FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), MADURAI – 625018.

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY ( U.G. 2010) - CBCS

(For those who joined in June 2009)

Sem Sub.code Subject Hrs CIA End Total Credits

/ sem marks
wee T A Q Tot marks
k

I C1CC1 Inorganic chemistry- I 3 15 5 5 25 75 100 3

C1CC2 Organic chemistry-I 4 15 5 5 25 75 100 3
C1ACP1 Allied Physics-I 3 15 5 5 25 75 100 3

II C2CC3 Inorganic chemistry- II 3 15 5 5 25 75 100 3

C2CC4 Organic chemistry-II 4 15 5 5 25 75 100 3
C2ACP2 Allied Physics -II 3 15 5 5 25 75 100 3
I& C2CC5 Volumetric analysis* 3 40 60 100 3
II C2ACP3 Allied Physics 2 40 60 100 4
Practicals*

III C3CC6 Organic &Inorganic 4 15 5 5 25 75 100 3

chemistry
C3CC7 Physical chemistry-I 3 15 5 5 25 75 100 3
C3SB1 Pollution and its control 2 30 10 10 50 -- 50 2
measure

C3ACM1 / Allied Maths / 5/ 15 5 5 25 75 100 5/3

C3ACZ1 Allied Zoology 3

IV C4CC8 Inorganic chemistry- III 4 15 5 5 25 75 100 3

C4CC9 Physical chemistry-III 3 15 5 5 25 75 100 3
C4SB2 Forensic science 2 30 10 10 50 -- 50 2

C4ACM2 / Allied Maths / 5/ 15 5 5 25 75 100 5/3

C4ACZ2 Allied Zoology 3

III & C4CC10 Qualitative Analysis* 3 40 60 100 3

IV C4ACZ3 Allied Zoology 2 40 60 100 4
Practicals*
 Maj. core

V C5CC11 Organic chemistry-III 6 15 5 5 25 75 100 6

C5CC12 Physical chemistry –III 6 15 5 5 25 75 100 6

Maj. Ele
C5ME1/ Spectroscopy/ 5 15 5 5 25 75 100 5
C5ME2 Bio-chemistry

Skill
based
C5SB3 Medicinal Chemistry 2 30 10 10 50 -- 50 2
C5SB4 Natural and synthetic 2 30 10 10 50 -- 50 2
dyes

C6CC13 Organic chemistry-IV 4 15 5 5 25 75 100 5

VI C6CC14 Physical chemistry –IV 3 15 5 5 25 75 100 4

C6ME3/ Adv. organic chemistry/ 5 15 5 5 25 75 100 5

C6ME4 Polymer chemistry
C6ME5/ Adv. physicalchemistry 5 15 5 5 25 75 100 5
C6ME6 /Bioinorganic chemistry
Skill
based
C6SB5 Computers in chemsitry 2 30 10 10 50 - 50 2
C6SB6 Green chemistry 2 30 10 10 50 - 50 2

V& Practicals
VI C6CC15 *Inorganic Practicals 3+3 30 10 (viva) 40 60 100 3
C6CC16 *Organic Practicals 3+3 30 10 (viva) 40 60 100 3
C6CC17 *Physical Practicals 3+3 30 10 (viva) 40 60 100 3

2900 107

Total Number of Credits – 140; Major = 60, Elective = 15, Allied = 20, Skill Based = 12, NME = 4,
VE=2, EA =2, Eng =12, Lang =12, Part V=1.
Add on credits = 10; Comp.Lit. = 2, HR = 2, Outreach = 3, Project = 3.
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) MADURAI-18
I SEMESTER
Inorganic Chemistry – I – C1CC1
(For those who joined in June- 2009 onwards)
3 Hrs/week 3 Credits

Objective: This course deals with the basics of chemistry required for UG programme.

1. AROMIC STRUCTURE 5 Hrs

2. PERIODIC TABLE 10 Hrs
3. REDOX REACTIONS 10 Hrs
4. ACIDS AND BASES 10 Hrs
5. NON AQUEOUS SOLVENTS 10 Hrs

I. Atomic structure: Bohr’s theory- The dual nature of electrons-Heisenberg’s

uncertainity principle- Pauli’s exclusion principle- Quantum numbers-Zeeman
effect- Sequence of energy levels- Slater’s rule (just a mention only)
II. Periodic table: The long form of periodic table- periodic law and electronic
configuration of elements- Horizontal and vertical relationship. Atomic
properties- Size of atom- Atomic volumes-Ionisation energy- electron affinity-
Electronegativity-Different scakes- Diagonal relationship- Classification of
elements on the basis of their electronic configuration-(further extension of
periodic table)
III. Redox reactions: Concept of electrode potential-Electrochemical series-
applicaton to chemical and biological reactions (Cytochrome and chlorophyll-
an introduction)-Reduction potential diagram for Cu and Fe Lattimer diagram-
thermodynamics of reduction proceses-Ellingham diagram-Thermodynamic
relation between ∆G0 and E0-Prediction of spontaneity ∆G0 and equilibrium
constant.
IV. Acids and bases: Arrhenius concept-Lowry Bronsted –Lewis concepts-Lux
Flood solvent system concepts-Usonowich concept. Factors influencing the
acidic and basis properties( steric effect, +I and –I effect, resonance effect and
electronegativity effect) . Oxo acids and strength of oxo acids
V. Non aqueous solvents: General properties-liquid ammonia, liquid sulphur
dioxide, liquid hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous sulphuric acid. Chemistry of the
above mentioned solvents-advantages and disadvantages.

References:
1. Lee, J.D. Concise Inorganic Chemistry
2. Puri,B. R, Sharma, L.R and Kalia, K.C. Principles of Inorganic
Chemistry
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) MADURAI – 18

C1CC2 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - I

(For those who joined in June 2009 onwards)

4 Hrs/week No. of credits:3

Objective: This paper deals with electron displacement effects, Fundamentals of

reaction mechanism ,Conformation and free radical substitution reactions in alkane and
chemistry of alkyl halides with special emphasis to aliphatic nucleophilic substitution.

Unit I : Electron Displacement effects (15 Hrs)

Unit II: Reaction mechanism (15 Hrs)
Unit III: Alkanes (10 Hrs)
Unit IV: Alkyl halides (20Hrs)

I. Electron Displacement Effects: (15 Hrs)

Inductive effect – Delocalized bonds – Resonance effect – rules of resonance
structures – resonance energy – steric inhibition of resonance – hyper conjugation –
Electromeric effect – hydrogen bonding – Effect of structure on the dissociation constant
of acids and bases.

II. Reaction mechanism: (Fundamental aspects): (15 Hrs)

Homolytic and heterolytic cleavage of bonds – Attacking reagents – necleophiles,
electrophiles, free radicals – Reactive intermediates – carbocations, carbanions, free
radicals and carbenes – their formation, stability and structure – activation energy –
Exergonic and endergonic reactions – Energy profile diagrams for concerted and two step
reactions – transition state – intermediates – Hammonds postulate – Principle of
microscopic reversibility – Kinetic and thermodynamic control of reactions.

III. Alkanes: (10 Hrs)

Free rotation about carbon – carbon single bond, Conformations – Ethane and
n-butane – Definition and distinction between configurational and conformational
isomers. Classes of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms. Industrial source - preparation –
Hydrogenation of alkenes, Reduction of RX, coupling of RX with Lithium dialkyl copper
(R2CuLi). Reactions – halogenation (mechanism, orientation, relative reactivity of
alkanes, reactivity and selectivity) – combustion – pyrolysis.

IV. Alkyl halides: (20 Hrs)

Preparation from alcohols, alkenes, alkynes and reactions – Nucleophilic aliphatic
substitution – SN2, SN1 & SNi mechanisms and their stereochemistry. Relative stability of
the carbocations, rearrangement of carbocations, SN2 vs SN1 – Test for alkyl halides.
Text Books:
1. For units I and II, Organic Chemistry by Bahl and Arun Bahl & Organic
chemistry by I.L.Finar, Volume I.
2. For Units III and IV, Organic chemistry by Morrison Boyd.

