Internet Usage etworks, machines, and users connected to the ARPANEy n 1 (ire number of ly official protocol on January 1, \9,, me the only » 1983 grew rpily I ARPANET were interconnected, the growth became e,, NET ai cha) vey regional networks joined up, TiC SO Ea LA ne ific. works in Canada, ie be mone ee sewing the Collection of nerwer, Se Se I , although there was no official dedicatio, as an internet, and later as the Internet, aes 0 with some politician breaking a bottle of champagne over a or oom The glue that holds the Internet together is the TCPAP reference model and TCPIIP protocol stack. TCP/IP makes universal service possible and can be com pared to the adoption of standard gauge by the railroads in the 19th century or the adoption of common signaling protocols by all the telephone companies. What does it actually mean to be on the Internet? Our definition is that machine is on the Internet if it runs the TCP/IP protocol stack, has an IP address, and can send IP packets to all the other machines on the Internet. The mere abil- ity to send and receive electronic mail is not enough, since e-mail is gatewayed to many networks outside the Internet. However, the issue is clouded somewhat by other mek hosts, It Rect Lae ae ee” TERE ode bey ‘ae rae regard such machines as being on the Inter- ‘ed to the service provider’s router.eae EXAMPLE NETWORKS 37 Traditionally (meaning 1970 t0 about 1990){ the Internet and its predecessors had four main applications: 5 a E-mail. The ability to compose, send, and receive electronic mail has been around since the early days of the ARPANET and is enor mously popular. Many people get dozens of messages a day and consider it their primary way of interacting with the outside world far outdistancing the telephone and snail mail. E-mail programs are available on virtually every kind of computer these days News. Newsgroups are specialized forums in which users with a common interest can exchange messages. Thousands of newsgroups exist, devoted to technical and nontechnical topics, including com- puters, science, recreation, and politics. Each newsgroup has its own etiquette, style, and customs, and woe betide anyone violating them. 3, Remote login. Using the telnet, rlogin, or ssh programs (fisers any- where on the Internet can log on to any other machine on which they have an account.) Ak. File transfer. Using the FTP program, users can copy files from one machine on the Internet to another. Vast numbers of articles, data- bases, and other information are available this way government, and industrial researchers One new application, the WWW (World Wide Web) changed all that and brougiht millions of new, nonacademic users to the net. This application, invented by CERN physicis Bemers-Lee, did not change any of the underlying facies Tat rode tet easier to use. Together with the Mosaic browser, written by Marc Andreessen at the National Center for Supercomputer Applications in Urbana, Illinois, the WWW made it possible for « site to set up a number of pages of information containing text, pictures, sound, ‘and even video, with embedded links to other pages. By clicking on a link, the user is suddenly transported to the page pointed to by that link. For example, many companies have a home page with entries pointing to other pages for prod- uct information, price lists, sales, technical support, communication with employ- kholder information, and more. Feiner other kinds of pages have come into existence in a very short time, inc] maps, stock market tables, library card catalogs, recorded radio pro- ‘and even a page pointing to the complete text of many books whose copy= ri jired (Mark Twain, Charles Dickens, etc.). Many people also have Personal pages (nome pass) ‘Much of this growth during the 1990s was fueled by companies called ISPs (Anternet Service Providers). These are companies that offer