Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 15 views

    2 5215646290980900298

    Uploaded by

    lavri.90
    Barbara McClintock faced discrimination as a woman scientist in the 1930s. When she wore slacks at the University of Missouri, it was seen as scandalous. As a bold and self-confident woman, McClintock challenged norms and broke rules to pursue her research, qualities that were viewed negatively. Excluded from meetings and unsupported in her work, she ultimately left the university, risking her career, to find a position where she could research freely and make her groundbreaking discovery of jumping genes, for which she later won a Nobel Prize.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    2 5215646290980900298

    Uploaded by

    lavri.90
    15 views129 pages
    Barbara McClintock faced discrimination as a woman scientist in the 1930s. When she wore slacks at the University of Missouri, it was seen as scandalous. As a bold and self-confident woman, McClintock challenged norms and broke rules to pursue her research, qualities that were viewed negatively. Excluded from meetings and unsupported in her work, she ultimately left the university, risking her career, to find a position where she could research freely and make her groundbreaking discovery of jumping genes, for which she later won a Nobel Prize.

    Original Title

    2_5215646290980900298

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Barbara McClintock faced discrimination as a woman scientist in the 1930s. When she wore slacks at the University of Missouri, it was seen as scandalous. As a bold and self-confident woman, McClintock challenged norms and broke rules to pursue her research, qualities that were viewed negatively. Excluded from meetings and unsupported in her work, she ultimately left the university, risking her career, to find a position where she could research freely and make her groundbreaking discovery of jumping genes, for which she later won a Nobel Prize.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    15 views129 pages

    2 5215646290980900298

    Uploaded by

    lavri.90
    Barbara McClintock faced discrimination as a woman scientist in the 1930s. When she wore slacks at the University of Missouri, it was seen as scandalous. As a bold and self-confident woman, McClintock challenged norms and broke rules to pursue her research, qualities that were viewed negatively. Excluded from meetings and unsupported in her work, she ultimately left the university, risking her career, to find a position where she could research freely and make her groundbreaking discovery of jumping genes, for which she later won a Nobel Prize.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 129

    .·.·... ·. '. ·. ·.·:. . . : .. -�· .....

    •,t: •
    .
    *...
    ••·

    . . ...

    . ,.
    ..
    ... . ... ...
    ...>
    : . ... · ... . .
    . .. .- .· . ·.··· .. ·

    . . ·.. ·· . ·.

    ..'�-· .
    ... --�;
    : . - :,-�·
    ·... .. -
    ,

    .. ,,. ·- ...
    "" , ..... . •

    . . o
    • ,,,.
    •
    . . •
    . - �
    . .. : : . :-:-t> ·- ·- · .%
    .
    :.
    . . �" . . .. .
    . .

    .
    0

    . . • ;_ 0 : •
    . "j �-
    .

    . • . -- •

    . . ,,.·

    . .. . . . . .. .
    --�---
    -WcD� JE
    tN
    3ClitNCl[
    ---e
    DEDICATED TO MV MOM A/110 DAO.

    COPYRl&HT©l&16 BY RACHEL I61\10TOFSKY

    All RIGHTS RESERVED.


    PUBLISHED 1111 THE UNITED STATES 8V TEN SPEED PRESS, AN IMPRINT OF THE CROWN PUBLISHING GROUP,
    A DIVISION OF PEl\l6UIN RANDOM HOUSE. LLC, NE.W YORK.
    www.CROWNPUBLISHING.COM
    www.tuuspE to.coM

    TEIII SPEED PRESS AND TIIE TEN SPEW PRfSS COL0PMOI\J ARE RlGISTERED TRADEMARKS or PEN6UIN
    RANDOM HOUSE LLC.

    A FEW Of THE ILLUSTRATIONS llll THIS WORI( FIRST APPEARED 11\J SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT roRM ORI VARIOUS Ollllll\lf
    PLATFO�M5.

    LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALO&II\IG-1111-PUBLICATIOl\l DATA IS 01\1 fll£ WITH TllE PUBLISHER.

    HARDCOVER ISBN: 978-1-68774-976-9


    eBOOI< 1S81\J: 978-1-6&774-977-6

    DE.SIGN BV TATIANA fAVLOVA AND Alll6HII\JA CIIE.N�V


    CICDNf[NT5
    INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... E,
    HVPATIA (35(j-37�Ce-415CE [?]) .......................................................................................................... 9
    MARIA SIE;>YLLA MERIAIV (1647-1717)................................................................................................... 11
    WAI\JG Z.HE.NYI (1768-1797) ................................................................................................................• 1"3
    MAR.'r' Af\JI\JING (1799-1847) ................................................................................................................ 15
    ADA LOVELACE (1815-785;)..) ................................................................................................................ 17
    ELIZ ABE TH BLACKWELL (1821-191l'!l) ..................................................................................................... 19
    HERTl-lA AYRTOI\J (1854-1923) ............................................................................................................ 21
    KAR€f\J HORf\JEY (1885-1951) ............................................................................................................. 23
    I\J€TTIE STEVENS (1861-1912) .............................................................................................................. 25
    FLOR£1VCE BASCOM (1861-1945) .......................................................................................................... 27
    MARJE CURIE (1867-1934) ................................................................................................................... 29
    MARY AGf\JES CHA5€(1869-19b3) ...................................................................................................... 31
    TIM£LII\JE. ........................................................................................................................................... 32
    LISE MEITf\l£R (1878-1968)................................................................................................................. 3S
    LILLIAN GILBRETH (1878-1972) ....................................................................................................•...•.. 37
    EMMY NOtTH£R (1882-193 5)......................................................................................................•...•.. 39
    EDITH CLAR�£ (188"3-1959) ..........................•.•.....•.......................................................................•........ 11
    MARJORY STONEMAI\J DOUGLAS (,s9e-,99S)..................................................................................... <!3
    ALICE BALL(1892-191b) ...................................................................................................................... 45
    GERTY CORI (1896-7957) ................................................................................................................... 47
    JOAI\J BEAUCHAMP PROCHR (7897-1931) ........................................................................................... "19
    C tC I LIA PAYI\J€-GAPOSC HKII\J (19e�-1979) ........................................................................................ 51
    BARBARA MCCLlf\JTOCK (19e2-7992).................................................................................................... 53
    MARI A GOEPPERT- MAV£R (19<Sl6-1972)...........................•.........................................•.......................... 55
    GRACE HOPPER (79�6-1992)............................................................................................................... 57
    RACHEL CARSON (19l97-1964)........................................................................................................... 59
    LAB TOOL5 ......................................................................................................................................... '=>�
    RITA LfVI- MOI\JTALClf\11 (19199-21912) ..................................................................................................... b3
    DOROTHY HODGl<II\J (197l9-1994) ........................................................................................................ 65
    . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ................. .. .. .. .. .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. ... . . . . .. . . llfh
    CONCLUSIOnJ...................................................................................................................................... 117

    i'41;··

    ABOUili ilil-lf Au11-10R ..........................................................................................................................12s�-=<


    �--:�����-�;.:�-,���t:":��t��
    : :··?r'•:
    . :.,a: - • . .. . . - �"
    11\JDE X ...............................................................................................................................................
    '?, : �\ ··· . .•. , . . . . . .. . . ,. -�· . . 12b
    .
    :"�'. :�:-f �·-Jfff?:?' F
    Nothing says trouble like a woman in pants. That was the attitude in the 1930s,
    anyway: when Barbara McClintock wore slacks at the University of Missouri, it
    was considered scandalous. Even worse, she was feisty, direct, incredibly smart,
    and twice as sharp as most of her male colleagues. She did things her way to get the
    best results, even if it meant working late with her students, who were
    breaking curfew. If you think these seem like good qualities for a scientist, then
    you are right. But back then, these weren't necessarily considered good qualities
    in a woman. Her intelligence, her self-confidence, her willingness to break rules, and
    of course her pants were all considered shocking!
    Barbara had already made her mark on the field of genetics with her
    groundbreaking work at Cornell University, mapping chromosomes using corn.
    This work is still important in scientific history. Yet while working at the University
    of Missouri. Barbara was seen as bold and unladylike. The faculty excluded her
    from meetings and gave her little support with her research. When she found out
    that they would fire her if she got married and there was no possibility of promotion,
    she decided she had had enough.
    Risking her entire career, she packed her bags. With no plan, except an
    unwillingness to compromise her worth, Barbara went off to find her dream
    job. This decision would allow her to joyously research all day and eventually
    make the discovery of jumping genes. This discovery would win her a Nobel
    Prize and forever change how we view genetics.
    Barbara McClintock's story is not unique. As long as humanity has asked
    questions about our world, men and women have looked to the stars, under rocks,
    and through microscopes to find the answers. Although both men
    and women have the same thirst for knowledge, women have not always
    been given the same opportunities to explore the answers.
    In the past, restrictions on women's access to education were not uncommon.
    Women were often not allowed to publish scientific papers. Women were expected
    to grow up to exclusively become good wives and mothers while their husbands
    IJJ 1-H\T 15
    THIS?
    WHEfl_E DID
    THIS COM�
    i=ROM?

    . - . D.
    provided for them. Many people thought women were just not as smart as men. The
    �- J· --·.• ·
    • • • •
    women in this book had to fight these stereotypes to have the careers they wanted.
    They broke rules, published under pseudonyms, and worked for the love of learning
    alone. When others doubted their abilities, they had to believe in themselves.
    When women finally began gaining wider access to higher education, there was
    usually a catch. Often they would be given no space to work. no funding, and no - .-1,�

    ..:..:,m -� :_. .....


    recognition. Not allowed to enter the university building because of her gender,
    Lise Meitner did her radiochemistry experiments in a dank basement. Without
    funding for a lab, physicist and chemist Marie Curie handled dangerous radioactive
    elements in a tiny, dusty shed. After making one of the most important discoveries ii; _.
    - .-1§1 .
    1131 Ill ■
    in the history of astronomy, Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin still got little recognition,
    and for decades her gender limited her to work as a technical assistant. Creativity,
    persistence, and a love of discovery were the greatest tools these women had.
    Marie Curie is now a household name, but throughout history there have
    been many other great and important women in the fields of science, technology,
    engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Many did not receive the recognition they
    deserved at the time and were forgotten. When thinking of physics, we should
    name not only Albert Einstein but also the genius mathematician Emmy Noether.
    We should all know that it was Rosalind Franklin who discovered the double helix
    structure of DNA. not James Watson and Francis Crick. While admiring
    the advances in computer technology, let us remember not only Steve Jobs or
    Bill Gates, but also Grace Hopper, the creator of modern programming.
    Throughout history many women have risked everything in the name of
    science.. This book tells the stories of some of these scientists, from ancient
    Greece to the modern day, who in the face of "No" said, "Try and stop me."

    •
    • • • • •
    • •
    *
    *
    *
    tr

    -fl(
    *tr
    * 111111 *
    ---·------
    *

    -- ''11\J SPeE.CI-I QRTICULAT£ AI\ID LOC,IC.AL. 11\J �[R ACTIOnJS PRUDf.r\JT �ND PU8LIC-5PIRITED ... -­
    TH£ CITY GAVE. H�R �UITAl?Lt 'w£LCOM£ AnJD ACCOl{_Df.D HER 5P£CIAL RESP£Cl''-THE SUDA L(XICOI\J
    * * f�YIPA![}IA ,� � ;:
    • ASTRONOMER, MAlll£MATICIAnJ, !l!l!.!1 PHILOSOP"ER.'
    Throughout history there have been many female
    Ill\
    111111
    teachers and scholars, and Hypatia was one of
    the earliest recorded female mathematicians. Her
    accomplishments in life inspired many, but her
    death turned her into a legend.
    Scholars have narrowed down Hypatia's
    birth to sometime between 350 and 370 CE in
    Alexandria, Egypt. Her father, Theon, was a well-
    known scholar. He made sure that she grew up well educated and
    with a deep respect for their Greek heritage and values, instilling in
    her a commitment to uphold those values, no matter the cost.
    The city of Alexandria, known for its great library,
    was seen as a place of learning, but it was also
    a place where religious tensions between
    pagans, Jews, and Christians would turn
    violent. This made it dangerous for
    Hypatia and her father to practice their
    •••••
    -........ - Greek traditions, but it was important to
    Jl them to do so. Her father instructed her in
    mathematics and astronomy, and she became
    an expert in both. Soon she began to surpass her
    father in her mathematical studies and made important
    commentary on his work while also making her own contributions
    to geometry and number theory.
    Along with her scientific work Hypatia was an expert in platonic
    philosophy. She became one of Alexandria's first female teachers.
    People traveled from faraway lands to hear her speak! She taught
    neoplatonic philosophy, and her male students gave her respect
    and loyalty. But this would soon to come to an end.
    Eventually her "pagan" teachings made her a target. The
    brewing religious tensions in the area turned violent. She was

    * killed around 415 CE by a mob of extremist Christians.