Reference Book:
1. Advanced Organic chemistry by Jerry March.
 FATIMA COLLEGE(AUTONOMOUOS),MADURAI-18.
Allied Chemistry- Z1ACC1/N1ACC1-Syllabus for ‘A’ Stream
For I Zoology and Home science Students
(For those who joined in 2009 onwards)
I – Theory Of Chemical bonding
II- Valency
III-(a) Periodic table
(b) Chemical Bonding
IV- Organic chemistry
V- Theory behind volumetric Analysis
I – (a) Atomic Structure:
Dalton’s Atomic theory and its modification-fundamental atomic particles and
their discovery, J.J. Thomson Rutherford and Bohr’s Atom Model, Atomic mass, Mass
number, Atomic number, Isotopes electronic configuration of atoms.
II- Valency- Symbols for elements (Molecules- Monoatomic, diatomic and polyatomic
molecules) and formulae for radicals (anions and cations), variable valency, chemical
formulae of compounds, writing chemical equations using formulae and balancing of
chemical equations. Oxidation and reduction.
III-(a) Periodic table- Mendeleeff periodic table, Modern periodic table- variation of
periodic properties of alone the group and periods-Atomic and Ionic radii, Ionisation
energy, electron affinity and electronegativity.
(b) Chemical bonding-Octet rule, types of bonds-ionic, Covalent, co-ordinate bond and
metallic bond, V.B.Theory, Types of overlapping (S-S, S-P and P-P overlapping), Sigma
and pi bonds, Hybridisation-SP3, SP2, and SP, VSPER theory.
IV- Organic chemistry-classification, Nomenclature of organic compounds-Alkanes,
Alkenes, Alkynes, Halogen derivatives, Alcohols, Carbonyl compounds, carboxylic
acids. Isomerism- Chain, Position, Functional, Optical and Geometrical isomerism.
V- Theory behind volumetric Analysis Normality, Molarity, Molality, Principles of
volumetric analysis, Equivalent mass of (i) an acid (HCl, H2SO4, (COOH)2), (ii) A
base(NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2), (iii)An oxidizing agent (KMnO4,K2Cr2O7), (iv) A reducing
agent (FeSO4.7H2O, FAS), and (v) Acidic salt/Basic salt (Na2CO3). Acid-base
Titrations, Permanganametric Titrations, Iodometric Titrations and Iodimetric Titations,
Indicators- Phenophthalein, Methyl Orange, KMnO4 (Self), & Starch(Theory of
Indicators not required).
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), MADURAI-18
Allied Chemistry-Z1ACC1/N1ACC1
Syllabus for ‘B’ Stream
For I Zoology and Home science Students
those who have not studied Chemistry at +2 level
(For those who joined in 2009 onwards)
Credits: 3 3 Hours per week
Unit I : Atomic Structure
Unit II: Chemical bonding
Unit III: Bio organic molecules
Unit IV: Theory behind volumetric Analysis
Unit V: Principles of Dyeing

Unit I : Atomic Structure: 5 Hrs.

Atom – Atomic Number, Mass number, Atomic weight – Atomic
particles, Discovery of Electron, Proton and Neutron. Symbol, valency and
writing chemical formulae.

Unit II: Chemical bonding: 15 Hrs.

Types of Bonds – electrovalent, covalent, co-ordinate covalent, metallic
and H-bonding. Characteristics of electrovalent and covalent compounds.
VB Theory - Types of overlapping (s-s, s-p and p-p overlapping), Sigma
and pi bonds, Hybridisation- Introduction, sp 3, sp2, and sp Hybridisation in
acetylene, ethylene & methane.

Unit III: Bio molecules & chemotherapy: 15 Hrs.

a) Carbohydrates- Definition and classification.
b) Proteins- Classification and properties .
c) Vitamins - Source, Classification and uses.
 d) Chemotherapy: Definition – Analgesics, Antipyretics, Anti inflammatory
agents, Antibiotics, Antiseptics and Disinfectants. Causes of Common
diseases and their treatment by Drugs.

Unit IV: Theory behind volumetric Analysis: 5 Hrs.

Normality, Molarity and Equivalent weight(HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, Na2CO3,
(COOH)2, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, FAS and FeSO4.7H2O) Principles of Acid Base,
Permaganametric and Iodometric Titrations.

Unit V : Principles of Dyeing: 5 Hrs

Colour and Chemical constitution. Chromophore and Auxochromes-
Natural and Synthetic Dyes- Classification. Fastness properties – washing, light, rubbing
and perspiration.
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), MADURAI – 625018.
Inorganic chemistry – II C2CC3
(For those who joined in June 2009 onwards)
Semester – II

OBJECTIVE: This paper deals with the basic concepts of Hard and Soft acids and their
applications to chemical reactions especially biological systems. It also covers the theory
behind the volumetric analysis and a brief account of error analysis. Under bonding, the
VB theory and MO theory applicable to various molecules are to be dealt. The general
characteristics of S- block elements and the chemistry of some important compounds are
included.

3 hrs/week 3 Credits

I. Hard and soft acids 9Hrs

II. Theoretical basis of quantitative analysis 9Hrs
III. Error analysis 9Hrs
IV. Chemical bonding 9Hrs
V. S- Block elements 9Hrs

I. Hard and soft acids: HSAB principle – pearson concept of acids and bases –
classification – application – Rationalisation of existence of ores, prediction of chemical
reactions, coordination behaviour of ambidentate ligands – Bio inorganic system –
Haemoglobin – Oxygen binding – CO poisoning and CN poisoning.

II. Theory of quantitative analysis: Redox titration – theory of redox indicators (using
Eo) – complexometric titrations (pH dependence, equation involving EDTA – theory of
metallochrome indicators.

III. Error analysis: Types, classification, sources and minimization of errors precession,
accuracy variation of standard deviation – Rejection of results – Q-test – test of
signification – F test – student T test.

IV. Theory of bonding:

Ionic bonding – Radius ratio rule – variable electrovalency – lattice energy – Born
Haber cycle.
Covalent bonding – VB theory – concept of hybridisation involving d orbitals –
VSEPR theory – Linear combination of atomic orbitals – MO diagrams – home & hetero
nuclear molecules – O2,O2-,O22-,CO,CN,NO – bond order, magnetic properties, electronic
configuration.
V. S-Block elements: General discussion – electronic configuration – flame colour &
spectra lattice energy and solubility – diagonal and anomalous behaviour – Chemistry of
LiAlH4, super oxides, hydroxides crowns and crypts – Basic Beryllium acetate structure –
compounds of Be Calcium – Biological importance of I & II elements.
Text book:
Principles of Inorganic chemistry by Puri, Sharma &Kalia
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), MADURAI – 625018.
Organic chemistry -II C2CC4
Semester – II
(For those who joined in June 2009 onwards)

OBJECTIVE : This course covers the topics alkenes, alkadienes, alkynes and organo
metallics with special emphasis on their synthetic applications.

4 hrs/week 3 Credits

I – Alkenes (25 hrs)

II – Alkadienes (5 hrs)
III – Alkynes (5 hrs)
IV – Organometallic Compounds (10 hrs)
V – Alcohols and ethers (15 hrs)

I. Alkenes
Alkenes – Structure of Ethylene – Preparation by dehydration of alcohols, by
dehydro halogenation of alkyl halides, dehalogenation of vicinal dihalides and reduction
of alkynes, 1,2 – eliminations – Mechanism of E1and E2 , Orientation, Saytzeff rule and
Hoffman rule , Reactivity and evidences. E2 Vs E1, Elimination Vs substitution

Reactions – Hydrogenation, Heat of hydrogenation and stability of alkenes,

Addition of HX – Markovnikov’s rule – regio selective reaction. Addition of HBr –
peroxide effect – Addition of H2SO4 and H2O. Electrophilic addition – Mechanism and
rearrangement – Addition of halogens – Mechanism – Stereochemistry of addition
Halohydrin formation, oxymercuration and demercuration, hydroboration, hydroxylation,
ozolysis and oxidation, Test for alkenes.

II. Alkadienes

Structure and properties – Stability of conjugated dienes – Resonance – ease of

formation – orientation of elimination – Thieles theory of partial valency. Electrophilic
addition – 1,4- addition of Br2 and HBr, 1,2 Vs 1,4 addition, Rate Vs equilibrium.

III Alkynes

Structure, preparation by dehydro halogenation of alkyl dihalides, using metal

acetylides. Reactions – Addition of H2 and hydration (tautomerism). Acidity of alkynes –
ozonolysis – Tests for alkynes.

IV. Organometallic Compounds

 Preparation and synthetic application of Grignard reagent – Hydrocarbons,
primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, alkyl
cyanides and primary amines. Reformatsky reaction. Tetra ethyl lead - preparation and its
applications.

V. Alcohols and ethers

(a) Alcohols
Physical properties, industrial source, preparation of alcohols –
oxymercuration, demercuration, hydroboration, oxidation, Grignard synthesis,
reduction of carbonyl compounds, acids and esters. Reactions of alcohols –
reactions involving R-OH cleavage with HX,PCl5,SOCl2 metals and ArSO2Cl,
dehydration. Reactivity of alcohols with HX. Alcohols as acids and bases.

(b) Ethers
Preparation of ethers by Williamson’s synthesis and alkoxy mercuration –
demercuration method. Reactions of ethers – with strong inorganic acids,
dilute H2SO4, HI, Cl2, O2, PCl5. Crown ethers – host – guest relationshop.
Epoxides – Preparation, Reactions of epoxides – Acid catalysed cleavage,
base catalysed cleavage and orientation of cleavage of epoxides.

Reference:
Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd
For Unit – IV Organic Chemistry by I.L.Finar volume I
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), MADURAI-18
Allied Chemistry-II - Z2ACC3(A)/N2ACC3(A)
Syllabus for ‘A’ Stream
For I Zoology and Home science Students
(For those who joined in 2009 onwards)
3Hrs/week 3credits
I – Inorganic Chemistry 15 Hrs
II- Organic Chemistry 15 Hrs
III- Physical Chemistry 15 Hrs

I – Inorganic Chemistry
(a) Coordination Chemistry-I: Introduction, Shapes of d-orbitals, theories of coordination
compounds, werner,s theory, Sidgwick’s theory, Pauling’s theory, Crystal field and
Ligand field theories (Introduction idea only) and EAN rule.
(b) Coordination Chemistry-II: Nomenclature of complexes, Chelation, metal
complexes in biological systems, Chlorophyll, Heme proteins.

II- Organic Chemistry

Theory of Organic qualitative analysis:
Detection of elements- N,S and Halogens, preparation of Lassiange’s extract and the
reaction s involving the extract. Distinction of Mono and Dicarboxylic acids –solubility,
reaction with NaHCO3 and soda lime. Formation of phenolphalein and resorcinal.
Reactions of alcohols and phenol -solubility reaction with NaOH and neutral
FeCl3.Reactions of Carbonyl compounds-Solubility –Tollen’s reagent test, Borches test,
Formation of hydrazone and oxime.Reactions of mono and disaccharides-solubility,
reaction with conc.H2SO4, Molisch’s test, Fehling’s solution test, Barfoed’s test and
Benetict’s test. Reaction of 10, 20 and 30 amines- solubilty reaction with HNO3.
Diazotisation of Monoamide and Diamides-solubility, action of heat, reaction with NaOH
and Biuret test.

III- Physical Chemistry

a) Chemical Kinetics-Introduction-reaction rate,order and molecularity of a reaction, first
order reaction, second order reactions; test for a second order reactions and examples of
second order reaction. Zero order reactions-effect of temperature on reaction
velocity,energy of activitation.
b) catalysis- Introduction, general characteristics of catalysed reactions,types of
catalysis,theories of catalysis,catalytic poisoning, auto catalysis.
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), MADURAI-18
Allied Chemistry-II - Z2ACC3(B)/N2ACC3(B)
For I Zoology and Home science Students
those who have not studied Chemistry at +2 level
(For those who joined in 2009 onwards)
Credits: 3 3 Hours per week
Unit I : Introduction to Organic compounds
Unit II: Theory behind Organic analysis
Unit III: Amino Acids
Unit IV: Principles of Metallurgy
Unit V : Catalysis and Adsorption

Unit I : Introduction to Organic compounds: 8 Hrs.

Types of Organic Compounds – Alcohols, Alkyl Halide, Carbonyl
compounds, Carboxylic acids and Amines. Types of organic reactions –
Substitution, Addition and Elimination reactions.
Unit II: Theory behind Organic analysis: 7 Hrs.
Tests for Aromatic and aliphatic compounds, Tests for saturated and
unsaturated compounds, tests for functional groups – Acids (mono & di), Phenol,
Carbonyl compounds and Sugars.
Unit III: Amino Acids: 10 Hrs.
Classification, synthesis and properties of Amino Acids.
Unit IV: Principles of Metallurgy: 7 Hrs.
Ores and Minerals, General Methods of extraction of metals –
Concentration -leaching, electromagnetic and froth floatation methods. Extraction –
Roasting, Calcination, Smelting and Electrolytic reduction. Refining of Metals –
electrolytic and Alumino thermic process, Zone refining.
Unit V : Catalysis and Adsorption: 13 Hrs.
Types of Catalysts – characteristics and Theories (Intermediate compound
theory and Adsorption theory).
Physisorption and Chemisorption, Differences - Adsorption Isotherm –
Freundlich Isotherm.
 ORGANIC AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY –C3CC6
(For those who joined in 2006 onwards)

4 Hrs/ week 3 Credits

Objectives: This paper deals with the concept of aromaticity and detailed study of
electrophilic and nucleophilic substitutions in aromatic compounds. The inorganic
chemistry part of the paper deals with the general characteristics of p block elements and
some of their industrially important compounds.
I. (a) Aromatic hydrocarbons (20 hrs)
(b) Electrophilic aromatic substitution
(c) Activated nucleophilic substitution & benzyne mechanism
(d) Distinction between side chain and nuclear halogen derivatives
II. Phenols (10 Hrs)
III. Chemistry of III and IV group elements (10 Hrs)
IV. Chemistry of V and VI group elements (15 hrs)
V. Theory behind the Practicals (5 Hrs)

I. (a) Aromatic hydrocarbon (7 HRS)

Introduction, structure of Benzene, Stability of Benzene ring - Heats of
Hydrogenation and combustion, C-C Bond lengths, Resonance structure of Benzene.
Aromatic character- Huckel’s 4n+2 rule, Nomenclature of Benzene derivatives,
Hydrogenation and oxidation of Arenes (alkyl benzenes).
(b). ELECTROPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION (10Hrs)
Introduction, effect of substituent groups, determination of orientation. relative
reactivity, Classification of substituent groups, orientation and synthesis-Mechanism of
Nitration, Sulphonation, Halogenation, Desulphonation, Friedal crafts alkylation and
acylation. Limitations of Friedal Crafts alkylation. Theory of reactivity and orientation,
Electron release via resonance. Effect of halogen on electrophilic substitution.
(c). Activated Nucleophilic substitution and Benzyne mechanism. (2 Hrs)
(d). Preparation and Distinction between side chain and Nuclear Halogenated
Derivatives. (1 Hr)

II. PHENOLS: (10Hrs)

Physical properties, Industrial source, Preparation – by hydrolysis of diazonium
salts & alkali fusion of sulphonates. Reactions – Acidity, Ester formation, Ring
substitution – Nitration, sulphonation, Halogenation, Friedalcrafts alkylation and
acylation (Fries rearrangement), Nitrosation, Coupling reactions, Carbonation (Kolbe
reaction) Aldehyde formation (Reimer Tiemann reaction), Ether formation and reaction
with formaldehyde (Test for phenols).
III. Chemistry of III and IV Group elements (10 Hrs)
General characteristics of III group elements. Reactions of the elements with acids
alkalies and dioxygen. Compounds of boron- borates, borax and borane. Qualitative
analysis of boron compounds. Alumina, qualitative analysis of aluminium, amphoteric
behaviour of aluminates, trihalides of aluminium. Organometallic compounds of Boron
and Aluminium.
General characteristics of IV group elements. Compounds of carbon- Carbides,
carbon monoxide, Carbonyls and Carbonates. Oxides of silicon, silicates and their
applications and silicones.

IV Chemistry of V and VI group elements (15 Hrs)

General characteristics of V group elements. Nitrogen cycle, Fixation of nitrogen,
Chemistry of hydrazine and hydroxylamine. Oxides, halides and oxyacids of nitrogen and
phosphorus. Phosphazines and cyclophosphazines.
General characteristics of VI group elements. Chalcogens (Ore forming)- Acid
rain and sulphur dioxide. Allotropy of oxygen and sulphur. Chemistry of ozone and
ozone layer and its depletion. General properties of oxides. (No specific oxides).
Oxoacids of sulphur, Oxyhalides- SOCl 2 and SO2Cl2. S4N4 (Thermochromic substances)-
Organo derivative-heme.

(V) THEORY BEHIND THE PRACTICALS: (5 hrs)

Qualitative analysis: Basic principles of chemical analysis-solubility
product-definition-application of solubility product.

Wet Test: Reactions of dilute and concentrated acids-preparation of Na 2CO3 extract-

Tests for the acid radicals-CO32- , halides, SO4 2-, NO3-, PO43-, BO33-, C2O42-, AsO43-,
AsO33-, CrO4 2-Interfering acid radicals and their removal-Oxalate, borate, fluoride,
chromate, phosphate arsenite, arsenate. Separation of Cations into groups and their
reactions.

Text Books:
1. For Units I and II - Organic Chemistry- Morrison Boyd
2. For unit III, IV and V -Inorganic Chemistry –Puri, Sharma and Kalia
 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY - I - C3CC7
(For those who joined in June – 2008 onwards)