individual usets at home the ability to call up one of their machines and conne-t to the Internet, thus Up until the early 1990s, the ot was largely pOpulated by academic,INTRODUCTION: = INTE ca eee seal nee St ee a een Architect fh Internet tis sic we wil tempt ga britovrvew ofthe nee ciate many merges betwen telephone companies (elcee a ey Seen, ts sion wil eof nee somewhat simple ih Est Poe by pice by Baty op esr 19. Ove he et ' tod plce os he IP over a dil ‘5 vith ties at home, 3 can wit the eee et as Tate eke in wine ee satel cao ere ee pane Timi i elt BPs FOF ran a fe em Tee on rg a eT msi ante Fons sec. 15 EXAMALE NETWORKS, 2 este POP wil pty oat nh woe witching ie whe fhe cepone wi anh Chet miei 1m he oa ee POP my tes fee shaungatver ane fn ISP ref cto cna of tected ou in he vss afi seep ss rhs el te {sh lc pocket dive witcha. Oteree, hs and veo he SPs fasion opera Art pet be fondchain athe mp backbone peo, cmp he ‘ATA ad Spt Ty operate lage ental sone peter, th ‘Sesion comes by ign Mer op Large eae (See tain este on sehr ecto cae fans of Web pats pr mcd) ofc sonnet ly wo ne acne fete opr encourage ti nection by fing space ip what a fled carrer OG SSalyequipnest racks in he sae roo she Youle ‘low short ast cnbectons between server am nthe bactbone i pastt given othe backone i desi fran ISP or company served by the backone its set oe closet outer an banded off here. However, ay ‘mctbooes of varying sas, exis inthe worl, soa packet may have wo £00 2 ‘ompetig backhone To alow puck to hop between backbones, ll the major tekones conc athe NAPe sued eater, Basically, NAP is arom ul afro tes ob bcos (A LAN inthe om cnn alte) So packet canbe forwarded rom ab backbone o anyother backbone. in al tin fo beng itrconected at NAPs be lrgerbacibones have urerouy direc ‘omnetons betwee thir outers, 2 echaigue known as plvate of ‘he many paradoxes ofthe Internet is hat ISPs who publicly compete With one ner for csanes len pray caper 1 So pat peg MED This ends our quick our ofthe Ineret. We will have great dealt say shout the individual componcis and tee design, algo, and protocols Ia Subsequent chaptes. Also wor mentioning in passing is tht some companis Inve interconnected all i existing itera networks, often sing hese ech tology asthe emer (These Intranets ae spicy sessile only within te onpay bat bers Work he une way the nee) 152 Connection-Oriented Networks: X25, Frame Relay, and ATM. Since he bepinning of nerworking, a war has been going on between the peo- le who support connections ie. datagram) subnets and the people who Sup- Pt connetion-onented subnets. The main proponents ofthe connections a "ets come ftom the ARPANETiavemet commanity. Remember that Dos oa “tal desire in funding and building the ARPANET was to have a oetwork that | Would continue fanning even after multiple direct hits by nuclear weapons “Wed out numerous routers and transmission lines, Thus, ful telerance WasLS o ig on te pry Hist iyTRoDUCTION “aap comers a8 00, Thi approach eg hske i outed independent gf ee soe tng in Soo ie fsa er ol wes ono tn eckphs sum caller as dal he called party's number and ga vce i ling or nine data This conection St ea ce ha inained tl the all emia Anand ar pales low the same rote, If line or switch on the Jao Peed Ths popes esily whit he DoD de iy oe epee en? Tho 0 ego oo i vce, Site nt Was gpd: CPU copy Wa sec a sc tobi el eed and the aller 5 hsm scone top. te oe bodies Ni omnes in an a te atthe moet th et wl choke nd pb sand sed her, batt guy ‘ tan wt ao o io ees BOA vet "Nude oa posting ta uo gully ‘in py hn vests i pa Be cmon al he ‘sina Blac sea ati he he bling ek a TE att ae fee eo et he tse vet 0 rl Rene oe Seapets ‘a Sihsmettr an eee a eres fee a ms ch oa es wy aaa es secs EXAMPLE NETWORKS a as the base concep, ut it so, den put he expense of bling (and i te quality of mot eleviston the embarssnent factor cannot be