Scribd
Upload
11 views

Boundary Layer Theory

1. Boundary layer theory was first introduced by Prandtl in 1904 to describe fluid flow over a solid surface. 2. A boundary layer forms due to viscosity and no-slip conditions at the surface, where the fluid velocity matches the surface. Within the boundary layer, velocity increases from zero at the surface to the free stream velocity. 3. The boundary layer thickness increases with distance from the leading edge, and the boundary layer can transition from laminar to turbulent depending on the Reynolds number.

Uploaded by

ayush kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views

Boundary Layer Theory

1. Boundary layer theory was first introduced by Prandtl in 1904 to describe fluid flow over a solid surface. 2. A boundary layer forms due to viscosity and no-slip conditions at the surface, where the fluid velocity matches the surface. Within the boundary layer, velocity increases from zero at the surface to the free stream velocity. 3. The boundary layer thickness increases with distance from the leading edge, and the boundary layer can transition from laminar to turbulent depending on the Reynolds number.

Uploaded by

ayush kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Boundary Layer Theory

Boundary layer concept was first given by L. Prandt in 1904.


The concept is valid for infinitely large medium of real fluid and not for ideal fliud.
Boundary layer

y-direction

Solid surface

leading edge (stagnation point) Boundary layer


Vo= Free stream velocity
When a real fluid flows past a solid surface, the fluid particle adheres to the
boundary to no-slip
condition i.e. if boundary is stationary, fluid on it will be stationary and if boundary is due
moving, fluid
attached to it moves with the same velocity.
As distance from boundary increases (y-increases) velocity gradually
and there after remains constant. This region 8 is called boundary layer
increases upto certain distance (6)
region.
There exists avelocity gradient inside the boundary layer and its value is greatest at the
boundary.
du
Ast= 4.velocity
dy gradient gives rise to boundary shear stress
" Following Boundary conditions may be noted
Essential Boundary Conditions
1. atx=0(leading edge), thickness of boundary layer =0 i.e. 8=0
2. at y=0, u = 0
3. aty= 6, u=V,=Free stream velocity =constant
du
4. aty =5, =0
dy
Desirable Boundary Conditions
du d'u
at y= 6, =0, =0
dy
When afluid flows past aflat plate, the velocity at leading edge is zero and retardation of fluid increases
as more and more of the plate is exposed to flow. Hence boundary layer thickness increase as
distance from leading edge increases.
CIVIL ENGINEERING Boundary Layer Theory
Tloto certain distance from the leading edge, flow in boundary layer is laminar irrespective of the fact
that flow of approaching stream is laminar or turbulent.
As the depth of laminar boundary layer increases, it cannot dissipate the effect of instability in flow and
hence transition to turbulent boundary layer occurs.
Thus thickness of turbulent boundary layer ismore.
Change of Boundary layer from laminar to turbulent is affected by
(a) Roughness of plate
(6) Plate curvature
(c) Pressure gradient
() Intensity and scale of turbulence.
Transition of boundary layer from laminar to turbulent is assumed to occur at R=5x 10° (for flat
ex

plate).

Re, =
V,=free stream velocity
x= distance from leading edge
v= kinematic viscosity
Note: " The value R, = 5* 105 as critical Reynold number has been chosen based on the fact that
Plate may be rough
There may be disturbance in free stream.
Acoustic noise may exist.
Vibration may exist etc.
As velocity increases, boundary layer thickness ata particular x-value decreases.
As viscosity increases, boundary layer thickness increases.
Thus for a particular value of x, as R, increases, boundary layer thickness decreases.
More negative pressure gradient reduces boundary layer thickness (i.e. when pressure downstream is
less than that of upstream section).
If the plate is smooth, then even in the region of turbulent layer, there is a very thìn layer adjacent
to the boundary where flow is laminar. This layer iscalled Laminar-Sublayer.
Thickness of laminar sublayer decreases with increase in Reynold's number.
Flow inside boundary layer is rotational.
For calculation purpose presence of transition region is neglected or in other words, 1/2 of transition
region may be thought of as laminar and remaining as turbulent.

C
i Laminar
sub-layer
11.6v

A
B
Flat
plate Laminar Transition Turbulent region
region
To= Boundary shear stress
The critical R=
ex 5x 10 is based on above concept
ie. R, <5 x 10° Laminar B. layer
R_>5x105 Turbulent B. Layer
Thus for practical purposes

laminar
Turbulent

Ro = Voo =5x10°
ER
Velocity profile in Laminar boundary layer may be taken as

Velocity profile in turbulent boundary layer may be taken as


Velocity profile in Laminar sub layer is actually parabolic, but as the thickness is very small, it may
be taken as Linear i.e.
Basic Definitions :
Boundary layer thickness (Nominal boundary layer thickness) (8)
It is the distance from the boundary surface in which velocity reaches 99% of the free stream
velocity.
Displacement thickness (8): It is defined as distance by which the boundary should be shifted in
order to compensate for the reduction in mass flow rate on account of boundary layer
formation.

dy

V, = Free streamvelocity.
v = velocity at any distance 'y' from
boundary.
Note : Displacement per

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy