon Trout B._Lige Human ‘Organism | Derived Character Deter Backbone | Legs Hair ‘Earthworm ‘Absent | Absent ‘Absent Backbone ee" : Trout Present | — Absent | Absent Tizard | Fresent | Present J Absent Taman Fresent | Present | ~ Prevent 13. What trait separates the LEAST closely related organism from the other animals? a. Hair b. Legs Backbone None of the above 14, From this cladogram, we can conclude that ‘common ancestor with humans 8) Lizard Trout c. Earthworm d. None share with humans shares the most recent 15. Based on the cladogram above, rank each species in order of distance from the LEAST closely related organism. .., Human, Lizard, Trout, Earthworm Earthworm, Trout, Lizard, Human c. Lizard, Trout, Earthworm, Human d. Human, Earthworm, Trout, LizardDi According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, the individuals that tend to survive ae those that have a, characteristics their parents acquired by use and disuse, b. characteristics that plant and animal breeders value 4 the greatest number of offspring, variations best suited to environmental conditions. _C v4. Which of the following phrases best describes the results of natural selection? the natural variation found in all populations bb. unrelated species living in different locations changes in the inherited characteristics of a population over time 4._ the struggle for existence undergone by all living things Which statement is part of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection? a. More offspring are produced then can possibly survive. The organisms that are the fittest are always largest and strongest . The numberof offspring is not related to fitness 4. Acquired characteristics that are inherited are the cause of evolution. CG Theprinciple of common descent helps explain why a. well-adapted species have many offspring. 'b. conditions in an organism's environment ensures the organism's survival ¢. birds and reptiles share a number of inherited characteristics. 4. tigers are so different from cheetahs D gg Thetiypotess that all species ate descended fom common ancestors was proposed by a. James Hutton ». Jean-Baptiste Lamarck c. Thomas Malthus. 4 Charles Darwin. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection explains each of the following EXCEPT how species can become extint. inherited traits are passed from parent to offspring species descend from common ancestors. evolution takes place in the natural world, 3 3 Charles Darwin viewed the fossil record as ‘a. evidence that Earth was thousands of years old 'b. useful support for his theory. c. interesting but unrelated to the evolution of modern species. evidence that traits are acquired through use or disuse.Ba Tail Backbone Figure 164 In humans, the pelvis and femur, or thigh bone, are involved in walking, In whales, the pelvis and femur shown in Figure 16-1 are a. examples of fossils, . vestigial structures. acquired traits 4. examples of natural variation ‘Modern sea star larvae resemble some primitive vertebrate larvae. This similarity may suggest that primitive vertebrates 4, share a common ancestor with sea stars ’b. evolved from sea stars evolved before sea stars. 4. belong to the same species as sea stars ‘Molecular evidence in support of natural selection includes a. the nearly universal genetic code, . the presence of vestigial structures, ©. atendency toward perfect, unchanging DNA in various species. the transmission of acquired characteristics by DNA.‘Questions 106-110 refer to the following. ‘A moth’s color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, ata single locus. G (gray) is dominant to (white). A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population cover time was documented, as shown in the figure below. In 1980 a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge. gy 2g 08 LULL >e Tee eee oe 04,-—_ 5 f 0: 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 Time 106. During which of the following time periods could the population have been in Hardy-Weinberg, equilibrium for the G locus? I. 1960-1964 IL, 1965-1972 IIL. 1973-1980 (A) Lonly ) Wonly only 1 and II only ©) 1,0, and UL 5, A represents the dominant allele and a represents te recessive allele ofa pair. If in 1,000 offspring, 500 are aa and 500 are of some other genotype, ‘which of the following are most probably the geno- types ofthe two parents? (A) Aa and Aa Aa and aa ‘AA and Aa (D) 4a and aa (B) aa and aa 4107. Assuming that the population was in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium for the G locus, what percentage of moths in the natural population was white in 1962? (A) 2% 8 4% © 3% (D) 20% (B) 64% 108. Assuming that the population was in Hardy- ‘Weinberg equilibrium for the G locus, what percentage of the gray moths that emerged in 1980 was heterozygous? a Pe 80g, (A) 0% (By 25% ©) 3% aap ® 671% €) 100% 109. Assuming that the population was in Hardy- ‘Weinberg equilibrium for the G locus, what was the frequency of allele G in the gray moths that emerged in 1980 ? a or Kee Wh 110. Which of the following is the most likely reason for the observed differences in the frequency of the G allele between 1965 and 1972 ? (A) Emigration of white moths from the population © Selection against gray phenotypes (D) Speciation (B) Mutation GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGEi on any pat ofthis pe Questions 77-79. ‘A-sorvey reveals that 25 percent of a population of 1,000 individuals have attached earlobes {are homozygous recessive fr the trait). For the Sollowing questions, assume that the population fits the parameters ofthe Hardy-Weinberg lew 77. Whatis the frequency of the recessive allele? (A) O75 (B) 0.75 (C1030 oa ®) 025 78. Unlike most natural populations, this population is best characterized in which of the following ways? Que is genetic equilibrium. 3) ‘There is gene flow. (C) There is genetic drift. (D) Motations occur. E) Mating is nonrandom. 454, In certain Native American groups, albinism due to.a homozygous recessive condition in the bio- chemical pathway for melanin is sometimes seen Sf the frequency ofthe allele for this condition is 0.06, which of the following is closest to the fre quency ofthe dominant allel in this population? Gsssume that the population isin Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.) (A) 0.04 (B) 0.06 (C) 0.16 (D).0.36 & > aatarer anna yen 79, If p equals the frequency of the dominant allele ‘and q equals the frequency of the recessive allele, which of the following terms tepresents the frequency of the individuals who show the dominant phenotype? w @) ¢ © 2p0 Of +200 @ Pre 19, Rates of adaptive radiation typically are at their highest in which of the following situations? (A) When Earth is exposed to increased electromagnetic waves caused by Sun flares Jn very large, randomly mating populations then new niches become available “(D) When many species are competing for the same limited resource (B) When food is zbundant GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE eeNone, ——————— |. The forelegs ofa frog anda horse are examples of Structures thal are (1) heterotrophic (2) homozy- gous (3) hermaphroditic (8) homologous 3. The similarity among the blood proteins of all the ‘mammals may be taken as evidence for evolutionary relationship based upon (1) comparative anat- omy (2) geographic distribution (3) comparative embryology @) comparative biochemistry i clipped “The wings of experimental fruit lies were clipp Short each generation for fifty generations. The fify- fist generation emerged with normal-length wings, ‘This observation would tend to disprove the theory evolution based on (1) inheritance of mutations @) inheritance of acquired characteristics (9) natural se- jection (4) survival of the fitest ie ty of eeaton di not conan he SSncept that (@ genetic variations are produced by mutations and-sexual recombination (2) organisms that surviveare best adapted totheirenvironment (3) population sizes remain constant due to a struggle for Survival. (4) favorable tats are passed from one gen ration to another The diagram below represents a section of un- disturbed rock and the general location of fossils of several closely related species. According to currently accepted evolutionary theory, which is the most prob- able correct assumption to be made concerning species A,B, C, and D? species CAD species C species AaBac species AaB species A (2) is the ancestor of B,C, and D. (2) B was alzeady extinct when C evolved. (3) C evolved more recently than A, B, and D. (4) Dis the ancestor of A, B, and c. f (the formation ofthe large streptomycin sistant population is based on (@ variations and survival of the fittest (2) mutations and asexual reproduction (3) sexual reproduction and no mutations (4) survival ofthe fittest and cloning ance to streptomycin probably resuited directly from (1) culturing the Escherichia coli (2) changes in tem- perature under which Escherichia coli are grown G)a change in the DNA of Escherichia coli \ ) ': According to modern evolutionary theory, the résist- | @ the presence of streptomycin Biclegy . Euolotien Review & The diagram below represents a cross section of ‘undisturbed rock layers. ‘SEDIMENTARY ROCK LAYERS AA scientist discovers bones of a complex vertebrate species in layers B and