    Although her death was a tragedy, her life has become a
    symbol for education in the face of ignorance. We now remember

    r:,
    ,..I '
    Hypatia as a source of light and knowledge.
    ...···:•:• SCIEIUTIFIC ILLUSTRATOR� EIUTOMOL0GIST a
    Born in Germany in 1647, Maria

    ��\�f�
    I;_
    Sibylla Merian combined science
    and art to become one of the greatest

    �,·!- �
    scientific illustrators of all time.
    In the 1600s, Europeans did not have a
    basic understanding of insects. Most people
    thought that they were simply disgusting and not
    worth careful study. Maria could not have disagreed more. At
    a young age she started collecting insects to study how they
    behaved. Her stepfather taught her how to use paint, which
    she used to illustrate the different stages
    of her favorite insects' lives.
    Maria was particularly interested
    in butterflies. At the time, no one really
    understood the connection between
    caterpillars and butterflies. In 1679, she
    published a book on metamorphosis, filled
    with scientific notes and illustrations.
    Then Maria's life changed drastically. She left her husband and
    took her mother and 2 daughters to Holland. They joined a strict
    religious group that had ties with a Dutch colony in South America
    called Suriname. The mismanaged religious group fell apart, but
    Maria's interest in Suriname stayed with her.
    Curious about new insects, at the age of 52, Maria braved the
    rainforests of South America. She documented never-before­
    seen bugs in the face of dangerous rain and heat. Unfortunately,
    her trip ended early when she contracted malaria, but she had
    already made the illustrations she needed to create her greatest
    book. The Metamorphosis of the
    Insects of Suriname was published in
    1705 and became a hit all over Europe!
    Maria's work helped future scientists
    to classify and understand insects,
    and her beautiful, detailed illustrations
    amaze and educate people to this day.
    ... ASTRoruonER, POET, fill!!> MATHeMATICIAI\J *
    Wang Zhenyi was one of the greatest scholars in China. She was
    born in 1768, during the Ging dynasty. At the time, China had a strict
    feudal system; education was available only for the wealthy, and
    women were expected to cook, sew, and not be "bothered" by studies.
    Wang Zhenyi was fortunate to be born into a family of scholars
    who valued her education. Her grandfather and father taught her
    astronomy and math. She also traveled extensively and saw how
    extreme taxation affected the less fortunate. Learning about the
    harshness of poverty inspired her to write poetry decrying injustice.
    In Wang Zhenyi's day, eclipses were considered mysterious and
    beautiful but were not well understood. But she had theories about
    how they worked, and she created her own
    eclipse model using a mirror, a lamp, and
    a globe that she tied up with ropes around
    a table. She used it to prove her theories
    about how the moon blocks our view of the
    sun-or the earth blocks the sun's light from
    reaching the moon-during an eclipse.
    And there were more planetary problems
    to solve! Wang Zhenyi scientifically studied the Chinese calendar
    system and used her telescope to measure the stars and further
    explain the rotation of the solar system.
    She was also a dedicated mathematician. Her struggles with math
    would often make her stop and sigh, but she pushed through those
    tough moments. She understood complicated arithmetic theories
    and at the age of 24 published a 5-volume guide for beginners, called
    Simple Principles of Calculation. This work, compiled 6 years after
    Wang Zhenyi's death, was prefaced by the famous scholar Qian Yiji and
    read by many.
    Wang Zhenyi lived only to age 29, but she is
    remembered as one of the greatest minds
    of the Ging dynasty. She published
    many volumes of writing on math,
    astronomy, and poetry, and
    her work influenced legions of
    scientists, mathematicians, and
    writers who came after her.
    • •
    •
    •• ••

    •
    • • •.
    •
    �
    ••
    • •

    ,,.
    •
    - - •

    • .• •
    f

    • ,• •
    • .
    •

    •
    •
    • ·- •
    ·• �
    , •• .
    . ·•
    •. •• •
    ••
    •
    • •
    • •
    •
    • ••
    •
    • •
    •
    ··•.r••. .•..
    . -...·.. . .• •
    •

    '
    • •• • • •• •··• •
    FOSSIL COLLECTOR. AND PALEOIVTOL061ST
    Mary Anning was born in 1799 in a small English seaside town called
    Lyme Regis. Her family was very poor, so to make ends meet she

    rosSILS
    would help her father collect fossils to
    sell to rich tourists. It was dangerous
    work; the cliffs were steep, and the ocean
    caused riptides and landslides. Despite
    this, 11-year-old Mary took over the fossil
    business when her father died.
    There was a time when people had
    never heard of dinosaurs and thought it
    was impossible for any animal species
    to go ex tinct . Mary helped to prove t his

    wrong, and her discoveries began at a


    young age. When she was around 12, she
    discovered the first complete ichthyosaur skeleton ever found.
    She went on to discover 2 skeletons of the previously unknown
    species called plesiosaur. These fossils were unlike any animal
    known to humans, proving that ex tinct ion can occur!
    She also discovered the first pterosaur skeleton
    out side of Germany and many different ancient fossilized

    .• •._••
    fish. She helped determine that mysterious stones called
    bezoars were actually fossilized poop! Studying dinosaur

    . .�
    • • I poop is important to figuring ou t how t hey lived .
    Despite her scientific accomplishment s, she
    was not allowed to publish because she was a
    woman. Doctors and geologist s respected
    her ideas and used her findings in their
    own work. Her name would be edited out,
    or never included to begin with. Although
    this was unfair, it was remarkable in Victorian

    England that she, a working class woman, was even


    allowed to mingle with educated gentlemen.
    Mary Anning's discoveries allowed the world t o see fossils
    STOR.llS. • • •
    • • • • •: , as more than mystical oddities and introduced us to the age of
    t he rept iles.
    :. ; ;:
    '��::
    � �#jjJJ,J,··�
    :�:r.�·:
    . .. . ...-·..�--\��- . - .- .-
    -. - ·� ..� .........--�
    ... .. . . ·• . . ... . .--�- . -··
    . .. .
    . ...
    � .�•.
    w
    M ATHE MATICI A IU ARJD W R ITE R
    e,
    SH l o H C R l 8E D H
    p, p o n lCA L
    S ,f>J'� When Ada Lovelace first saw the Difference Engine, she became
    l fr�C1<-",i,�..<'� obsessed. The early computing pioneer Charles Babbage invented ?�'> �" 1'%- <'k

    'Ji ";- this gigantic, gear-filled calculator,


    •
    ,..

    j'J
    '. · J J � and after meeting him in l833, Ada did � §ii § i l i l z :--,.
    � si;·
    everything she could to convince him to
    W � !! 5 !! 5 • 5 •
    fa i iiil li l � ��

    work with her.