3 Hours / week 3 Credit

Objective: This course provides a detailed study of Gaseous state, Solutions, Theory
of dilute solutions and Radio activity.
I - Gaseous State (10hrs)
II - Solutions (10hrs)
III -Theory of dilute solutions (10hrs)
IV - Radioactivity and nuclear transformation (15hrs)
1-GASEOUS STATE (10hrs)
Type of molecular velocities-average velocity-most probable velocity-RMS
Velocity-Maxwell’s distribution of molecular velocities-Effect of temperature on
distribution of molecular velocities. Max wells distribution of molecular energies –
collision diameter-collision number-mean free path-viscosity of gases-viscosity of gases-
viscosity in terms of momentum transfer-calculation of collision diameter and mean free
path from viscosity measurement.
Real gases: Effect of temperature on deviation from ideal behaviour-Boyle
temperature-Limitations of vander waals equation-Dieterici equation-Berthelot’s
equation-clausius equation-Derivation of Boyle temp from vander waals equation.
II-SOLUTIONS: (10 hrs)
TYPE OF SOLUTIONS: Solution of liquids in liquids - Ideal and Non-ideal
solutions- Raoult’s law-vapour pressure of ideal solutions-vapour pressure of non-ideal
solutions. Type I, Type II and type III solutions. Vapour pressure-composition and boiling
point-composition curves of completely miscible binary solutions –fractional distillation-
Azeotropic distillation-Distillation of immiscible liquids-steam distillation. Solubillity of
partially miscible liquid pairs - Phenol-water system, Triethylamine-water system, Nicotine-
water system. Effect of impurity on CST. Solution of gases in liquids - Absorption co-
efficient of gases-Factors influencing the solubility of a gas-Nature of gas and nature of
solvent-effect of temperature- Effect of pressure-Henry’s law-Henry’s law and Raoults law.
III-THEORY OF DILUTE SOLUTIONS (10hrs)
Colligative properties-Relative lowering of vapour pressue-Ostwald walker’s
method-Osmosis and osmotic pressure-Berkley and Hartley’s method-Laws of Osmotic
pressure and vant-Hoff theory-Isotonic solutions-Calculation of molecular weight.
Ebullioscopy:- Derivation of molecular weight using V.P-B.pt. curve-calculation of
m.wt Landsberger method of determination of molecular weight.
Cryoscopy: Derivation of molecular weight using V.P-F.pt. curve. Calculation of
m.wt. determination of m.wts by Beckmann and Rast method –Abnormal behavior of
electrolytes –reasons for abnormal behavior –Van’t Hoff factor, i, degree of dissociation
and association.
IV-RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR TRANSFORMATION (15 hrs)
Natural Radioactivity: - , and —rays-Detection and measurement of
radioactivity. G.M counter & Wilson cloud chamber-Derivation of decay constant and
half life period –Radioactive equilibrium-soddy-Fajan displacement law.
Theory of radioactivity: n/p ratio for stable and metastable nuclei-radioactive series-
orbital electron capture-Internal Conversion-nuclear isomerism.
Nuclear Structure: Size of the nucleus- Nuclear forces-packing fraction-Mass
defect-binding energy of the nucleus-Binding energy and stability of nuclei.
Nuclear models: Nuclear shell model-The liquid drop model-nuclear fission –
calculation of energy released in nuclear fission, the fission chain reaction-Atom bomb
and nuclear reactors.
Nuclear fusion: Stellar energy-Hydrogen bomb.
Artificial Radioactivity: Definition-different types of nuclear reactions with
example-induced radioactivity.
Application of radioactivity-Medicines, Agriculture & Industry, As tracer
elements in the elucidation of structure and investigation of reaction mechanism.
Carbon dating. (self study)

Text Book:
 For Units I to IV - “Principles of Physical Chemistry” by Puri, Sharma &
Pathania.
 Fatima College (Autonomous), Madurai – 625018
Skill Based – II B.SC
POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL MEASURE – C3SB1
(For Those Who Joined In 2008 Onwards)

2 hrs. per week 2 credits

Unit I: 2h
Introduction to environment, environmental pollution – Types of pollution,
air, water, soil, noise and radioactive pollution
Unit II: 10 h
Air pollution – pollutants and their control – CO, SO 2, NO2, N2O2, H2S, Cl2,
hydrocarbons, chloro fluoro carbons, pesticides, particulates, lead chloride, lead
bromide, green house effects, depletion of ozone layer.
Unit III: 10 h
Water pollution – various water pollutants – sewage and oxygen demanding
waste, infectious agents, plant nutrients, exotic organic chemicals, inorganic
minerals and chemical compounds – sediments – radioactive substances – heat, oil
and detergents, treatment of domestic waste water – reverse osmosis – treatment of
industrial waste water.
Unit IV: 4h
Soil pollution – soil pollutants, causes of soil pollution, and their control
measure
Unit V: 4h
Noise pollution – introduction noise and its measure – classification – noise
pollution hazards

Reference:
1. Principles of Inorganic Chemistry – Puri, Sharma, Kalia
2. Environmental Chemistry – A.K. De
 Fatima College (Autonomous), Madurai – 625018
Allied optional – for Physics Major – P3ACC1
For II Physics students
{For Those Who Joined In 2008 Onwards}

3Hrs/Week 3 Credits

1) Introduction to bonding and shapes of molecules 10 Hrs

II) Principles of volumetric and organic analysis 8 Hrs
III) Chemical kinetics 12 Hrs
IV) Thermodynamics 15 Hrs

I. Introduction to bonding and shapes of molecules 10 Hrs

The V.B. Theory – Types of overlapping – s-s, s-p & p-p overlap, Sigma
& pi bonds – Hybridization in Ethane. Ethylene & Acetylene respectively. Shapes
of covalent molecules using VSEPR Theory. [BeC12, SnC12, BF3, NH3, & H2O
Only]

II. Principles of volumetric and Organic analysis 8 Hrs

a) Normality, Molarity, Molality, Volumetric principles, Acid base titrations

permanganometric titration, iodo and iodimetric titration, Dichrometry,
Argentimetry and EDTA titrations.
b) Detection of elements – N.S. and Halogens – preparation of Lassaaigne’s
extract and the reactions involving the extract. Distinction between
aliphatic and aromatic saturated and unsaturated compounds.

Reactions of mono and dicarboxylic acids – Solubility, Reaction with NaHco 3

and soda lime, Formation of phenolphthalein and Resorcinol.

Reactions of alcohols and phenols – Solubility, Reaction with NaOH and

neutral FeC13

Reactions of Carbony1 Compounds – Solubility, Tollen’s

Reagent test, Borsche’s test, Formation of hydrazones and
Oxime.
 Reactions of mono and Disaccharides – Solubility, Reaction with conc. H 2SO4,
Molisch’s test, Fehlings solution test, Barfoed’s test and Benedict’s test.

Reactions of primary, secondary and tertiary amines Solubility, Reaction with

HNO2, Diazotisation and coupling reaction, Formation of p-Nitroso tertiary
amine.
Reactions of monoamide and Diamide – Solubility, action of heat, reaction with
NaOH and Biuret test.

III. Chemical Kinetics 12 Hrs

Introduction, Rate equation. Order and molecularity of the reaction,

pseudo unimolecular reaction, factors influencing the rate of the reaction,
Derivation of rate constant for zero, first and second order reactions, Methods of
determination of the order of the reaction – Arrhenius equation – Theories of
reaction rates – collision theory, ARRT.
IV Thermodynamics- I 15 Hrs

Thermodynamics- Importance, Limitations, terminology of thermodynamic

– systems, macroscopic properties, state variables, state functions, path
functions, thermodynamic equilibrium, isothermal, adiabatic, isochoric,
reversible and irreversible process- nature of work and heat, law of conservation
of energy, first law of thermodynamics- internal energy- enthalpy of a system,
heat capacity, correlation between Cp and Cv.

TEXT BOOK:-

i. For unit I – Principles of Inorganic chemistry – by B.R.Puri, L.R.Sharma &

Kalia.
ii. For Unit III, & IV – Principles of physical chemistry - by B.R.Puri, L.R.Sharma
& S.Pathania. 33rd edition 1992.
iii. For Unit II “Basic Principles of practical chemistry” by V.Venkateswaran,
R.veeraswamy & A.R.Kulandaivelu.
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) MADURAI-18
IV SEMESTER
Inorganic Chemistry - III – C4CC8
(For those who joined in June- 2008 onwards)

Objective: This course provides an extensive study of coordination complexes,

including their spectral and magnetic properties and ‘F’ block elements.

4 Hours / week Credits-3

I Theories of Coordination (25 hrs)
II Mechanism in coordination complexes (10 hrs)
III Organometallic Chemistry (10 hrs)
IV ‘F’ Block Elements (15 hrs)

I THEORIES OF COORDINATION: (25 hrs)

a) Introduction – types of ligands, nomenclature, preparation and detection of
complexes.
b) Werner’s theory – basis for isomerism in complexes, merits & demerits, types of
isomerism & Geometry. Effective atomic number rule.
c) Valence bond theory – Introduction, Hybridisation,sp3, dsp2, dsp3, d2sp3, & sp3d2,
merits & demerits.
d) Crystal Field theory – Introduction, crystal field splitting in octahedral, tetrahedral &
square planar arrangement of ligands. Spectro chemical series, ligand field effect and
colour, crystal field stabilization energy and its application. Tetrahedral Vs
Octahedral Complexes. John-Teller distortion and its consequences.
e) M.O.Theory – M.O. Theory as applied to octahedral complexes, Pi- bonding and
M.O. theory, Merits.

II. MECHANISM IN COORDINATION COMPLEXES : (10 hrs)

 a) Kinetics of complexes – stability – Kinetic and thermodynamic stability – Factors
affecting stability and lability. Stepwise and over all stability constants (determination
not required)
b) Mechanism of hydrolysis reactions in octahedral complexes.
c) Mechanism of ligand substitution reaction in square planar complexes, Trans effect,
trans effect in synthesis, Mechanism of trans effect.
d) Spectroscopic states: L-S coupling & J-J coupling schemes, derivation of
spectro0scopic states for free C-atom and free Ti3+ ion.

III. ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY: (10 hrs)

Preparation and structure of metal carbonyls – Ni(CO) 4, Fe(CO)5, V(CO)6,

Mn2(CO)10, Co2(CO)8 Fe2(CO)9 metal nitrosyls, Ferrocene (structure based on VBT) and
cyclobutadiene complexes.

IV. ‘F’ BLOCK ELEMENTS: (15 hrs)

a) The lanthanide series electronic conf. Oxidation states, spectral and magnetic
properties of ce3+ and yb3+ , causes and consequences of lanthanide contraction -
separation of lanthanides by fractional crystallization, solvent extraction, by ppn., by
change in oxidation state and Ion exchange chromatography.
b) Actinides
Extraction of Uranium from pitchblende and thorium from monazite.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. For Units I & II, Selected topics in Inorganic Chemistry - Madan, Malik &
Tuli.
2. For Unit I V “Principles of Inorganic Chemistry” Puri, Sharma & K.C. Kalia.
3. For Unit III Inorganic Chemistry, II Edn., James E Huheey.
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) MADURAI-18
IV SEMESTER
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY - III – C4CC9
(For those who joined in June- 2008 onwards)

Objective: This course provides an elaborate study of chemical kinetics, solid state and
distribution law.

