Module 6

EDUC 210- Study Guide
MODULE 6
What is Learning?
Process through which experience causes permanent change in knowledge or behavior. This
change may be deliberate, unintentional, or better, for worse, correct, or incorrect. This change
must be brought out by experience.
What are Behavioral Learning Theories?

Explanations of learning that focus on external events as the cause of changes in observable
behaviors.
What is Contiguity?
Association of two events because of repeated pairing.
What is a Stimulus?
Event that activates behavior.
What is a Response?
Observable reaction to a stimulus.
What is Classical Conditioning?

Association of automatic responses with new stimuli.
What are Respondents?

Responses (generally automatic or involuntary) elicited by specific stimuli.
What is a Neutral Stimulus?

Stimulus not connected to a response (the sound of a bell)
What is the Unconditioned Stimulus?

Stimulus that automatically produces an emotional or physiological response (the food)
What is the Unconditioned Response?

Naturally occurring emotional or physiological response (the dogs salivating to the food)
What is the Conditioned Stimulus?

Evokes an emotional or physiological response after conditioning (the sound of the bell)
What is the Conditioned Response?

Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (the dogs automatically salivating to the
sound of the bell).
What is Operant Conditioning?
Learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences or
antecedents.
What is Operant?
Voluntary (and generally goal-directed) behaviors emitted by a person or animal.
What is Antecedents?
Events that precede an action.
What are Consequences?

Events that follow an action.
What is Reinforcement?
Use of consequences to strengthen a behavior.
What is Positive Reinforcement?

Strengthening behavior by presenting a desired stimulus after the behavior.
What is Negative Reinforcement?

Strengthening behavior by removing an undesired stimulus after the behavior.
What is Punishment?
A process that weakens or suppresses the behavior.
What is Presentation Punishment?

AKA: Positive punishment decreases the chances that a behavior will occur again by presenting
an undesired stimulus following the behavior.
What is Removal Punishment?

AKA: Negative punishment decreases the chances that a behavior will occur again by removing
a desired stimulus following the behavior.
What is Continuous Reinforcement Schedule?

When individuals are learning a new behavior, they will learn more effectively if they are
reinforced for every correct response. This strengthens the stimulus response association.
However, once the behavior is acquired, continuous reinforcement can lead to apathy and the
individual might get tired of receiving the same reinforcement/immune to the same
consequences.
What is Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule?

Presenting a reinforcer after some but not all responses:
- Interval Schedule: Length of time between reinforcers
- Ration Schedule: Reinforcement based on the number of responses between
reinforcers.
What is Extinction?
The disappearance of a learned response.
What is Stimulus Control?

The capacity for the presence or absence of antecedents to cause behaviors. (In operant
conditioning, the antecedents provide information about which behaviors will lead to positive
consequences and which will lead to unpleasant ones).
EX: Skinner’s pigeons learned to peck for food when a light was on, but not to bother when the
light was off. In other words, they learned to use the antecedent light as a cue to discriminate
the likely consequence of pecking. The pecking was under stimulus control (controlled by the
discriminative stimulus of the light)
What is Effective Instruction Delivery?

One important antecedent to increase positive student responses is the type of instructions you
give. EID are instructions that are concise, clear, specific, and communicate an expected result.
Statements work better than questions.
What is Applied Behavior Analysis?

The application of behavioral learning principles to understand and change behavior. ABA can
also be referred to as “Behavior Modification”.
What does ABA require?

- Clear specification of the behavior to be changed (finding the need)
- Careful measurement of the behavior (observe and note the current level)
- Analysis of the antecedents and reinforcers that might be maintaining inappropriate or
undesirable behavior.
- Interventions based on behavioral principles to change the behavior.
- Careful measurement of changes.
What are Methods for Encouraging Behavior?

1) Reinforcing with teacher attention: Praising students for good behavior, while ignoring
misbehavior. It is important to reinforce appropriate behaviors as soon as they occur.
The praise-and-ignore approach can be helpful however if this is the only class
management strategy, disruptive behavior will continue. Praise must be contingent on
the behavior to be reinforced, identifying the behavior, and believable.
2) The Premack Principle: A preferred activity can be an effective reinforcer for a less-
preferred activity. “First, do this task, then you may do something of your choice”.
3) Shaping: Reinforcing each small step of progress toward a desired goal or behavior
(AKA: Successive approximations). To use shaping, the teacher must take the final
complex behavior that the student is expected to master and break it down into a task
analysis.
4) Positive Practice: Students replace one behavior with another. This approach is
appropriate for dealing with academic errors. Practicing correct responses immediately
after errors.
5) Contingency Contracts: A contract between the teacher and a student specifying what
the student must do to earn a particular reward/privilege. The negotiating process itself
can be an educational experience.
6) Token economy: System in which tokens earned for academic work and positive
classroom behavior can be exchanged for some desired reward. Tokens should be given
out on a fairly continuous schedule when the token economy is first established.
However, once the system works, tokens should be distributed on an intermittent
schedule.
7) Group Consequences: A teacher can base reinforcement for the class on the behavior
of selected target students. (EX: If Mark and Amy stay on their mats during nap time, we
will all have a special snack). The good behavior game is an example of this approach
where the class is divided into teams and each team receives demerit points for
breaking agreed-upon rules of good behavior.
What are Reprimands?