    Ada's love affair with math started
    �n����!!!I =L
    � -- - - - - ,_ .., ,
    � ....___.,,,,
    "'
    -il 1,.,_

    CoMPun: R \.9--�13 �
    �:;:::::::�� -•-'---i....-1 � -@
    when she was very young. Her mother, Anne
    Isabella Milbanke, nicknamed the "Princess
    of Parallelograms,'' was a mathematician who wanted the right upbringing
    for her daughter. Ada's father was the famed poet Lord Byron. The
    wildness that made him an amazing poet also made Byron something of
    a lousy husband, which led Ada's mother to leave him after Ada was
    born. Her mother gave Ada an unusually strict mathematical education.
    Ada met Charles Babbage when she was 17 and a very persistent
    young woman. She begged him to take her on as a student, but he was
    much too busy thinking up his next mechanical breakthrough. So
    when Ada saw an article in a Swiss journal about his newest idea, the
    Analytical Engine, she saw her chance to impress him.
    The article was written in French, which Ada spoke, so she
    translated his paper into English and published it in 1843. But that
    wasn't all: she added her own notes, making it twice as long! This got
    Charles's attention, and their collaboration began.
    Ada imagined a world where computers did more than mere
    calculations-a world where they could write music and become
    extensions of human thought. She also designed a way to program
    the Analytical Engine, using punch cards with a stepwise sequence
    of rational numbers called Bernoulli numbers. This is
    recognized as the first computer program ever !

    ·. - .. - :«a
    .-' ' ' CJ
    �: �
    Ada was a true visionary, and she remains
    an inspiration to this day. Her name has
    tC1� become a call to action and proof that women
    can accomplish great things in technology,
    computing, and programming.
    from what was most likely uterine cancer. Her friend said she might have
    experienced less pain and suffering if only she had had a female doctor.
    This put Elizabeth on the path to becoming the first woman medical
    doctor in the United States.
    Elizabeth was born into a family of abolitionists in 1821, with an
    upbringing that valued justice and equality. While working as a school
    teacher, she was mentored by male doctor friends and read books
    from their medical libraries. Although many didn't believe it was
    possible, she was accepted into Geneva Medical College.
    Medical school is hard for any student, but Elizabeth faced
    additional challenges. Often met with hostility, she had to sit separately
    from the male students, and her teachers were embarrassed by her
    presence during anatomy lessons. When asked to leave a lecture about
    reproduction to protect her "delicate sensibilities," she argued her way
    into staying. During the summer she worked in a hospital in Philadelphia
    and saw how the hospital conditions contributed to the spread of
    infectious disease. The experience inspired her thesis on how good
    hygiene could prevent the spread of typhus. In 1849, she graduated
    from Geneva Medical College, first in her class.
    Elizabeth's sister, Emily, also became a doctor. Together with
    Dr. Marie Zal<rzewsl<a, they opened the New Yori< Infirmary for
    Indigent Women and Children in 1857. It was a place for the poor to
    get treatment and for female medical students and nurses to learn.
    In the 1800s, there was little known about communicable diseases,
    and hand-washing was not mandatory for doctors like it is today. It was
    very common for doctors to go straight from treating someone with
    the flu to delivering a baby without even washing up. This caused the
    spread of diseases like typhus. Elizabeth realized that "prevention is
    better than cure," and in her lectures she advocated for better hygiene
    standards in hospitals and homes. Elizabeth went on to found the
    Woman's Medical College of the New Yori< Infirmary in 1868 and the
    London School of Medicine for Women
    around 1874. An inspiration to
    many women, she also made
    it possible for many of them
    to become doctors.
    .· -
    g
    .· · l!I •."
    �--
    . I • •

    .
    I
    . .. ---
    - .: •
    /,
    /'/ ' I '\'
    -'-- ,:'
    ....::!!�- ·
    • •..
    -
    •
    • • .:!,.. •
    • .
    .', \ .=,_--
    .. ■

    ..
    �i
    . 1I1 �1 1�1 1 ■
    .______.
    .\J�. \\lT. .E...D .A BET Tt . .. .• ...... ;:.//
    \\\I f? cl
    &:' l'
    ":::., .�---- .. .
    ,,
    /

    • \'·
    I I,

    •
    .........
    , •

    ••
    •
    ••
    o\JR UN D E F?S,4111 c r� • • . _-
    D;I//. i'c • • •
    O;(' • •
    C'
    G
    � -9
    C(
    fc� � -9
    • •
    ••
    � -<' • •
    0 c..
    � �
    C'
    c:::.
    -;1:-
    r"
    . .
    •
    • •
    • •
    •
    -;o -;o
    c<"I • •

    ;--\
    � CJ
    2

    •0
    . _!_...
    ----- . .
    .
    ·. · p,J . � .