tal i ‘Bane cher) Also, many theme parks care a ily admission fee fr uli ed ides in conrat toweling arias, which char bythe ie. Tat sould comet supe ht all etworks designed by the le ry have ha onneton cent sboes. Whats perpssuesing. phone ind hom tbe Inmet abo drifting in tat rect, inode provide a eter ‘only of serve for auto and vdeo, a subject we wil exam vo im Chap S- But ‘owes examine some connection ainted networks, 25 and Frame Relay ‘our fiat example of «exnnection-oentednerwork i328, which was the fast poe dts neowort. Iwas deployed in the 1970s at tie when eenbone ‘rvige was monopoly everywhere andthe elephore company in exch county ‘pected thereto be oe ata network pr eounty—teirs. To we X25, 2 com care ntslaked scomnecton othe remote computer, tit placed e ele- Pa TG This conection was piven ecomection numb: w be w ‘otf packets (because milpe connection could be open a the same time) Da pelts ne verse octing 4 Mt eater an pw 128 Pea te fit cna of 12-0 conection nut, 3 Pek st trusofedement somber, ands few melanie B7X25 mt Tak peae raat eae wih ated sce eR Tonn be 28 nts ner el replace by new ind of el abe Fouy The ese of fae rey hat ea inne casera go ror con! anno fw come, Beane ws car etre pte were diver in rer (hey wee deere SID The properties of mover delivery, no err contol, and no flow contol ost important application i Ina fae relay akin © « wide area LAN. Intrcomectng LANS a utile company offices) Frame relay enjoyed & mod: ‘st sozest and is stl in use in places tds. Asynchronous Transfer Mode ‘Yet anther, ani fir tore important, coaneton-riented network is ATM. (Asyochranous Transfer Mods). The reason fr the somewhat strange ame is tha inthe telegbone system, most ansmission is synchronous (closely ted 10 # ‘loge std ATM st iat was desgnod inthe ext 1990) launched ami uly increible type (Ginsburg, 1996; Gorski, 1985; he 197; Kim et al, 1994; and Salings, 200). ATM was going 10 solve all he words networking and tlecommonia- tions problems by merzing voice, daa, cable television, tle, telegraph, ce pigeon in eans connected by sivas, ton-ioms, smoke signals, and everythingyy Sige ng Oe a alton 3 P packets. Becaee iknow toy st ime AIM sow a comeion tee ending ea mains Ge Se Ate eo he me ey ie ‘mcs Comcast ofen sled etal reais in analogy ith be ‘psc siesta wi te phone systen Most ATM networks ls op on peroanet rele, nich re permaret conection between 0 (Suh ls ein teeny an Hc i roto su Te bse ed ATM > “pi I 7 ATM Reerene Mode sects RAMEE NEEWORKS 6 UES i he ara e ea ns ae ht pr i ae ‘ATM networks ae oraz ike adional WANS, wit nes an swe on cece Comma speeds for ATM etwons ae 155 Mbps and S22 (cere gic apts ae ls) apported. The 1S5:Mps spd wat a eee ue abot whats note wo vnsmit igh dflon evn Se ee vt 15532 Mops war made for compatiblity with ATAT': a ar cetcion scm, someting we wil stdin Chap. 2. The 622 MEDS So sna m at four 13 Mp Sanne cold be sen ove [ATM ha ts own ference model diferent from the OSI made and oi feed ane NCPnP model, Ts ode shown In Fig. 1-32. 1 consis of {See ayers the pyseae ATM, nd ATM adaption layers, pls whatever wes tren o puto op of tt "roca ayer deals with he physical medium: voltages i ming ‘cnn ter nes ATM des not esrb a particular set ules but instead {lye ti ATAF cells canbe sent on wie xfer by themselves, Dut they can SRO be packagal imide te payload of oer carer sists. In other words, ‘ATM ha ben designed wo be indopendent ofthe transmission mes. ‘Cake tie ain cl omar, ei nd ells wht the Header Hei ean Tras deals with exalishment an ‘eles of vil eeuis- Congest sao located here ‘Because ost aplication Jo not wae! to work dey with cls thos some nay) layer uve the ATM layer bas been defied to aw wes 368do INTRODUCTION 7 uae. Pret all, The ATM itr 3 zens hese packets, tratsis ie cls vil snd easebles them tthe ter end. THs Lye the SAL ATM Adspation Layer alae oe ener twedimensnal refetene