Criticisms for misbehavior. Students like when their teachers speak to students privately when
they misbehave. Soft, calm, private reprimands are more effective than loud, public ones for
decreasing behavior.
What is Response Cost?

Punishment by loss of reinforcers. The first time a student breaks a rule, the teacher gives a
warning; the second time, the teacher will make a mark next to their name; the third time, the
student will then lose 2 minutes of free play for every mark they have next to their name.
What is Social Isolation?

Removal of disruptive student for five to ten minutes (TIME OUT)
Behavior Problems:
Why do Students Act Out?

- To receive attention from teachers, parents, or peers.
- To escape from some unpleasant situations (academic or social demands)
- To get a desired item/activity
- To meet sensory needs (flapping, or rocking)
What is Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)?

Procedures used to obtain information about antecedents, behaviors, and consequences to
determine the reason or function of the behavior (ABC Charts).
- When and where does the problem behavior occur?
- What people or activities are involved?
- What happens right before?
- What happens right after?
- What does the student gain?
What is Positive Behavior Supports (PBS):

The actual interventions designed to replace problematic behaviors with new actions that serve
the same purpose for the student. PBS can help students with disabilities succeed in inclusion
classrooms but are not only used for students with special needs.
What is Precorrection?
A tool for positive behavior support that involves identifying the context for a student’s
misbehavior, clearly specifying the alternative expected behavior, modifying the situation to
make the problem behavior less likely, then rehearsing the expected positive behaviors in the
new context and providing powerful reinforcers.
What is Self-Management?
Management of your own behavior and acceptance of responsibility for your own actions; use
of behavioral learning principles to change your own behavior.
What is Self-Reinforcement?
Controlling your own reinforcers.
What is Social Learning Theory?

Theory that emphasizes learning through observation of others.
What is Enactive?
Learning by doing and experiencing the consequences of your actions.
What is Observational?
Learning by observation and imitation of others.
What Must Teachers be Aware of?

- No one eagerly repeats behaviors that have been punished or ignored.
- When actions lead to consequences that are positive, they are more likely to be
repeated.
- Teachers often fail to use reinforcement to recognize appropriate behaviors.
- To be effective, praise must be sincere.
- Whatever their current level of functioning is, students can learn to be more self-
managing.
VIDEOS:
What are the Schedules of Reinforcement?

1) Fixed Interval: Reinforcement after a set of time (Weekly Quiz)
2) Variable Interval: Reinforcement after varying lengths of time. (Pop Quizzes)
3) Fixed Ratio: Reinforcement after a set number of responses (Bake Sale)
4) Variable Ratio: Reinforcement after a varying /unpredictable number of responses. (Slot
Machines)
What are the Response Patterns for Each Schedule?

1) Continuous: Rapid learning of response
2) Fixed Interval: Response rate increases as time for reinforcement approaches, then
drops after reinforcement.
3) Variable Interval: Slow, steady rate of responding; very little pause after reinforcement
4) Fixed Ratio: Rapid response rate; pause after reinforcement.
5) Very high response rate; little pause after reinforcement.
How can we Promote Desirable Behaviors?

- Antecedents help learners discern the probable consequences of a behavior.
- Antecedents can be used as cues and prompts to effect behavioral changes.
- Effective use of praise as a positive reinforcement.
- Using contingency contracts, token reinforcement, and group contingencies.
What are the Three Steps of ABA?

1) Clearly specify the behavior to be changed and note the current level.
2) Plan a specific intervention using antecedents, consequences, or both.
3) Keep track of the results, and modify the plan, if necessary.
What are the Criticisms of Behavioral Approach?

- Misuse is unethical.
- Haphazard, inconsistent, or superficial use
- Rewarding students for learning may diminish student interest in learning for its own
sake.

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EDUC 210- Study Guide

What are Behavioral Learning Theories?

What is Classical Conditioning?

What are Respondents?

What is a Neutral Stimulus?

What is the Unconditioned Stimulus?

What is the Unconditioned Response?

What is the Conditioned Stimulus?

What is the Conditioned Response?

What are Consequences?

What is Positive Reinforcement?

What is Negative Reinforcement?

What is Presentation Punishment?

What is Removal Punishment?

What is Continuous Reinforcement Schedule?

What is Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule?

What is Stimulus Control?

What is Effective Instruction Delivery?

What is Applied Behavior Analysis?

What does ABA require?

What are Methods for Encouraging Behavior?

What are Reprimands?

What is Response Cost?

What is Social Isolation?

Why do Students Act Out?

What is Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)?

What is Positive Behavior Supports (PBS):

What is Social Learning Theory?

What Must Teachers be Aware of?

What are the Schedules of Reinforcement?

What are the Response Patterns for Each Schedule?

How can we Promote Desirable Behaviors?

What are the Three Steps of ABA?

What are the Criticisms of Behavioral Approach?

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