    ·i. tlf
    - '":.·
    • • / •,/ �
    11 • • •
    • •

    " AN tRRO R THAT ASCR\l?ES TO A MAI\J \JHAT WAS A CTU A L LY H-lt WORK OF A \JOMAN
    I-IAS f'\O Rf L\VES TH A IU A CAT." - �E. RT I-\A AYRTO nJ
    WA S T� E. fl RS
    e�
    T WO M AII/
    IUO M IIV AT E O
    TD
    was so energetic that her friends nicknamed her
    Hertha-after a German Earth goddess-a name R 1=£ LL Ol,.J OF
    TI./ E flO YA L SO
    she liked so much that she adopted it. Hertha was C / ET Y
    definitely the type to live life on her own terms.
    Hertha·s family was very poor, so at 16, instead
    of pursuing her passion to go to a uni versity, she
    worked as governess to send money home.
    Fortunately, she met Madame Bodichon, a leader of
    the suffragist movement in the U K, who would help
    Hertha and pay for her education. In technical school, she
    (TH 0116 H TH FY
    D I D RIO T
    met professor William Ayrton, who would become her husband ;:;:.;,
    0 mc 1AL L V AC
    C [ PT
    and partner in invention. �,1
    In the 1890s, awful flickering and hissing electric arcs were used
    for streetlights and lighting in theaters. William and Hertha wanted to

    ,;at
    improve the lighting technology to make something quieter. At one point
    in the invention process, all of their notes accidentally burned in the
    fireplace, and Hertha had to start over from scratch. While William was
    away, she invented a new rod that made a clean and quiet bright light.
    Hertha burst open doors for women by getting published and gi ving
    lectures on electricity. During demonstrations about the arc, people were
    fnJVEIIJTlD 1HE RVli'ro rv
    amazed to see a woman wielding such dangerous-looking equipment!
    FR Iii TO BLOi.., AWAV
    She was the first female member of the Institution of Electrical M U5iARD GAS D u�ruc,
    WOR LD W AR ! .
    Engineers. However, women were not allowed to speak at the Royal
    Society. When her book The Electric A rc was published in 1902, it
    became too successful to ignore, and the Royal Society eventually
    allowed her to present her own paper. In 1906 they also awarded
    her the Hughes Medal for her body of work concerning electricity.
    Hertha was also fearless when it came to politics. She was a vocal
    advocate of the suffragist movement and provided aid to female
    • protesters on hunger strikes. Hertha participated in the 1911 boycott
    • of England's census and wrote an impassioned letter on the form,
    demanding the vote for women!
    Hertha's genius paved the way for women everywhere to play
    with "dangerous" machinery and invent great things!
    Karen Horney was born in Germany in 1885. In the early 19 0 0s,
    psychology emerged as a new social science that researched how
    the mind worked. Sigmund Freud was the father of psychoanalytic
    theory, and his ideas were the basis of how everyone practiced
    at the time. Freudian theory focused mainly on male minds and
    posited that women wished they were men and therefore suffered
    from "penis envy."
    Karen studied medicine at many schools, including The
    University of Berlin, where she earned her medical degree. Her
    own battles with depression inspired her to study psychology.
    She was mentored and analyzed by Karl Abraham and was well
    versed in Freudian theory. She started treating her own patients
    and began officially teaching at the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute
    in 1920. Through her many clinical studies, she began to observe
    behavior that did not fit the framework of Freudian theory, leading •
    her to rebel against everything she had been taught. •
    Karen argued that society didn't allow for women to have any
    real power but instead forced them to live through their husbands
    •
    and children. She theorized that women didn't want to become men;
    they just wanted the independence that men had. She argued that
    society shapes a person's perception of self-worth. In doing this,
    she created the field of feminist psychology.
    Karen moved to America in 1932 and worked with the New
    School for Social Research and the New York Psychoanalytic
    Institute. There, she created a new theory of neurosis. She realized
    that anxiety is not just shaped by our biological urges but also is
    caused by the environment in which we grow up. This Neo-Freudian
    therapy meant that people could learn to cope with their anxieties
    and eventually not need therapy. This directly contradicted Freud's
    theories, and Karen faced a fierce backlash, which eventually
    forced her out of the New York Psychoanalytic Institute in 1941.
    Despite this, she continued to write many books and papers and
    founded the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis.
    T/../f HORIIJH
    Karen Horney created a new way of thinking about ourselves, /(V IV Ew O Curv, C
    society, and anxiety. She is still considered one of the most influential lllll M r Y l?k I S
    • • 0 AF T€1? IIER.
    psychologists ever.
    •• • • •
    Nettie Stevens was born in 1861 in Vermont. She pinched pennies
    to pay for her education, and often taught classes to help pay
    her way. She had a very long road to follow to get to her short but
    groundbreaking career. Nettie slowly finished her undergrad
    education at the newly formed Stanford University in California. After
    earning her master's degree, her interest in genetics brought her
    back to the East Coast, where she received her PhD at Bryn Mawr
    College at the age of 41.
    The big question in genetics at the time was a simple one: what
    makes a baby a girl or a boy? At the time, sex determination was a
    still a mystery. For centuries doctors thought sex was determined by
    what a woman ate during pregnancy or how warm she kept her body.
    Nettie and other scientists had their suspicions that there was more to
    sex determination than that.
    Nettie got to work by dissecting bugs.
    She took the sex organs from butterflies and
    mealworms to look at the cells under a
    microscope. Male insects had an XV­
    shaped chromosome, and females had
    an XX. Her flawless technique and use
    of different kinds of bugs strengthened
    the hypothesis she made based on her
    observations. In 19 05 she published her
    groundbreaking research in a 2-part
    book, which overturned hundreds of
    years of misconceptions.
    Around the same time, Edmund Wilson, Nettie's former advisor,
    made the same discovery of XV chromosomes on his own, but Nettie's
    work had the strongest proof. She wrote about her findings with
    great scientific conviction, but it was received by a skeptical public.
    0 Unfortunately, her untimely death in 1912 has rendered her largely
    overlooked and forgotten.
    \J)oRV-
    109.\C We now recognize Nettie for her amazing work, which allowed
    1\t R \\IS c,p.L\.it> O
    • scientists to better understand sex determination and genetics.
    \9,IP.c;. £5 //1)
    srUOI etVt515 .
    5p£RMA10 G • 0
    �
    _\ �� '!I 0
    4Tif • • •
    � 0.'\
    G � O L 0 6 1 S T AND E D U C ATO R

    Florence Bascom was born in Massachusetts in 1862. Florence's father


    always encouraged her education, and it was a road trip with him and a
    geologist friend that sparked her interest in rocks.
    In 1893, Florence was the first woman to get a PhD from Johns
    " Hopkins University, and it did not come easily. She was forced to
    take her classes behind a screen so she wouldn't "distract" any
    of her male classmates. Despite the unfair treatment she received,
    she loved learning and became the second woman in America to
    complete a geology doctorate. She would go on to inspire many
    more female geologists.
    Florence became an authority on rocks and how to categorize
    • them through their chemical makeup and mineral content. By
    studying the layers in rocks, we gain a better understanding
    of the history and evolution of our planet's surface. In her
    dissertation, Florence's expertise allowed her to prove that
    a layer of rock everyone had thought was sedimentary was
    actually caused by lava flows.
    Florence began teaching and researching at Bryn Mawr
    College in 1895, where she founded the geology program, and

