Clauses - Part 1

Clauses: Part 1
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Subject of the verb of Object of the verb of Possession
the relative clause the relative clause (cannot be omitted)
(cannot be omitted) (can be omitted)
used for people who/that who/whom/that whose

That's the girl who/that The boy (who / whom / That's the man whose
lives next door. that) he waved to is my wife was injured in an
cousin. accident.
used for things/ which/that which/that whose/of which

animals I saw a film which / that The dog (which/that) That's the table the leg
was directed by you saw outside is my of which / whose leg is
Polanski. neighbour's. broken.
1. Fill in: who, which, whose, when, where or why.

2003 was the year 1) _when_ I took my first holiday abroad. We were students at the time, with
very little money, which is the reason 2) _______________ we decided to go to Spain. We booked
through the local travel agent, 3) _______________ went to a lot of trouble to find us a resort 4)
_______________ was quiet by day but 5) _______________ had a lively nightlife. I went with my friend
Cynthia. 6) _______________ has been my friend for many years now. The flight to Malaga, 7)
_______________ took over five hours, was very comfortable. Cynthia, 8) _______________ a little
nervous, was comforted by an air stewardess 9) _______________ was very courteous and helpful.
The hotel 10) _______________ we stayed was just a 10-minute walk from the centre. It had a
swimming pool and a gym 11) _______________ we used every morning. We spent the first day of
our holiday on the beach, 12) _______________ was beautiful. Unfortunately, when we got back to
the hotel that night my friend, 13) _______________ skin is very pale, realised that she had got
badly burned. The suncream 14) _______________ she had applied was simply not strong enough.
I explained the situation to the hotel manager, 15) _______________ was very helpful. He
telephoned the local doctor, 16) _______________ arrived shortly afterwards. He advised my friend
to stay in bed for at least three days. After these three days, my friend, 17) _______________ had
fully recovered, was ready to go out for the evening. We found a lovely restaurant 18)
_______________ we tried some local dishes. We had a great time for the rest of our holiday. We
found some very good discos 19) _______________ we spent many of our evenings. We also went
to some places 20) _______________ had live Spanish music. We made some good friends 21)
_______________ we are still in contact with. Cynthia has learned her lesson, too. Whenever we go
on holiday in a country 22) _______________ climate is hotter than ours, she remembers to bring
a high factor suncream with her.
We do not normally use prepositions before relative pronouns.

● The office in which she works is in the town centre. (formal - not usual)
● The office which she works in is in the town centre. (usual)
● The office she works in is in the town centre. (more usual)
A defining relative clause gives necessary information and is essential to the meaning of the
main clause. It is not put between commas.
● People who drive carelessly should be banned from the roads.
A non-defining relative clause gives extra information which is not essential to the meaning
of the main clause. It is put between commas.
● Mr Jones, who helps me with the garden, was taken to hospital last night.
Note how the commas change the meaning of a sentence.
● The players, who were involved in the fight, were sent off the pitch. (All the players
were sent off.)
● The players who were involved in the fight were sent off the pitch. (Only the players
who were involved in the fight were sent off.)
2. Fill in the relative pronoun or adverb, adding commas where necessary. Write D for
defining, ND for non-defining and talk about whether the relative can be omitted or not.
1 The woman ...who/ that… bought the house next door is very friendly. D
2 Ann _______________ is a generous person took us all on holiday. ____
3 The hospital _______________ he was treated is a very good one. ____
4 People _______________ don’t eat meat are called vegetarians. ____
5 The house _______________ they live is very small. ____
6 The book _______________ I am reading at the moment is very interesting. ____
7 The hotel _______________ is opposite the museum is very expensive. ____
8 People _______________ speak two languages equally well are called bilingual. ____
9 Dublin _______________ has a population of one million is a very beautiful city. ____
10 People _______________ hurt other people should be punished. ____
3. Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.
1 We met many people on holiday - many of them were from England. whom
We met many people on holiday, many of whom were from England.
2 That customer refused to pay his bill. Who
That’s _______________ pay his bill.
3 We went to a very expensive restaurant. which
The restaurant _______________ was very expensive.
4 We had some visitors - three of them were Chinese. whom
We had some visitors, _______________ Chinese.
5 Many tourists stay at Jury’s Hotel. where
Jury’s Hotel _______________ stay.
6 Members of the AA can ring this number when their cars break down. whose
Members of the AA, _______________ ring this number.
7 There are eighty people working here - many of them are Irish. whom
There are eighty people _______________ are Irish.
8 I lost my favourite earrings, which is a pity. that
It is _______________ my favourite earrings.
9 My twenty-three year old brother is in India. who
My brother, _______________ in India.
10 Matthew, with whom I went out, is from Wales. who
Matthew, _______________ is from Wales.
CLAUSES OF MANNER
Clauses of manner are introduced by:

as if / as though (after act, appear, be, behave, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste), as, how,
(in) the way, (in) the way that, the way in which, (in) the same way, (in) the same way as.
In clauses of manner introduced with as if/as though we can use were instead of was in all
persons in formal English. She acts as if she were/was in charge of the project.
Note how the tense forms are used after as if/as though:
● as if/as though + any tense form (showing probability/similarity - how sb/sth seems)
○ She feels as if she has got a temperature. (She may have a temperature.)
○ She sounded as if she had a cold. (She may have had a cold.)
● as if/as though + Past Simple/Past Continuous (unreal in the present)
○ She acts as if she knew everything. (but she doesn't)
● as if/as though + Past Perfect (unreal n the past)
○ She felt as if they had misjudged her. (but they hadn't)
4 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1 He talked about Denmark as though he had been (be) there but we know he never has.
2 She looks as if she _______________ (be) really ill.
3 It looks as though it _______________ (rain).
4 She behaves as if she _______________ (be) in trouble.
5 The weather here is so bad, it looks as though we _______________ (have to) holiday abroad.
6 It smells as if you _______________ (put) lots of herbs in the stew.
7 Maeve looked as though she _______________ (have) little sleep the night before, but she had
gone to bed quite early.
8 When he speaks, it sounds as if English _______________ (not/ be) his first language.
9 She spoke about university as though she _______________ (spend) years there but in fact she’d
only spent a month there.
10 I spoke to Simon last night and he sounded as though he _______________ (be) really upset
about something.
11 She sounded as if she _______________ (be) French.
12 This sauce tastes as if you _______________ (put) too much pepper in it.
13 My sister isn’t rich but she spends money as though she _______________ (have) loads of it.
14 She acts as though she _______________ (be) very confident, but in fact she’s quite shy.
15 She treats me as though I _______________ (be) her child.
5 Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.
1 Someone must have used too much garlic in the sauce. if

The sauce tasted ...as if someone had used… too much garlic.
2 You look like you need a holiday. if
You look _______________ a holiday.
3 He seems to have lost weight since I last saw him. as
He looks _______________ weight since I last saw him.
4 She had a feeling she had met Gary before. though
She felt _______________ Gary before.
5 She behaves like a beauty queen. as
She behaves _______________ a beauty queen.
6 She seems to need a rest. if
She looks _______________ a rest.
7 I mowed the lawn as he had told me to. way
I mowed the lawn _______________ told me to.
8 She isn’t rich but she acts like a millionairess. if
She acts _______________ a millionairess.
9 I taught the class as she had instructed me to. way
I taught the class _______________ instructed me to.
10 My grandfather seems to have got much thinner since I last saw him. as
My grandfather looks _______________ much thinner since I last saw him.
11 I polished the silver like she told me to. way
I polished _______________ told me to.
12 He orders me like his slave. as
He orders _______________ his slave

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Clauses: Part 1

used for people who/that who/whom/that whose

used for things/ which/that which/that whose/of which

1. Fill in: who, which, whose, when, where or why.

We do not normally use prepositions before relative pronouns.

2 Ann ___________ is a generous person took us all on holiday.

3 The hospital ___________ he was treated is a very good one.

4 People ___________ don’t eat meat are called vegetarians.

5 The house ___________ they live is very small.

6 The book ___________ I am reading at the moment is very interesting.

7 The hotel ___________ is opposite the museum is very expensive.

10 People ___________ hurt other people should be punished.

Clauses of manner are introduced by:

4 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1 Someone must have used too much garlic in the sauce. if

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