C. In which layer would an earlier, less complex form ofthis vertebrate most likely Ast appear? (JA (2)E ()C (4)D Which conchusion may be mede when comparing fossils found in previously undisturbed strata of sedi- mentary rock?) The fossils in the upper strata are younger than those inthe lower stata. (2) The fossils, in the upper strata are older than those in the lower strata, (9) The fossils inthe upper strata are generally less complex than those in the lower strata. (4) There are no’ fossils in the upper strata that resemble those in the lower stata Yo. Many related organisms are found to have the same ‘enzymes: and hormones. This suggests that (1) en- zymes work only on specific substrates (2) enzymes actas catalysts in biochemical reactions (3) organisms living in the same environment require identical en- zymes {G§ these organisms may share a common an- cosy {| Which assumption is the basis for the use of the fossil record as evidence for evolution? (1) Fossils, have been found to show a complete record of the ev- olution of all mammals. (®) In undisturbed layers of the earth’s crust, the oldest fossils are found in the low- est layers. (3) All fossils can be found embedded in rocks. (4) All fossils were formed at the same tim {a Which is an example of evidence of evolution based on comparative biocher @ Sheep in- sulin can be substituted for human insulin. (2) The structyre of a whale’s flipper is similar to that of a human hand. (3) Human embryos have, a taillike structure at one stage in their development, (4) Both birds and bats have wings. {a Ifa rabbit is sensitized to human blood, the blood of the rabbit will react to chimpanzee blood very much the way it does to human blood, This is an example of which type of evidence supporting the theory of ev- olution? (1) comparative habitat (2) comparative anatomy (3) comparative embryology @) compara- tive biochemistry Mf The presence of gill-like slits in s human embryo is considered to be evidence for the (theory that fish and mammals have a common ancestry (2) theory that the first organisms on Earth were hetero- trophs (3) close relationship between fish and mam- malian reproductive patterns (4) close relationshipCertain strains of bacteria that were susceptible to Qhicillin in the past have now become resistant. The Drobable explanation for this is that (1) the mutation Fate must have increased naturally (2) the strains have become resistant because they needed to do 50 for survival (@) a mutation was retained and passed on to succeeding generations because it had high sur- vival value (4) the principal forces influencing the " patter of survival in a population are isolation and mating Vo ihe eon of continental drift hypothesizes that ica and South America were once a single landinass, but have drifted apart over millions of years. The “Old World” monkeys of Africa, although similar, show sev- eral genetic differences from the “New World” mon- keys of South America. Which factor is probably the ‘most important for maintaining these differences? (1) fossil reegeds (2) comparative anatomy (3) use and disuse @ eosraphic isolation YD Achange in the frequency of any mutant allele in ‘@ population most likely depends on the (1) size of the organisms possessing the mutant allele —@) adap- tive value of the tait associated with the mutant al- ele (3)degree ofdominance of the mutantallele (4) degree of recessiveness of the mutant allele Many modern evolutionists have accepted much OF Darwin's theory of evolution, but have added ge- netic information that gives a scientific explanation ‘of (1) overproduction (2) the struggle for exis- tence (3) the survival of the fittest (variations ‘As a result of sexual reproduction, the rate of ev- ‘olutionary change in the plant and animal kingdoms hhas been greatly speeded up because (®) the off- spring show more diversity than in asexual reproduc- Hon (2) characteristics change less frequently than in asexual reproduction (3) environmental changes never affect organisms produced by asexual reproduc- tion (4) two parents have fewer offspring than one parent 30 Populations ofa species may develop traits differ- ‘ent from each other if they are isolated geographically for sufficient lengths of time, The most likely expla- nation for these differences is that (1) acquired traits ‘cannot be inherited by offspring (2) environmental conditions in the two areas are identical @} genetic recombination tends to be different in both popula- tions. (4) mutations are likely to be the same in both populations 3h. According to the theory of gradualism, the accu ‘mulation of small variations ina population