    ,�
    her curriculum was one of

    ..
    � · �- ... �
    \·"W
    the most highly regarded in
    the nation. She trained almost = •
    every female geologist in
    America until she retired in
    1928. Working at a women's
    college gave Florence
    research opportunities she might not have otherwise had. She
    was a rigorous teacher but also was able to do important field
    work for the US Geological Survey. At Bryn Mawr, she began
    her intensive work in geomorphology, the study of how the
    earth's geography changes over thousands and thousands
    of years. Florence's research focused on the hilly area of
    the Appalachians, also known as the Mid-Atlantic Piedmont.
    She created important geographical maps of New Jersey and
    Pennsylvania that are still used today.
    Florence Bascom rocked the world of geology! Her discoveries
    and maps continue to influence the field.
    PHYS I C I ST AND CH e M I ST
    Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland, in 1867. After working as
    a governess to support her sister's education, it was Marie's turn.
    She traveled to Paris to study at the Sorbonne, where she met Pierre
    Curie, a fellow scientist and her greatest love.
    Scientist Henri Becquerel had discovered a mysterious glow
    coming from uranium salts. Scientists didn't seem too interested in
    the effect, but Marie was fascinated by the glow and wanted to know
    what it was and why it was happening. In a stuffy shed, Marie and
    Pierre went to work. Using Pierre's electrometer, Marie examined
    "glowing" compounds and discovered that the energy being produced
    came from the uranium atom itself! We now know that atoms with
    an unstable nucleus emit particles and release energy. Marie started
    calling the effect "radioactivity." To find the source, she and Pierre
    ground up and filtered down other radioactive materials, like the mineral
    ore uraninite. Through this process Pierre and Marie discovered 2 new
    radioactive elements: polonium and radium. Together, the Curies
    received a Nobel prize in physics in 1903 for the discovery of radiation.
    Later, in 1911, Marie won a second Nobel prize in chemistry for her

    • discovery of and research into polonium and radium .


    Pierre and Marie made an amazing team. Sadly, they realized that
    the radiation from their experiments was making them sick. Pierre
    would do tests with radium on his own arm that left large burns.
    Their long-term exposure made them both tired and achy-we now
    understand that the effects of radiation poisoning are deadly. In 1906,
    Pierre was killed in a horse-carriage accident. Despite her grief and
    the danger involved, Marie continued their important work and
    discovered that radium could be used as a cancer treatment. She
    spent hours collecting radon gas to send to hospitals even though
    it left her feeling weak.
    In 1914, France was invaded during World War I. With her daughter
    Irene, she created a unit of mobile medical X-ray trucks, which they
    heroically drove onto the battlefields to help wounded soldiers.
    Marie Curie did scientific work because she loved it and dangerous
    work because the world needed it. Her life and work continue to
    inspire scientists today.
    • •
    •
    • •
    •
    •
    .

    "GRA S S M A DE IT POSS I QLf i:-0!( TH( � UM Aru !(ACE TO ABA N D ON CAV£ LIF£ AND rouow HfJtDS . ,, _ MARV AC,N£S C H A Sf
    Mary Agnes Chase was a tiny woman with a fighting spirit. She
    was born in 1869 and grew up in Chicago. She started working
    after finishing grammar school in order to help her family, but in
    her spare time, she enjoyed learning about botany. She would
    go on trips to sketch plants and used her small savings to take
    a few botany classes at the U niversity of Chicago and the Lewis
    Institute. Her informal education also included working with
    botanist Reverend Ellsworth Jerome Hill; he mentored Mary, and in
    11\/l
    exchange she illustrated plants for his papers.
    Her impressive sketchbooks got her a part-time job at the
    ti�tf/J HOIIJof?..A �
    Sfv/ t r'l{sol/Ji� Ar 1HE y
    Chicago Field Museum of Natural History, where she was the iilll>
    �£l l �i;'1 r//Ttorv
    He l t 4-,.
    scientific illustrator for a few of the museum's publications. Mary Soct Eri,, flJIIJEll(IJ
    OF l OIIJo o ,..
    figured out how to use a microscope and do technical drawings on '"·.

    4f•••a
    �
    the job. With her new skills, Mary became a full-time illustrator for
    the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 190 3. %
    At the USDA Mary worked as assistant to the botanist Albert
    Hitchcock. Together they took on the task of collecting and classifying
    grasses in North and South America until his death in 1935, when
    she became the senior botanist in charge of systematic agrostology.
    Unlike her male colleges, Mary was often denied funding to travel,
    but, not content to just stay in the lab, she traveled all over the United
    States and South America, even if it meant paying her own way. Mary
    discovered thousands of new species of grasses from around the
    world and authored and coauthored many books on those plants.
    M ary called grass "the plant that holds the soil,'' and she was
    able to figure out which grasses were the best to feed livestock.
    With Albert Hitchcock, she studied commercially developed grass
    strains to make sure that they were as advertised. A lot of today's
    food has been informed by Mary's important research .
    Mary was also a suffragist. She protested for women's right to
    vote in the United States even when the USDA threatened to fire her.
    She bravely participated in the 1918 hunger strike, in which she was
    jailed and force-fed. Her sacrifices helped gain women the right to
    vote in 1920.
    Mary continued to work for the USDA until she retired in 1939.
    She was an honorary curator for the Smithsonian up until her
    death in 1963. Her research was left to the Smithsonian, where it
    [ l IN �
    Throug hout h i story, many obstacles have stood in the way of women who pursued
    the sciences. A lac k of access to h i gher educat ion and not being paid a fair wage
    are just some of those barriers. Let's celebrate the m i le stones in h istory and
    accomplishments women have made in education and science.

    17 8 � s
    Caroline Herschel. O berlin College was the Marie Curie was the first woman
    astronomer, was the first first college in America to to receive a Nobel prize.
    woman to become an honorary adm it women.
    mem ber of the Royal Society.