3 Hours / week 3 Credits

I - Chemical Kinetics – I (10 Hrs)

II - Chemical Kinetics – II (10 Hrs)

III - Solid State (20 Hrs)

IV - Distribution Law (5 Hrs)

I. CHEMICAL KINETICS - I (10 Hrs)

a) Introduction, Rate of the reaction, the rate equation, Rate constant, order and
molecularity of the reaction, methods of determining the rate of the reaction, factors
that affect the rate of the reaction. Reactions of I order and pseudo first order
reactions-Derivation of rate constant and Half life period – Decomposition of (1)
Nitrous Oxide, (2) Hydrogen peroxide, (3) Ammonium nitrite and (4) Dinitrogen,
pentoxide, Acid catalysed hydrolysis of ester, Inversion of sucrose and Hydrolysis of
benzene diazonium chloride.
b) Reaction of second order – Derivation of rate expression and Half life period –
Reaction between Triethylamine and methyl iodide and saponification of ester.
c) Zero order-Examples-Derivation of rate constant and Half life period.
d) Methods of determining the order of the reaction, Effect of temperature on reaction
rates – Concept of activation energy. Calculation of energy of activation – the
Arrhenius equation, measurement of Arrhenius parameter.
e) Mechanism of enzyme reaction, determination of Michaelis constant, Effect of
enzyme and substrate concentration, pH and temperature on the rate.
II. CHEMICAL KINETICS-II (10 Hrs)
a) The theories of reaction rates – collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions,
Activated complex theory. The Lindemann theory of unimolecular reactions.

b) Characteristics of complex Reactions – opposing or Reversible reactions, consecutive

reaction, competing or parallel reactions and chain reactions (Derivations not
required).
c) Diffusion controlled reactions in solution, the influence of ionic strength on the rate
of the reactions, influence of solvent on reaction rates (Derivations not required).
III. SOLID STATE: (20 Hrs)
a) Introduction, crystalline and amorphous solids-difference, size and shape of crystals,
symmetry in crystal systems, space lattice and unit cell, Bravais Lattices, law of
Rational indices, Miller indices, X-ray diffraction – Bragg’s equation and
experimental Techniques – X-ray diffraction on crystals and powder method.
b) Lattice energy, cohesive energy and Fermi energy.
c) Close packing in solids-hexagonal close Packing, cubic close packing, Interstitial
sites in Close packed lattices, Ionic radius, Radius ratio and shape of crystals.
d) Types of crystals – Molecular, covalent, metallic and ionic crystals – structure of
water and ammonia (molecular crystals), diamond and Graphite (covalent crystals),
metallic bonds in metals (metallic crystals) Sodium Chloride, Potassium Chloride and
Cesium Chloride (Ionic Crystals).
e) Conductors, Insulators and Semi conductors, crystal Defects.
f) Liquid Crystals – Classification, Smectic, Nematic and Cholesteric liquid crystals –
Theories of liquid Crystals – The swarm Theory – Application of liquid Crystals.
IV. DISTRIBUTION LAW (5 Hrs)
The Distribution law, conditions for the validity of the distribution law,
Thermodynamic derivation. Deviation from the distribution law, Association,
Dissociation and chemical – Combination, Applications of distribution law.

TEXT BOOK:
“Principles of Physical Chemistry” by Puri, Sharma & Pathania.
 Fatima College (Autonomous), Madurai – 625018
Skill Based – II B.SC
Forensic Science – C4SB2
(For those who joined in 2008 onwards)

2 Hrs. per week 2 credits

1. Forensic Science: Definition, principles & uses in crime investigation.

3Hrs
2. Fingerprints: Patterns – classification – uses of fingerprints in crime
investigations –
direct and latent prints – developments by powders – chemistry of
powders – other methods of development transfer methods for
finger
prints. 7Hrs

3. Biological substances: Blood, Semen, Saliva, Sweat, Urine & Hair. 4Hrs
4. Arson: Natural fires and Arson – nature of action of fire – drifts and air supply
–
burning characteristics and chemistry combustible materials – nature of
combustion. 4Hrs

5. Explosives: Definition – classification – composition and mechanism of explosion

- bombs. 4Hrs

6. Ballistics: Classification – internal, external and terminal ballistics and overall

view.
Small arms – classification and characteristics, laboratory
examination of
Barrel washing and detection of powder residues by chemical tests.
4Hrs
7. Poisons: Types and classifications – Diagnosis of poisoning in the living and in
the dead – clinical symptoms – post-mortem appearances – treatment in
cases of poisoning – uses of antidotes. 4Hrs
References:
1. Criminalistics and introduction to Forensic Science by Richard Saferstein,
Prientice Hall of India-1978.
2. Forensic Science by T.H. James, Stanley Thomas Ltd., 1987.
 Fatima College (Autonomous), Madurai – 625018
Allied optional – for Physics Major – P4ACC2
For II Physics students
{For Those Who Joined In 2008 Onwards}

3Hrs/Week 3 Credits

1) PERIODIC TABLE AND ATOMIC PROPERTIES 10 Hrs

2) ELECTRO CHEMISTRY – I 12 Hrs
3) ELECTRO CHEMISTRY – II 15 Hrs
4) CATALYSIS & PHOTOCHEMISTRY 8 Hrs

I. Periodic table and atomic properties 10Hrs

Long from periodic table – Cause of periodicity – Division of Elements

into s,p,d,& f blocks – Atomic Properties – Size of atoms and ions – Covalent
radius – Ionic radius – Ionization energy – Electron affinity – Electro negativity
(Scales and applications exclude).

II ELECTRO CHEMISTRY – I 12 Hrs

Electrical conductance specific conductance molar conductance &Equivalent

conductance, determination of conductance conductivity cells, cell constant variation of
molar conductance and equivalent conductance with dilution, Kohlrausch’s law and its
applications, Applications of conductivity measurement – Conductometric titrations –
Acid & Bases – Lowry – Brosted concept, Lewis concept, pH – buffer solutions –
Henderson equation.

III ELECTRO CHEMISTRY – II 15 Hrs

Electochemical cells Galvanic cells, Representation of an electrochemical cell,

Elecrode potential, EMF of cell and its Measurment standard cell, Reversible and
irreversible cell, Reversible electodes and their types – Metal - metal ion electrode, Gas
electrode, Metal – Insoluble metal salt electrodes Oxidation – Reduction Electrodes.
Relationship between free energy and electrical energy, Single electode potential –
Hydrogan electode, refrence electrode – Hydrogen and calomel electrode, Electro
chemical series. pH determination using EMF measurement – Hydrogen electode –
Quinehydrone electrode – Glass electrode.

IV CATALYSIS & PHOTOCHEMISTRY 8 Hrs

(a) Catalysis types of catalysts – Promoters, Negative catalysts – Auto

Catalysts – General Characteristics of catalytic reactions – Intermediate
compound formation Theory Adsorption theory Acid – base catalysts and
Enzyme catalysts.

(b) Photo chemistry Introduction, Laws of photochemistry – Lambert’s Law,

Beer’s Law & Stark Einstein’s Law of Photo Chemical Equivalence,
Quantum yield, Photosenzation, Photo inhibitors, Chemiluminescence’s –
Fluorescence, Phosphorescence

TEXT BOOK:-

Principles of physical chemistry - by B.R.Puri, L.R.Sharma & S.Pathania. 33 rd

edition 1992.
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) MADURAI-18
V SEMESTER
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – III – C5CC11
(For those who joined in June- 2008 onwards)

6 Hrs. 6 credits

Objective: This course provides an elaborate study of the preparation, reactions and
synthetic application of organic compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids
and their derivatives, sulphonic acid.

Unit I - Aldehydes and Ketones

Unit II - Carboxylic acids, Functional Derivatives, Sulphonic acids and Reactive

methylene compounds

Unit III - Steroisomerism

Unit IV - Nitrogen Compounds

Unit V - Carbohydrates

Unit I - Aldehydes and Ketones (15hrs)

Structure - nomenclature – preparation of aldehydes – oxidation of primary

alcohols, oxidation of methylbenzenes & reduction of acid chlorides. Preparation of
ketones – oxidation of sec-alcohols, Friedel Crafts acylation, reaction of acid chlorides
with organo copper compounds.

Reactions – oxidation, reduction, nucleophilic addition – addition of HCN,

addition of derivatives of ammonia, addition of alcohol, Cannizzaro reaction, addition of
Grignard reagent, planning of Grignard synthesis, limitation of Grignard synthesis,
iodoform test.

Reaction involving carbanions – Aldol condensation, dehydration of aldol

products, use of aldol condesation in synthesis, crossed aldol condensation, Wittig
reaction, Claisen condensation and crossed Claisen condensation, Intra molecular
condensation (Dieckmann), Benzoin, Perkin & Knovenagel reaction.