eventually Teads to (1) ggographic isolation (2) a punctuated equilibrium 6 seeinoest of a new species (4) the heterotroph hypothesis Mk. The changes in the foot structure ina bird popula- tion over many generations are shown in the follow . ing diagram. = | 2 Present day Time > ‘These changes can best be explained by the con- cept of (@}natural selection (2} extinction (3) stl Chordata Arthropoda Mollusca Echinodermata Annelida Nematoda Platyhelminthes Coelenterata Poritera Protozoa 3B The statement that is best supported by the dia- gram is that Annelida and Arthropoda have an ancestor in common (2) Echinodermata are more closely related to Mollusca than they are to Chordata (@) Mollusca and Arthropoda probably evolved before Porifera (4) Annelida and Arthropoda evolved from Echinodermata 23 The study of fossils has allowed scientists to @ describe past environments and the history of life (2) study present ocean temperatures at different depths. (3) analyze the chemical composition of sedimentary rocks and minerals (4) describe the details of the process by which life began on Earth “4g, The following diagram represents possible lines of the evolution of primates. Prosimians New world monkeys Primates (North and South America} (Old world monkeys (Asia and Aftica) ‘Apes Humans (hominids) 4930 20 10 Time (millions of years ago) Which inference can best be made based on the diagram? (1) Adaptations for living in trees are inherited by all primates. (@Humans and apes have a common ancestor. (3) The embryos of monkeys ‘and apes are identical. (4) The period of develop- rmentis similar in most primates. aelo Which statements basic tothe theory of evolution 3B, sexual reproduction i related to evolution because by natural selection? @) In general. living organisms eet ee ca mere recently maintain a constant population from generation to ae generation. (2) Changes in living organisms-are a mt a increases the chances for variations to almost completely the result of mutations. Outta ali ee (3) Natural variations are inherited. (4) There is litle a competition between species, %© Genetic variations are the raw material of evolution, | These variations will not be acted upon by natural a teen NG Ina Panel cw selection unless they (1) produce unfavorable char- modern understanding of evolution? (1) Sexual acteristics @) produce favorable characteristics Feproduction and mutations provide variation false torn the esl eral ay ereet among offspring. (2) Traits are transmitted by genes 1e and chromosomes. (3) More offspring are produced organisms’ appearance or functioning than can possibly survive, (@New organs are ¥)_Which of the following is produced by mutation and _ “formed wherrorganisms need them, is essential for evolution () stability in the ‘. The modern theory of evolution states that a basis genetic code of organisms (2) additional DNA in an for variation within a species is provided by ee @ mutations (2) asexual reproduction (3) cloning (@ variations in organisms () overproduction f. Which two factors provide the genetic basis for vari- ation within many species? (1) asexual reproduction and meiosis (®) mutations and sexual reproduction An athlete explains that his muscles have become (3) competition and the synthesis of proteins well-developed through daily activities of weight lif- (4) ecological succession and mitosis ing. He believes that his offspring will inbert this trait ‘of well-developed muscles. This belief would be most ‘ff The sudden appearance ofa light-colored moth in a {in agreement with the theory set forth by °(1) Dar- large population of dark-colored moths was probably win (Q Lamarck (3) Weismann (4) Mendel Se arcimee t aate ceed the result of (1) amutation @) random mating vival ofthe strongest organisms (2) elimination of the (3)non-random mating (4) isolation of the moth smallest organisms by the largest organisms (3) a Population vival of thos organisms genetially best adapted the Up. Mutations can be transmitted othe next generation organisms that occupy the largest area in an environ. ifthey are present in (1) hormones @ gametes ment (3) body cells (4) muscle cells R\_A supporter ofthe evolutionary theory set forth by Lamarck would probably thervize that the giraffe evolved a long neck due to (@ seed and inheritance of acquired traits (2) mutations and genetic recom- bination (Q) variations and survival ofthe fittest (4) overproduction and struggle for survival ‘3s Although similar in many respects, two species of organisms exhibit differences that make each well adapted to the environment in which it lives. The pro- ccess-af change thet helps account for