    1 9 5 5 -72
    Marie Daly became the first The Space Race between the Valentina Tereshkova was the
    African-American woman to United States and the USSR first woman in space.
    earn a PhD in chem istry,, caused a boom of innovation and
    eng ineering opportunities for
    women and men.
    4 0 0 AD 1 71 5
    Hypatia of Alexandria was Elena Piscopia was the first Sybilla Masters was the first
    the first recorded female woman in the world to receive woman in the United States to get
    mathematician. a doctoral degree. a patent for her invention, which
    cleaned and processed corn.

    •·­ rc-- ..l::..j�i;·- - =


    ?�= •

    -�
    • J��i

    1 941- 45
    A t I
    -.-...
    ·----
    I • • •
    0 • ,.

    ■ I ■ I
    -
    ■ I
    • I
    -.--
    ···-
    ■
    -

    ■
    ■
    ■ -
    ■

    • -

    Women gained the right to WWII created a new workforce An all-female team programed
    vote in the United States with of women while men were at the first all-electronic computer
    the Nineteenth Amendment. war. Female scientists were with the Electronic N umerical
    given new opportunities to Integrator And Computer
    show their talents. ( ENIAC) project.

    The Eq ual Pay Act passed in The Civil Rights Act made many More women than ever before
    America and stipulated that forms of discrimination illegal, are working hard to invent,
    m en and women should be paid ending racial segregation in discover, and explore the
    eq ually for eq ual work. This law schools and workplaces and unknown.
    helps women to overcome the giving more opportunities to
    wage gap (the fight is ongoing). African-Americans.
    Lise Meitner was born in 1878. Like many Jewish families at the time. hers
    was living happily in Vienna. Lise loved science but knew that as a girl,
    she would need to fight to be able to pursue an education.
    After Lise received her PhD. she went to work at the chemistry
    institute in Berlin in 1907. There, she met Otto Hahn. who would
    become her collaborator throughout her career. Even though she
    was bri lliant. being a woman meant she was unpaid and not allowed
    to use the labs or even the bathrooms. Until the government
    officially permitted women to attend the university. she did all of
    her radiochemistry research in a
    dank basement.
    In 1934, scientists focused on
    discovering new heavy elements. Lise
    and Otto were trying to artificially
    create new elements by smashing
    neutrons against uranium. They did
    not know it yet, but they were on the brink of a brand-new discovery.
    Lise's research was interrupted by the Nazis' rise to power. Because
    she was Jewish. Lise needed to escape but did not want to leave
    her work. In 1938, with a heavy heart. she fled to Sweden and Otto
    continued their work in Germany.
    She and Otto secretly wrote letters back and forth about their
    research. He struggled to understand the results of their experiments.
    Lise realized that they were not creating a new element, but that their
    work was causing the nucleus of one atom to stretch apart and
    release energy. From afar, Lise discovered nuclear fission-the
    nuclear reaction that releases nuclear energy.
    Lise was unable to return to Germany, and
    Otto was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize for their
    work-without her. Lise refused to ever work in
    Germany again, unable to forgive the country
    for what it had done to her people.
    Although she did not win the Nobel prize.
    Lise wrote papers on fission that were read
    all over the world. and she won many other
    awards. Her brilliant mind gave us a new
    PS 'r'C H O L OC, I ST Aruo INDU S T R I A L EI\JC,I N H. R ,...,.,.--.,.,..,
    Lillian Gilbreth was born in 1878 into a big family of 9 children. She
    was always interested in her education and graduated from the
    University of California, Berkeley, with a master's in literature.
    She met Frank Gilbreth in the middle of completing her PhD.
    She was intrigued by his obsession with workplace efficiency. She
    switched her major from literature to psychology and wrote her
    dissertation, "The Psychology of Management." It was the first study
    of organizational psychology and how relationships affect us at work.
    She earned her PhD from Brown University in 1915.
    Together Lillian and Frank ran a consulting business. They
    would study a simple task, Like bricklaying or carrying tools,
    and break the motions down to the most essential steps to
    make the workers' jobs easier and quicker.
    Lillian authored and coauthored (with Frank) many books
    about motion and fatigue. Often, only Frank's name would
    appear on their work because publishers thought a male author
    would appear more authoritative and credible-even though she was
    the educated psychologist.
    When Frank died in 1924, Lillian took sole charge of their company.
    �
    Many of their clients did not want a woman telling them how to run their
    _- 01 1 ,,
    ' I
    factories. Since they thought that women belonged in the kitchen,
    , ✓ - that is what Lillian decided to focus on: homemakers. Back then, it was
    1 , , ,
    common for women to spend all day long cooking and cleaning.
    It was backbreaking and exhausting labor. Lillian wanted to apply
    ergonomics and motion studies to help make housewives' domestic jobs
    easier. She created new tools and a new layout for kitchens that cut
    work time down from an entire day to only a few hours. This gave women
    all over the country more time to pursue more stimulating interests.
    Lillian continued to be the president of her firm, working with all
    sorts of clients. She even helped the United States government create
    jobs during the Great Depression with the President's Organization for
    Unemployment Relief.
    Look around you and you are likely to see something Lillian Gilbreth
    designed to save you time. Whether it is the ergonomic layout of your desk
    or the "work triangle" that determines the distance from the sink to the
    stove, Lillian's Gilbreth's designs have been integrated into our daily lives.
    She grew up in a fami ly of mathematicians and
    wanted to learn like her father and brothers. At
    the time, it was against the law in Germany for
    women to get a higher education, so she would
    sit in the back of classes at the university to try
    to learn as much as she could while receiving
    no academic credit. For over 2 years she audited
    classes until they finally admitted her as a student.
    At the University of Erlangen, Emmy lectured
    unofficially in her father's classrooms and worked
    without pay or title. She started to make waves in the physics
    community with the half-dozen papers she published and her talks
    abroad. Around 191 5 , Albert Einstein's team recruited h er to the
    University of Gi:ittingen to help further develop his general theory of
    relativity. He became a friend who would always defend Emmy.
    Emmy worked for free for 7 years at Gi:ittingen unti l she finally
    started getting paid, but she was the lowest-paid professor. Despite the
    lack of recognition, she developed mathematical equations that are sti ll
    an important part of the way we understand physics now. She produced
    developments in the field of abstract algebra by proving new concepts
    about groups and rings. She made new connections between energy
    and time, and angular momentum. In doing all of this, she developed
    the Noether theory.
    Because Emmy was Jewish , the rise of the Nazi regime put her life in
    danger. She was fired from Gi:ittingen for being Jewish but continued to
    teach from her apartment in secret. In 1933, Emmy escaped to America,
    where she was hired to teach at Bryn Mawr College. Unfortunately, only
    18 months after she began teach ing with good
    pay and a real title , she became i ll and died at
    the age of 5 3 .
    After her deat h , Albert Einstein made
    • 1-1€R ASHES •
    sure she would be remembered. In 193 5 , • \g}ER_f. BUR_IED AT
    h e wrote t o t h e New York Times that
    B RYI\J MI\WR .
    "Fraulein Noether was the most significant
    mathematical genius t hus far produced
    �
    • since the higher education of women began."