Unit II – (a) Carboxylic acids (25 hrs)

 Structure – nomenclature, industrial source, preparation of carboxylic acid –
oxidation of primary alcohols, oxidation of alkyl benzenes, carbonation of Grignard
reagents, hydrolysis of nitriles.

Reactions of carboxylic acids – salts formation, acidity of carboxylic acids,

structure of carboxylate ion, effect of substituents on acidity, conversion into acid
chlorides, conversion into ester, conversion into amide, reduction of acids to alcohols
halogenation of aliphatic acids – HVZ – reaction. Ascending and descending in
carboxylic acid series.

(b) Functional Derivatives and carboxylic acids

Nomenclature – nucleophilic acyl substitution – role of carbonyl group –

nucleophilic substitution alkyl Vs acyl - reaction of acid chlorides – preparation and
reactions of acid anhydrides, reactions of amides.

Reaction of esters – alkaline hydrolysis and acid hydrolysis, ammonolysis of

esters, trans esterification, reduction of esters.

(c) Aromatic sulphonic acid

Preparation and properties of benzene sulphonic acid, sulphanilic acid saccharin,

choramine – T and dichloramine – T.

(d) - Reactive methylene compounds

a). Preparation and synthetic applications of ethyl acetoacetate – mechanism of Claisen

ester condensation. Ketonic hydrolysis and acid hydrolysis – keto – enol tautomerism.

b). Preparation and synthetic application of diethyl melonate, Barbitone, phenobarbitone.

Unit III – Steroisomerism (15 Hrs)

Optical isomerism – optical activity, symmetry elements and the concept of chirality,
optical isomerism in lactic acid, malic acid and tartaric acid, enantiomerism and
diasteroisomerism. Specification of configuration – Relative and absolute configuration,
D, L – configuration, R,S – notation. Resolution, racemisation, Walden inversion,
asymmetric synthesis. Optical isomerism in allenes, spiranes and biphenyls. Optical
activity of compounds other than Carbon _Nitrogen and Sulphur compounds.

Geometrical isomerism of maleic and fumaric acid, aldoxime and ketoxime,

Beckmann rearrangement, E,Z – Nomenclature.
Unit V - Nitrogen Compounds (20 Hrs)

a. Diazomethane and benzene diazonium salts – Preparation and synthetic

reactions.
b. Amines: Classification, Basic nature. General methods of preparation and
properties of 1 and aliphatic amines, Separation of amine mixture, Quaternary
ammonium compounds, Mechanism and stereochemistry of Hofmann elimination, Phase
transfer catalyst. Preparation properties and uses of aniline, Distinction between 1
and amines.

Unit VI – Carbohydrates (15 Hrs)

(a). Introduction and classification. Reactions, structure and configuration of

Monosaccharides – Glucose and Fructose. Mutarotationm Epimerization,
Interconversion og glucose and fructose, Ascending and descending the series of aldoses.

(b). Disaccharides – Structural elucidation of Sucrose, Maltose and Lactose, Reducing

and non – reducing action.

(c). Polysaccharides – Properties of Starch, Amylose & Amylopectin (Structural

elucidation not required) Cellulose – Cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate and rayons.

Reference:
For units I, II and VI – Organic chemistry – Morrison Boyd
For units IV & V- Organic chemistry – I.L. Finar – Volume – I
For units III – Organic chemistry - Tiwari
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) MADURAI-18
V SEMESTER
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY – III – C5CC12
(For those who joined in June- 2008 onwards)

6 Hrs. 6 credits

Objective: This course provides an elaborate study of the thermodynamics, Phase

Rule and Group theory.

I. THERMODYNAMICS - I
II. THERMODYNAMICS - II and III
III. PHASE RULE
IV GROUP THEORY

UNIT I – THERMODYNAMICS – I: 20 Hrs

Definition and importance, energy and its units. Mechanical work and heat and its
relation, Thermodynamic systems and their characteristics, state of a system, state
function and its characteristics- thermodynamic function, thermodynamic processes,
thermodynamic equilibrium, I law – statement, different forms, mathematical formulation
– work of expansion at constant pressure.

Heat of reaction at constant volume, E and constant pressure. H – Relation

between H and E and their inter conversion. Heat capacities at constant volume, Cv. and
at constant pressure, Cp. Relation between Cp and Cv - Application of I law to ideal gas
and real gas obeying van-der waals equation of state - work done, heat absorbed and
change in E during adiabatic and isothermal changes. Joule Thomson expansion
coefficient, inversion temperature and its significance, Equipartition energy.
Thermodynamic equilibrium of state.

Thermo chemistry – Definitions and enthalpies of reaction, their determination

and application, variation of enthalpies with temperature - Kirchoff equation.

Laws of thermo chemistry – (i) Lavoisier and Laplaces law (ii) Hess’s law of
constant heat summation – statement- thermodynamic derivation and application (iii)
Law of Thermo – neutrality of solutions.

Bond Energies – definitions, calculation from thermo chemistry and applications.

 UNIT
II -THERMODYNAMICS – II: 25 Hrs

II Law of thermodynamics – importance, different ways of stating the II law and

its significance.

Conversion of heat into work – Carnot’s Theorem and cycle, Thermodynamic efficiency.
Efficiency and thermodynamic scale of temperature.

Entropy – definition – dependence of entropy on variables of the system – entropy

changes in ideal gases and mixing of gases, physical transformations in chemical
reactions and in irreversible processes, Entropy and probability – physical significance.

Free energy functions:

(i) Helmoltz free energy (A) – definition and temperature dependence.

(ii) Gibbs free energy (G) - definition and temperature dependence, properties and
significance. Relation between free and total energies – Gibbs Helmholtz
equation and applications. Maxwell equation, derivation of state from Maxwell
relation.

(iii) Partial molar quantities and chemical Potential, Physical equilibria

involving pure substances.

(iv) Clapeyron equation – derivation and general form – applications to various

physical equilibria viz, melting, vapourisation, sublimation and transition.

(v) Clausius – Clapeyron equation – derivation and its applications.

(vi) Applications of thermodynamics to various types of equilibria – equilibrium

constant and free energy changes. Reaction isotherm and Van’t Hoff isochore –
Thermodynamic interpretation of the law of mass action and Le Chatlier’s principle -
derivation.

THERMODYNAMICS – III:

Nernst heat theorem and its applications, III law of thermodynamics. A simple
treatment of the law, temperature dependence of the heat capacity and its use in the
determination of absolute entropy, comparison between statistical( exception to III law)
and III law entropy, Zeroth law of thermodynamics and its significance.

UNIT III -PHASE RULE: 15 Hrs.

Definition of the terms- phase, component and degrees of freedom, Types of

equilibrium and derivation of phase rule.
 One component system – (e.g.) water system, Sulphur system, CO 2 system, Effect of
temperature and pressure on these systems
Two component system- (solid-liquid equilibrium):
Simple eutectic - (e.g.) Lead-Silver system.
Compound formation – (e.g) Zinc – Magnesium system.
Solid-solid equilibrium: Salt hydrate- water system, incongruent melting point,
Potassium iodide-water system, Ferric chloride – Water system, Sodium- Potassium
system, Copper Sulphate – Water system. Transition temperature and its determination.

UNIT IV – GROUP THEORY AND MOLECULAR SYMMETRY 30 Hrs.

Symmetry properties of molecules, symmetry elements, symmetry operations and
point groups – representations of a group, reducible and irreducible representations –
statement of the great orthogonality theorem, construction and character table for C 2V &
C3V point groups. Direct Product representation – Application of Group theory to
vibrational, Raman spectra of C2V & C3V point group molecules, selection rule for IR &
Raman spectra.

Text Book: Unit I - III – Physical chemistry by Puri, Sharma & Pathania.
Unit IV 1. Group theory by V. Ramakrishnan & M.S. Gopinathan
2. Spectroscopy by Barrow P.No. 104 & 105
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) MADURAI-18
V SEMESTER
SPECTROSCOPY – C5ME1
(For those who joined in June- 2010)

5 Hrs. 5 credits

Objective: In this course the students are exposed to various spectroscopic techniques that
are used in structural elucidation. This paper will be of much use of the students to take
up higher studies.

Unit I: IR spectroscopy
Unit II: UV, Visible spectroscopy
Unit III: NMR spectroscopy
Unit IV: (i) C13 NMR spectroscopy
(ii) ESR spectroscopy
Unit V: (i) Mass spectroscopy
(ii) Mössbauer spectroscopy

1. IR Spectroscopy: 15 Hrs.

Introduction, molecular vibrations vibrational frequency – Number of fundamental

vibrations – Factors influencing vibrational frequencies – Instrumentation –
Sampling technique Finger print region – skeletal and group vibrations –
application.

2. UV – Visible Spectroscopy: 15 Hrs.

Introduction, Absorption laws – instrumentation. Types of electronic transitions

Absorption and intensity shifts – solvents effects.  max calculation using
Woodward rules for dienes (Open chain and alicyclic) and unsaturated carbonyl
compounds – application.

3. NMR Spectroscopy: 15 Hrs.

Introduction, Number of signals, position of signals(chemical shift) – shielding and

deshielding effects. Factors influencing chemical shift. Instrumentation, Solvents
used -peak area – splitting of the signals. Coupling constant (J) geminal Vicinal
(cis & trans) and aromatic coupling (J- ortho, J- meta & J-para).