models, the ATM. model i dct ws bing teedimensonl: tow a Fig. -32. ‘The wer lame del Sth us tango flow in, enor conection, and ote wer anton ta ra ental plane sored with conection management The ayer fae mange onsone ae t nure Management and iedajer ala AL loyes ar ech dd int two sablayers, oe the does the work a's cmvergence solyer on top that provides the ice the yer stove The fonctions of he aes and aba irene 13, “he PMD (Physical Mem Dependent) sblye ntefces to the actu cate haves the bis on nd ff ad anesthe bt ining. For diferent ea es and cals, hs aye ile ifn. nn Se hae te cl ye de TC Crason Comer nc) lay. When cls are ans, the TC layer ends them a 4G bis he PAD lyr. Doig this en. AL the ete end, He TC alae 684 pr icoig bt steam from the PMD sobaer. sob wo omnes besa ino el rea fer th ATA jer, hans all he ne elated ling wh ls rein adc inthe i suean Inthe ATM model ti Sonali nthe pasa! yer. In the OST lt mc et. It OS al in ety th a er Stier nce tapecnnt oem me swe mand ett. ATM er mags ces, inning th pa ron ad ator. Mas meg me cig rete fe ok td oes tno a ea sn spl it a —- | sec. 15 aeat eeny y | peers Seacetenaeae fea Seeman ge 1-34 Te ATM ean ar ln a “The AAL lye spit it «SAR (Segmentation And Reasembly sh ayer and’ CS (Convergence Sublayer). The lwersablaer breaks up pa ‘ayer cn the tannin sie and pats them bck toster agin ate dest= Tic. The upper sublaer makes tosis totiave ATM systems oer cifleren inherits le apn (eg fl ans nile on ema fave ifiereat equirementscotceaing err handing, ming “sits probaly most dwn for ATM from now on, we wil not cuss i fre nn Woke, Nevers, since it has a sistant installed ie, ‘el rbsbly be around fort east few more yee. For mare infomation about "NIM ee (Dabrowski and Gis, 200; and Gadeci and esha. 197). 153 Ethernet Both the inenet and ATM ere designed for wide aca networking. How: cet many companies, universes, abd other oranizations have large members ‘Fcompucs tht mat be connected, This need gave se tothe focal ae Stork Tn ths etion me wll sy ie i abou the most polar LAN, Ete “The sly tars oun pitine Hawa in teeny 1970 Ini se tin" canbe inerpeed a8 "not bang working telephone system.” While ‘ein imeroptd by he on aly Fong makes ie mores fr vacation: fs tid na make fe more pleasant for researcher Norman Abraso6« sTRODUCTION ee, racy und was bet-ange ai, Each se inl Was caugyey sane Mer oring nth at Xerox PARC (Plo Alto Research Cent, ‘Boges. 1976), —.. = Wat aig ete anion ele cable, his pclem oes roe f& mia a stant sand Y sects EXAMPLE NETWORKS a Fiore 1-4 Acie fe i Eee ese te computer ising foe ansiting «protien il ae: what ee ono or ate comps al wat wl he cent nmin Sn 5 0 sat toc? The slain fo have each comput en es tums ad ft det iret, jam cer © AT Sng Opa ack of dl wai radon ine before eying I ica sei rans wag time old, nd 0 ow Spread ow He Se on lige cael them sate ne acl EC, in a ee of ¢ ete Spe Ee eles e DIX standard, WH mo saa nd eee ESE Wn Se aay ads hry of mag Sil ine. 1 pacman te fing commer Be (ee Fare Sn nd Als, 188, When Heme 30 ig ing wih Eee ces an eng ae see ee us on compan, Sch 02 Eerie apes fo 5 Messer 0 mile of em i avy an developing. New sean a 100 nS ett tage ne come ow At be ing sien 3p 100 tae ne ech ied, We wl aces Eee 8 Sealinchep 4 i wor mening that Beret EEE 9023 mi he a a aif Commer ao tanduried «ens 6028) ke aa ane cr tate meocles acme sana © aa ee ag cvertang do wi pts, Ate Sef sani Fo a aking « LAN in sich he ploy as te ea ton, Genel Mtn ut emt tok tur in transiting 6 PASE 2 Eire (ne oten fom compe comput. congue! culo a ace eke, ins veiig calls. Ger Motor soa sen i po acl for acrid ws 0 TT cela hems on Tas anounced, ST Ms bse ‘cally vanished fom sight.4 ss simi [BM nds own avers pomietan taken nes The token way etd cer corti en wm alowed eu es pg A he ses, a ital 20 ‘nated 402 a nk pope om ist verson (12S), eof TBM sts Mei evercach up wah tert, In