these differences is (@) evolution (2) partenogenesis (8) compara. tive embryology (4) inheritance of acquired traits 1) The pig has four toes on each foot. Two of the toes ite very small and do nothave a major function in walk- ing. Lamarck would probably have explained the re- duced size of the two small toes by his evolutionary theory of (1) natural selection (2) mutation @ ase and disuse (4) synapsis ismann’s experiments with mice produced re- {| _A population of mosquitos is sprayed with a new ‘insecticide, Most of the mosquitos are killed, but afew survive. Inthe next generation, the spraying continues, but still more mosquitos hatch that are Smmune to the Insecticide, How could these results be explained ac- cording to the present concept of evolution? (1) The insecticide caused a mutation in the mosquitos. (2) The mosouitos learned how to fight the insecti- cide. YA few mosquitos in the frst population were resistant and transmitted this resistance to their off spring. (4) The insecticide caused the mosquitos to develop an immune response, which was inherited. YA, What would be the most probable effect of geo- Sraphic isolation in a population? (1) Ithas no effect on variations in the species. {It favors the produc. tion of new species. (3) It prevents the occurrence of mutations. (4) Itencourages the mixing of gene pools. Yh, Two organisms can be considered to be of different sults that hel ‘Darwin's assumption Species if they @ cannot mate with each other and of a struggle for si Aisprove Lamarck’s the- roduce fertile offspring (2) live in two different geo- ory of the inherit. characteristics (3) Sraphical areas (3) mutate at diferent rates depend. disprove DeVrie#Goncept of evolutfon (4) support {ng on their environment (4) have genes drawn from Lamarck’s theory of use and disuse the same gene pool44. Evolution is the process of the (1) development of one-celled organisms from mammals (@} change in species over long periods of time (3) embryonic development of modern humans (4) changing energy flow in food webs 45 Which phrase best defines evolution? (1) an adapta- tion of an organism to its environment (2) a sudden replacement of one community by another {) the isolation of organisms from each other for many years @) a process of change in species over a period of time ‘rames shown represent dif- live today; the lines rep- ‘Compounds like the pesticide DDT may bring about the evolution of new strains of organisms by (1) destroying food producers @) acting as a natural selecting agent (3) mixing two different sets of genes (4) creating new ecological niches A population of mosquitoes is sprayed with @ new insecticide. Most of the mosquitoes are killed, but a few survive.in the next generation, the spraying con ‘tinues, but still more mosquitoes hatch that are immune to the insecticide, How could these results bee explained according to the present concept of evolution? (1) The insecticide caused a mutation in the mosquitoes. (2) The mosquitoes learned how to fight the insecticide. @)A few mosquitoes in the first population were resistant and transmitted this resistance to their offspring. (4) The insecticide caused the mosquitoes to develop an immune response, which was inherited, 4G . Throughout the history of Earth, which factor has probably been the chief cause of the extinction of various species? (1) people’ interference with nature (@fallure to adapt to environmental changes (3) warfare within the species (4) volcanic eruptions Fossil evidence indicates that many species have existed for relatively brief periods of time and have then become extinct. Which statement best explains the reason for their short existence? (1) These organisms lacked the energy to produce mutations. (2) Humans modify plant and animal species through the knowledge of genetics. @ These ‘organisms lacked variations having adaptive value. (4) Within these species increasing complexity reduced their chances of survival. I Possible explanations for the origin of dlfferences in structure, function, and behavior among organisms. are contained in the (1) modern cell membrane model (2) theory that genes are on chromosomes (3) model for ONA replication (@) modern theory of evolution '5}:In most populations the individuals that produce the greatest number of offspring are (1) always the strongest @ usually the best adapted (3) those that have only inheritable traits (4) those that are the most intelligent 3 Even though the American toad and the Fowlers ” toad are often found living in the same habitat, they do not breed with each other. Which conclusion can best be drawn from ths information? (;) The two types of toads do not interbreed because they are geographically isolated. Q) The two types of toads do not interbreed due to differences in mating behavior. (3) Adaptive mutations occurred more ‘often during the evolution of the American toad. (4) Fowlers toad has a higher rate of survival than. the American toad does. i The best scientific explanation for differences in structure, function, and behavior found in diferent species of organisms is provided by (1) carbohydrate electrophoresis (2) population chromatography {G) the theory of carrying capacity (@ the theory of evolution 5) Which of the following could be used as evidence to show that two different species of organisms most likely developed from a single, common ancestor? (1) They eat the same types of food. (2) They have different digestive enzymes (3) They lived during the same time period. (@ They contain similar amino acid sequences. ltThe Pace of Evolution Two Scientists are discussing their beliefs concerning Evolution and the rate it takes place at in populations. A summary of each of their viewpoints is written below. Scientist #1 Lhave always seen evolution as a slow and gradual process, taking millions of years in some cases. Take, for example, a species such as the horse. Many millions of years ago the horse ‘was about as tall as a fox, had toes instead of hooves, and was a hunter and a meat eater. As the environment in which the horse lived changed, the horse evolved adaptations in order to survive in its new environment. He slowly grew bigger and began to eat a vegetarian diet. We have ‘evidence for this change in the form of many fossils showing these changes and intermediate forms in the horse. Scientist #2 To me, evolution only happens in short bursts. For the most part, orgenisms stay the same for millions of years, then change over time due to a dramatic shift in the environment. As an example, look at the shark. Even as their ocean environments undergo change, the sharks are so well adapted that they have not needed to evolve for millions of years. If there is some great change to the ocean then the shark will have to evolve in order to survive, but it will do so at a fairly quick rate when compared to the geologic time scale. Questions 1) Which statement would agree with the opinion of Scientist #2, but not Scientist #1 a. Plants evolved many adaptations and have many intermediate forms as they moved from water to land ® Alligators and crocodiles are well adapted to their environment and have not changed for a long period of time ¢. Cave fish lost their site gradually as they adapted to living in a dark environment d. The fossil record shows a number of different human ancestors over the past million years 2) Which statement would be agreed upon by both Scientist #1 and Scientist #2 ‘a, All species alive today have not evolved in the past million years ’b. )Organisms evolve adaptations in response to changes in the environment c. Evolution is a process that occurs in short bursts after many years of no change 4. Most species do not evolve at all and only change in response to intense environmental pressure3) What might Scientist #2 say about the ability of plants to begin to live on land? a, Plants gradually evolved an ability to begin to live on land @ c. Intermediate forms, such as lily pads, show plants made a gradual move to land A loss of bodies of water caused plants to quickly develop adaptations to live on land 4, Both water and land plants have the same adaptations, making the move to land quick and easy 4) Which statement would neither Scientist #1 or Scientist #2 agree with? Cormisms evolve adaptations as they need them, then pass them on to their offspring b, Birds and dinosaurs have many structural similarities, showing evidence that birds slowly evolved from dinosaurs c. Crocodiles have maintained the same basic structure for millions of years, even as their environment changed slightly d._ The history of life on Earth has shown that species have evolved from simple to more complex 5) Each of the Scientists is given fossil evidence of a species called a lobed finned fish. The fossil shows a fish like creature that had thick front and back fins. The fossil was found in an area of shallow water that is muddy. The presenter of the evidence tells the scientists that during times of drought the fish could use its thick fins to navigate in the mud to shallow water pools, much like an amphibian. Which statement below would match a comment made by the scientist after the presentation? (© seienis 1“This fossil looks to be an intermediate form between fish and ‘amphibians, it supports my