4. (i) C13 Spectroscopy: 8 Hrs.

 Natural abundance of C13 – Resolution, multiplicity – H1 decoupling – Noise
decoupling. NOE Signal enhancement broad bands – off resonance – proton
decoupling. Line intensities – Recognition of carbons that do not bear protons,
Chemical shifts for C13 in various kind of carbon. (SP 3,SP2, SP, hybridized carbon
and carbonyl carbon) comparison of C13 NMR &PMR (elementary level)
Elementary problems involving one or more of the above spectroscopic technique.

(ii) ESR Spectroscopy : 7 Hrs

Introduction, Hyperfine splitting in Hydrogen atom CH3 free radicals, Benzene

anion radical vis salicyladimine Copper (II) Complex, Zero field splitting &
Kramers’s degeneracy.

5. (i) MASS Spectroscopy: 10 Hrs

Basic principles, Instrumentation, Determination of molecular formula using

nitrogen rule – Molecular ion peal – base peak (M+1), (M+2) peaks metastable
peaks. General fragmentation modes, simple cleavage – Retro Diels Alder
reaction. Hydrogen transfer rearrangements – MC Lafferty rearrangement.

(ii) Mössbauer spectroscopy 5Hrs

Introduction – basic principles of Mössbauer spectroscopy – the Mőssbauer

experiment - theory of Mössbauer spectroscopy – chemical shift – nuclear electric
quadrupole splitting – nuclear zeeman splitting – aplications of Mössbauer
spectroscopy to FeSO4.7H2O, FeCl3, K4[Fe(CN)6], K3[Fe(CN)5NO], [Fe(CO)5],
I2Cl6 molecules.

Text Book:

1. Organic Spectroscopy by Y.R. Sharma.

2. Principles f Physical Chemstry – Puri, Sharma & Pathania
3. Concise Coordination Chemistry – R. Gopalan
4. Physical Spectroscopy – N. Banwell

Reference:

1. Spectroscopy of organic compounds by P.S. Kalsi

2. Physical methods in Inorganic chemistry by Drago.
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), MADURAI -18
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
SEMESTER –V

BIO CHEMISTRY- C5ME2

5 hrs/week 5 credits

Objectives: This course deals with the structure of RNA and DNA and their function. It
gives an overview of classification of enzyme and mechanism of enzyme action. This
course also deals with bio-energetics.

I-Nucleic acid:
II- Nomenclature and classification of enzymes
III –Mechanism of Enzyme action
IV Bioenergetics

I-Nucleic acid: 25 Hrs

Definition, Three components, Phosphoric acid, Pentose sugar, Nitrogenous

bases( Purine and Pyrimidine derivatives)
Nucleosides, nucleotides, Deoxyribonucleic acid, Internucleotide linkages, Base
composition, Double helical structure, Denaturation and renaturation, Molecular weight,
shape and size, single stranded DNA, Ribonucleic acid, differences with RNA, Types of
RNA , Ribosomal and transfer RNA, Messenger and heteronucleic RNA.

II- Nomenclature and classification of enzymes: 10 Hrs

Isozymes, Multienzyme systems- Biological role of enzymes.

III –Mechanism of Enzyme action: 20 Hrs

Activation energy, Michaelis Menten Hypothesis, Michaelis Menten equation,
Line weaver Burk equation, Active site –fisher’s lock and key model. Modifiers of
enzyme activity- Inorganic modifiers or enzyme activators. Organic modifiers or enzyme
inhibitors, competitive inhibition, Non-competitive inhibition.

IV Bioenergetics: 20 Hrs
 Coupling, concept of energy, Thermodynamic principles ATP as universal
currency of free energy in Biological systems. Free energy of hydrolysis of ATP and
other organo phosphates. Structural basis of the high group transfer potential of ATP.
ATP hydrolysis and equilibria of coupled reactions. Role of high energy phosphates as
the energy currency of the cell, Heme

Text Book:

Fundamentals of Bio Chemistry – J.L.Jain.

 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) MADURAI – 18
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
VI SEMESTER
Medicinal Chemistry – C5SB3
2 Hrs / week 2 credits
Objectives: This course gives an introduction to the types of drugs and metabolism in the
body. It also highlights the causes of common diseases the role of vitamin for the healthy
life and the importance of hormones.
Unit I:
Drugs – Introduction – source, study, classification – Biological, Chemical and by
Lay Public, Nomenclature of Drugs – IUPAC system, Heterocyclic systems and
stereochemical system. (6Hrs)
Unit – II
Mechanism of Drug action and metabolism of Drugs, Absorption of Drugs and
Assay of Drugs. (6Hrs)
Unit – III
Causes of common Diseases – Classification of diseases and their treatment.
(6Hrs)
Unit – IV (6Hrs)
(a) Vitamins:
Classification, sources of vitamins and Deficiency disorders (structural
elucidations not necessary).
(b) Indian Medicinal plants and their medicinal properties.

Unit – V (6Hrs)
Hormones:
Definition, Classification, Hormones with special reference to Testosterone,
Progesterone and Thyroxine (structural elucidations not necessary).

Text Book:
A Text Book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry - Jeyashree Ghosh
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), MADURAI -18
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
V SEMESTER
Natural and Synthetic Dyes - C5SB4

(For those who joined in June- 2008 onwards)

2 hrs/week 2 Credits

Objectives: This course gives an introduction to Natural and Synthetic Dyes. It also
highlights the uses of dyes in our day today life.
Unit I:
Color and dyes: Color sensation, Dyes and dying color and chemical constitution-
Witt theory and Modern theory of dyes. Nomenclature of dyes: Valance bond theory of
color.
Unit – II
Classification according to application - direct or substantive dyes, mordent dyes,
vat dyes, Ingrain or developed dyes, Disperse dyes, sulphur dyes, reactive dyes, oil and
spirit soluble dye, food, dry and cosmetic dyes.
Unit – III
Classification according to chemical structure: a) Nitro and Nitroso dyes. b)
Tripheyl methane dye malachite green, pararosaniline, crystal violet and its applications.
c) Azo dyes – aniline yellow, butter yellow, methyl orange, methyl red, resorcin yellow
and congo red. d) Phthalein and Xanthene – phenophthalein, fluorescein, eosin and
rhodamine B.
Unit – IV
Structure of Indigo, Alizarin, Raw material for the manufacture of dyes, non textile
uses of dyes.
Text book :
Synthetic Dyes - Gurdeep R.Chatwal
Reference books:
1. Advanced Organic Chemistry - B.S. Bahl and Arun Bahl
2. Text book of Organic Chemistry – P.L.Soni and H.M.Chawla
3. A Text book of Organic Chemistry – K.S.Tewari, N.K.Vishnol & S.N. Mehrotra
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) MADURAI-18
VI SEMESTER
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – IV– C6CC13
(For those who joined in June- 2008)
4 Hrs. 5 credits
Objective: This paper includes the topics, Polynuclear Hydrocarbons,
Heterocyclic Compounds, Amino Acids and Proteins, Alkaloids and terpenes.
UNIT – I Heterocyclic Compounds
UNIT – II Alkaloids
UNIT – III Terpenes
UNIT – IV Amino Acids and Proteins
UNIT – V Poly Nuclear hydrocarbons

I. Heterocyclic Compounds (20 Hrs)

Preparation, properties and structure of pyrrole, furan, thiophene, indole, pyridine,

quinoline and isoquinoline. Comparison of reactivity of furan, pyrrole and thiophene.
II. Alkaloids (10 Hrs.)
Definition, Occurence, Extraction and General methods for determining their
structure. Structure and synthesis of Conine, Piperine, Quinine and Nicotine.
III. Terpenes (10 Hrs.)
Introduction, Classification, Occurrence and Isolation. Structure synthesis of
Citral, Dipentene and Camphor.
IV. Amino Acids and Proteins (10 Hrs.)
Amino acids – Classification, General methods of preparation and properties.
Protiens – Introduction, Peptide linkage, Primary (Determination of C- terminal and N-
terminal amino acids) and secondary structure. Synthesis of peptides – Solid Phase
Synthesis – Colour reactions of proteins.
V. Poly Nuclear Hydrocarbons (10 Hrs.)
Preparation, Properties, uses and Structure of Naphthalene, Anthracene
Phenanthrene and their derivatives – Naphthyl amines, Naphthols, Naphthaquinones and
Anthraquinone.