shor thee wat» Sac us af taken ang, aod eet WOR, moat 1.54 Wireless LANs: 802.11 amo son. cock compen append: may fol bad a ar of ain Mel eapcaly ovieg ee’ nostonk SOmpHe be con wakes mo i nomen. varos groups bean Woks on Ways to ae ee ms pci arene 0 eu bh he fe an eee ieee wih anager rns and cer 1 alow ees war apy ln wil CANS sig mated by Bor po me of tem we comple. This roifernion of sent eas eps eigen abd ado would 1 work In SrA alte teg Tose vaton Foal he nny decided that & ice Lat stunk mph Ge god ee, te IEEE commie hat stan ‘atc tie waco LANG war sen tk of eaing yo. wees LAN stn The sundadicane oy wih ns nan 902118 commen sang ae Ih fle ne dees ev "spn andr a waka 40 modes (1 tnt presence of a base stain, neil eect aber ate) (img en feu emg a te cep i ere ‘Oem at equipped wth a wiceless LAN and ving Ts cn oat ee “opt ihs AN adh Sg Pre kearaes mo meses ae ised in Fig. 1-35) - a ct aoc Alb tr LAN numbers ie 8021, 8122, 723, op 02 tol mami He 2.1602 23.90 402.16, othe wees LAN standard ‘In particular, some of . Rey Sos nt: Site Sea ae ges 7 sec 3 EXAMMLE NETWORKS © sinned taking ied batry if into acount; wonying sot human sty iain es cause cance?) unersaning te inphesons of cmpue > (Go. sarc bulges wh rough bandh economic vl PE ume the standaiationprosess stared (i990, Etre had sree a ontnae loa se networking 0 he commie decid 1 a ee seabe with Barc above te data ink ye a paca, ae Be ea cad an TP pcs over the wless LAN te ame 2) sould be posal 1a packs ver tert. Nevertheless, ee psc and rd compat ete cifleenes wih eae ex aa 10 be ‘Sa wit by te sane win oer om Eeret alvays tens wo the ier tfore ansiting Conte gies dle does the compete bopin anmiting, Wilh tls ci xno work so wal Tos why examine i. 1364Sonpo LANs ier A wanting to compet B, ot the radio ange of As mc ahort wo teach computer C. 1 wants to Tas B a8 tan ec etre staring, ba eft hat does Hear anything Js sen 1 etna wl sete The U2. sand ad ta Ne is ar that ad be soled i tat di oh Se a seed mae ns ne i ‘otha Smetana Fine rd poor sian great deal of sofa fot aware of mobi Reap, funy word process: have a Ist of ns ieee or dome Facer eae When the computer on which the word procestor rns 1 ‘ect enironment, he bls st of pines becomes inal. ee coe i that if atebook compute is moved away fm te inn sn ng i in Sr haning otis needed. AKhough this problem oS Ra toptes it des not occur wih Beret and needed © be solve Ie0 INTRODUCTION ae Figure 1-36, The range of a single radio may not cover the entire system, particular,/the network envisioned consists of multiple cells, each with its own base statign, but with the base stations connected by Ethernet, as shown in Fig, 1. 37, From the outside, the entire system should look like a single Ethernet, [The connection between the 802.11 system andthe ouside world i called a portal a om en & at a’ ag a hs et ge Figure 1-37. A multicell 802.11 network Portal After some work, the committee came up with a standard in 1997 that addressed these and other concerns. {The wireless LAN it described ran at either | Mbps or 2 Mbps. Almost immediately, people complained that it was tog slow, so work began on faster id split developed within the cra eulicg in two new standards in 1999. The 802.1a standard uses a wider frequency band and runs at speeds up to54 Mbps, The 802.1 1b standard uses the same frequency band as 802.11, but uses a echnigue to achieve 11 Mbps, ‘Some people see this as psychologically important since h 1 Mbps is faster than the original wired Bene is likely that the original 1-Mbps 802.11 will de off quickly, but itis not yet dlear which of the new standards will win out To make matters even more complicated than they already were, the 802 committee has come up with yet another variant, 802.11, which uses the modula- tion technique of 802.114 but the frequency band of 802.116. We will come back to 802.11 in detail in Chap. 4, -__