point of view.” b. Scientist 2-“This fossil looks like it will evolve slowly into an amphibian, it supports my point of view.” c. Scientist #1-“This fossil does not remind me of any organisms living now. It does not support my point of view.” 4. Scientist #2-This fossil looks to be an intermediate form between fish and amphibians, it supports my point of view.” eS9 D Evolution that takes place slowly, with many intermediate forms is known as gradualism. If evolution takes place in “short bursts” it is termed punctuated equilibrium. Which list below would correctly categorize the scientist's viewpoints? a. Scientist #1-Punctuated Equilibrium, Scientist #2-Gradualism b. Scientist #1-Punctuated Equilibrium, Scientist #2-Punctuated Equilibrium, @>) Scientist #1-Gradualism, Scientist #2-Punctuated Equilibrium d. Scientist #1-Gradualism, Scientist #2-Gradualism Arcahebacteria are also known as extremeophiles. They are simple single celled- organisms that make their homes in places like chimneys, mud springs, and geysers. Some species may be as much as 4.2 billion years old. More modern bacteria, such as streptococcus, have antibiotic resistance genes that can be passed from organism to organism in a simple variation of sexual reproduction. When needing an example to use when describing their evolutionary beliefs, which organism is best suited for each scientist? a. Scientist #1-Archaebacteria, Scientist #2-Streptococeus b. Scientist #1-Archaebacteria, Scientist #2-Archaebacteria Scientist #1-Streptococcus, Scientist #2-Streptococcus © Yon #1-Strteptococous, Scientist #2-ArchaebacteriaName: ]);, Amamber of afferent phylogenies (evolutionary ' trees) have been proposed by scientists. These phylogenies are useful because they can be used t0 (A) determine when two similar populations of a species evolved into two separate species evaluate which groups of organisms may be most closely related (C) demonstrate that all photosynthetic organ- {sms are members of the Kingdom Plantae (D) demonstrate that natural selection is the prevailing force in-evolution (B). demonstrate which taxa (groups of organisms) contain the most highly evolved species cx\, Allof the following are included in the modern a) concept of a biological species EXCEPT (A) genetic compatiblity (B) Viable offspring (C) fertile offspring ed ‘gene flow inhibition ) reptoductive compatibility 3), he Stanley Miller apparats demonstrated that 9) organic molecules could assemble spontaneously in an environment lacking free oxygen and containing water, methane, and ammonia in the presence of an abundant energy source, such as an electric discharge. The research was considered supportive of the organic soup hypothesis, which states that the primitive atmosphere provided inorganic precursors from which organic molecules could have been synthesized in the presence of an energy source. Based on subsequent research, the primordial atmosphere was determined to contain less methane and more carbon dioxide. The new data about the composition of the early atmosphere had which of the following effects on origin-of-life hypotheses? (A) Miller's work was discarded as not relevant (0 an origin-of life hypothesis (B) Miller's work was used to refute the new hypothesis about the composition of the atmosphere. (C) The organic soup hypothesis was abandoned as no longer being supportable. (©) A new organic soup hypothesis was proposed to account for the new data about the atmasnhere. AP Biology Mr. Pellegrino 4 Ina sinall group of people living in a remote area, there is a high incidence of “blue skin”, a condition that results from a variation in the structure of hemoglobin, All of the “blue-skinned” residents can frace their ancestry to one couple, who were ~ among the original settlers of this region. The unusually high frequency of “blue skin” in the area is an example of (A) mutation @P genetic drift (C) natural selection (D) sexual selection ®) heterozygote advantage G\ In evolutionary terms, which of the following organisms is the most successful? (A) The one that lives the longest (B) The one that grows the most rapidly ‘The one that leaves the greatest number of offspring that survive to reproduce (D) The one that has the best characteristics for the current environment (© The one that has the biggest territory ~ 20 bs o | {G) Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the cladogram above? By Species Q and R make up a monophyletic group. 4B Species P and Q are equally related to species 7. {OySpecies P and T do not share a common ancestor. ‘Species S evolved from species R. ) Species is more closely related to species T than to species R.