Text Books:
For Unit I & V - Organic Chemistry – Finar Vol. I
For Unit II, III & IV – Organic Chemistry Finar Vol II
For Unit IV- Natural products – Gurdeep Chatwal
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) MADURAI-18
VI SEMESTER
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY – IV – C6CC14
(For those who joined in June- 2008)
3 Hrs/week. 4 credits
Objective: This course gives a detailed study of electrochemistry & photochemistry
UNIT I - Electrolytic conductance
UNIT II - Electrochemical cells
UNIT III - Photochemistry
I. Electrolytic conductance (15 Hrs.)
a) Electrolytic Conductance – Ohm’s law, Faraday’s law of electrolysis
specific and equivalent conductance and their determination – effect of temperature,
pressure, concentration, solvents and viscosity on conductance. Effect of dilution on
specific and equivalent conductance.
b) Migration of ions – transport number and their determinations – Kohlrausch’s
law of ionic mobility and their application – absolute velocities of ions and their
determination.
c) Theories of electrolytic dissociation – Grotthus theory- Arrhenius theory of
electrolytic dissociation – defects of the theory – strong and week electrolytes -Debye
Huckel theory – Onsagar’s equation.
d) Application of conductivity measurements – degree of dissociation – solubility
of a sparingly soluble salt – degree of hydrolysis – basicity of acid, acid-base and
precipitation titrations – ionic product of water.
II. Electro chemical cells (15Hrs)
Galvanic cells and EMF – electrode reactions – electrode potentials and cell
reactions – representations of electrodes – sign conventions – measurements of EMF.
Thermodynamics of the reactions in a galvanic cells – Relation between EMF and
G, H, S electrode potentials – different types of electrode potentials –
thermodynamics of reversible cells and reversible electrodes – EMF and equilibrium
constant – Nernst equation – Standard electrode potential – electrochemical series – EMF
of galvanic cells – the cell reactions – concentration cell – redox indicators – activity co-
efficient- determination of activity by solubility.
Application of EMF measurements- determination of pH using quinhydrone and
glass electrode - determination of transport number, solubility of sparingly soluble salt,
degree of hydrolysis, ionic product of water- acid – base, oxidation – reduction and
precipitation titration potentiometrically – free energy and EMF. Determination of the
valency of an ion.
Polarisation – over voltage – decomposition potential and deposition potential- storage
battery- Lead –acid battery, dry cells and fuel cells – electrochemical principles of
corrosion and passivity – polarography – half wave potential, limiting diffusion current.
III. Photo chemistry: (15 Hrs.)

Introduction - Laws of photo chemistry – Beer – Lamberts law, Grotthus Draper

law and Stark Einstein law, Quantum efficiency and determination, Consequences of
light absorption by atoms and molecules (Jablonsky diagram), Comparison between
thermal and photochemical reactions.
Kinetics of photochemical reactions:
Gaseous reactions: Hydrogen – Halogen reaction (HCl, HBr and HI). Photolysis
of ammonia and formation of COCl2.
Reactions of liquid phase (in solution): Isomeric transformation of maleic to fumaric
acid, polymerization of Anthracene.
Photochemical equilibrium – flash photolysis, photosensitization,
chemiluminescence Biological application – Photosynthesis.
Radiation Chemistry – photolysis of water, Hazards of radiation.

Text Book:
1. The principles of Physical chemistry by Puri, Sharma and Pathania.

Reference Book:
(1) Introduction to Electrochemistry By Samuel Glasstone
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) MADURAI-18
VI SEMESTER

ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – C6ME3

(For those who joined in June- 2008)
5 Hrs/Week 5 CREDITS

Objective: The course is offered to expose the advanced topics in the field of organic
chemistry.
I CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS- I 15 Hrs
Stereoisomerism of ring systems- number and kind of stereoisomers.
Conformations of ethane and n-butane. Conformation of mono and disubstituted
cyclohexanes and decalins their stability and optical activity.
II CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS- II 15Hrs
Conformation and physical properties, and conformation and
chemical reactivity-SN1, SN2, ionic eliminations, rearrangements, NGP, epoxide ring
closure and ring opening reactions, addition to cyclohexene derivatives, pyrolysis of
acetates, xanthates and amine oxides.

III ORGANIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY: (10 Hrs)

Organic photochemistry – Introduction, photochemical reactions – Elimination,

reduction, oxidation cis-trans isomerisation, Intermolecular cycloaddition and
electrocyclic reactions

IV MOLECULAR REARRANGEMENTS (20 Hrs)

Rearrangement to electron deficient atom or nucleophilic rearrangements –
Mechanism of Pinacol-Pinacolone, Wagner-Meerwin, Hoffman and benzilic acid
rearrangement. Rearrangements to electron rich atom or electrophilic rearrangements –
Stevens rearrangements. Aromatic rearrangements – Claisen, Benzidine and Fries
rearrangement.
V. (a) Organic Reagents (15 Hrs.)
Synthetic importance of N – Bromosuccinimide, Osmium tetroxide, , Selenium
dioxide, Pyridinium Chloro Chromite, Lithium Aluminium Hydride and Sodium Boro
Hydride
(b) Organic Name Reactions:
Favorski, Baeyer Villiger, Cope, Curtius, Beckmann and Stobbe reactions.

Text Books:
For Unit – I& II - Stereochemistry of carbon compounds by Eliel & Stereochemistry
by Nasipuri
For Unit-III 1. Organic chemistry by Morrison & Boyd
2. Organic Chemistry by Finar Vol-I
For Units IV and V - Reaction Mech & Reagents in Org. Chemistry – Gurdeep Chatwal
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) MADURAI-18
VI SEMESTER
ADVANCED PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY – C6ME5
(For those who joined in June- 2008 onwards)
5 Hrs. 5 credits
Objective: The course is offered to expose the advanced topics in the field of physical
chemistry.
I. QUANTUM MECHANICS I: 15 Hrs.
Operator algebra- Linear operators, commutation of operator. Hamiltonian
operators, Expressions for operators- Postulates of quantum mechanics. The Schrödinger
time independent wave equation- Eigen values and Eigen functions- significance of wave
function  - statistical interpretation of  & 2. Solutions of Schrödinger equation for
simple systems, particle in one-dimensional and three – dimensional box, rigid rotator
and hydrogen atom (discussion of results only- problems). Quantum numbers- probability
distribution curves.
II. QUANTUM MECHANICS II: 15 Hrs
Application of quantum mechanics to multi electron system – Approximation
methods – variation and perturbation methods (elementary idea) – application of
variation method to helium atom, symmetric and antisymmetric wave function, Pauli’s
exclusion principle.
III. Spectroscopy-I 15 Hrs
Introduction to molecular spectroscopy,
Rotational spectroscopy (micro wave) spectra of diatomic molecules. Relative
intensities of rotational spectral lines and application.
Vibrational spectra (IR) spectra of diatomic molecules, Rotational – Vibrational
spectra of diatomic molecules, Vibrational spectra of polyatomic molecules.
Raman Spectroscopy – Selection rules, rotation vibration – Raman spectrum,
mutual exclusion principle.
IV. Spectroscopy –II 15 Hrs
(a) Electronic spectroscopy- Introduction- various transitions –Frank Condon principle
(b) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscop-nmr equation – Larmor frequency-
chemical shift- simple problems
(c) Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy.- ESR spectrum of of an unpaired electron-
Hyperfine structure in ESR spectra- Hydrogen atom,methyl radical,1,4-
Benzosemiquinone radical anion, Naphthalene and anthracene negative ion,
triphenylmethyl free radical,g factor-Applications..

V. Macromolecules: (15 Hrs)

Types of macro molecules, classification of polymers, properties of polymers.

Molecular weight of polymers – number average and weight average molecularweight ,
determination of molecular weight – osmotic pressure method, sedimentation velocity
method and viscosity method, kinetics of free radical polymerization.

Text Books:
Units – III, IV and V : Principles of physical chemistry by Puri, Sharma and Pathania.
Units – I and II : Quantum Mechanics by A.K. Chandra & Quantum Mechanics by Sen
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), MADURAI -18
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
VI SEMESTER
Computers in Chemistry– C6SB5
(For those who joined in June- 2008)

2 hrs/week 2 Credit
Objectives: This course deals with the use of computers in molecular modelling and drug
design and also covers the use of internet and its application in data search.

UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR MODELLING 10 HRS

Structure drawing by Chem Draw-Representation of molecules-Properties

calculation – NMR analysis- Molecular mechanics and moleular dyamics – simulations-
Docking of simple molecules
UNIT II APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR MODELLING 10 HRS
Elements of cheminformatics and drug design. Use of crystallographic and NMR data as
inputs for computation. 3D data base searching.

UNIT III- INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATION 10 HRS

Data base search- chemical data bank, CCDC, PDB- 3D pharmacophore, Structure based
drug design-De Nova drug design
Reference Books:
1. Molecular Modeling -Andrew R.Leach
2. Guide Book in Molecular Modeling in Drug Design- N. Claude Cohen
 FATIMA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) MADURAI-18
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
VI SEMESTER

Green Chemistry – C6SB6

(For those who joined in June- 2008)

2 hr/ week 2 credits

Objectives: This course highlights the need for green chemistry approach which is the
need of hour to protect the environment from hazardous chemical pollution.

UNIT I 10 Hrs

Need for Green Chemistry- Goals of Green Chemistry - Limitations/obstacles- Progress

of Green Chemistry- Twelve principles of Green Chemistry.

UNIT II 10 Hrs

Concept of atom economy (rearrangement, addition, substitution and elimination

reactions) - concept of selectivity (Chemo-, regio-, enantio- and diastereoselectivities)-
Green solvents ( Super critical CO 2, ionic liquids and water) - organic synthesis in solid
state.

Unit III 10 Hrs

Mode of supplying energy- microwave and ultrasonic. Basic concepts in designing Green
synthesis - choice of starting materials, reagents, catalysts and solvents with suitable
examples.

References:
1. Green Chemistry – Ahluwalia
2. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice – P.T. Anatas and J.C. Warner
3. Introduction to Green Chemistry – V. Kumar