    '
    �\
    Edith Clarke was born in Maryland in 1883. Tragedy struck when both
    of her parents died before she turned 12. She used the money she
    inherited to pay for college and would never let anything hold her back
    from becoming an electrical engineer.
    • After earning her bachelor's degree from Vassar, Edith spent some
    • time studying at the University of Wisconsin- Madison. She paused her
    studies to start work as a human computer for AT&T. Before mechanical
    computers, engineers and scientists would rely on a group of people
    crunching complicated math formulas to aid them in their work. At the
    time, human "computing" was seen as women's work and engineering
    was seen as men's work.
    Determined to finish her education, Edith left her job and enrolled

    •• •
    at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In 1919, she
    became the first woman to graduate from MIT with a master's degree in
    • electrical engineering. Still she could only find work crunching numbers.
    •
    •
    • General Electric hired her to calculate and train other women.
    While working as a human calculator, she invented a new graphical
    calculator, and because she was only a part-time employee, GE
    missed out on claiming the rights to it. She filed a patent in 1921,
    • which became official in 1925. Now equations with hyperbolic
    functions could easily be solved.
    GE still wouldn't recognize her as an engineer, so the same
    year she invented her calculator, she quit. For a year she taught in
    Constantinople (now Istanbul), Turkey, and traveled the world. Her
    absence must have made an impression, because when she returned
    • in 1922, GE hired her as the first official female electrical engineer.
    Edith continued to create more efficient methods of calculating •
    • equations. She made it easier for engineers to manage large,
    • complicated power systems. She also figured out how to
    get the most power possible out of transmission lines.
    Edith retired from GE in 1945 and went on to
    teach at the University of Texas for 10 years. Her
    work gained respect in the electrical engineering
    community, and in 1948 she became the first
    female Fellow of the American Institute of Electrical
    Engineers (AIEE). Edith Clarke was a trailblazer
    and proved that a woman can definitely do
    "a man's job."
    1/MA�J(J)[{'Y 57f<D/N E /M� /D© ll/CG tAS ,.
    !-
    .�
    WRiTER AND C Q N S E RVAT I O RJIST �-
    In the late 1940s, Florida's Everglades were seen as a
    nuisance, just one big swamp that needed draining. The
    only thing that prevented the destruction of the wetlands
    was a feisty woman named Marjory Stoneman Douglas.
    Marjory was born in 1890 in Minneapolis and graduated
    from Wellesley College. She always wanted to be a writer and,
    '� after ending a bad marriage, she got a job at the Miami Herald
    where her father also worked. She started her career as a
    society reporter in 1915.
    Her father used his status as editor of the newspaper to
    talk about politics and criticize the governor's plan to drain the
    Everglades. As a result, Marjory understood how powerful words
    could be, and she began to use her own writing to talk about civil
    rights, the suffrage movement, and environmental conservation.
    Ernest Coe, a fellow conservationist, asked Marjory to help save
    the Everglades. Although the land was no place for a picnic, "too
    buggy. too wet," Marjory fell in love with its natural beauty. She
    discovered that the Everglades was not just a swamp, but a river
    that is vital to Florida's ecosystem. She published The Everglades:
    River of Grass in 1947. The book and Marjory became famous. Her
    work led directly to the creation of Everglades National Park.
    Although the government began to protect the Everglades,
    Marjory needed to protect the land from the US Army Corps of
    Engineers, whose agricultural dams and canals were disrupting
    the ecosystem. A proposed jetport project threatened its
    destruction. Marjory's gumption and expert knowledge of the
    land ensured her a win. In 1969, she started the
    "Friends of the Everglades" organization and
    halted construction.
    Marjory continued her work well into
    the 1990s. Despite being nearly blind,
    she continued to write and fight for the
    Everglades. Her energy and passion only
    increased, and she was awarded the
    Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1993.
    She died at the age of 108 in 1998.
    " M E. f\J D O M l f\J ATE.O H I G H E: R t DU C AT IO I\J 1 1\J 1 �1 �. A f\JD A l lCE 8 A L L WAS A D tv\ l T T€ D AG A IIUST
    T HE O DDS''. - MI LES JACl<S 0 N, U N IVE RSITY 0 � HAWA I I P R O FES SO R AN D DEAl\l tM£RITUS
    7 Alice Ball was born in Seattle
    1 7

    -
    � {.
    in 1892. Her grandfather was
    L.J
    a famous photographer, and in his
    darkroom. Alice was introduced to
    the wonders of chemistry.
    She began her formal education
    in chemistry at the University
    of Washington and then moved
    to Hawaii to earn her master's. In
    1915 she became the first African­
    American and the first woman to
    graduate from the University of Hawaii.
    In the early 190 0s, there was a public health emergency. Leprosy.
    now known as Hansen's disease, was spreading-it causes numbness,
    skin lesions leading to permanent deformities, and damage to the
    nerves and eyes. To this day we aren't entirely sure how the disease
    spreads but we now know that it is not very contiguous. Back then.
    police arrested the sick and isolated them in the Kalaupapa leper
    colony on the Hawaiian island of Molokai.
    At the time. there was only one source of relief for leprosy:
    the thick, sticky oil of the chaulmoogra tree's seeds. But it was
    impossible to mix the oil with water in order to make a suitable
    treatment that could be injected-our blood is mostly water-and
    the oil by itself was ineffective and painful to inject. Rubbing it on
    the skin or swallowing it didn't work much better. Alice was on the
    case to figure out how to create an injectable cure.
    At age 23, Alice developed a new way to treat the dense
    chaulmoogra oil. After isolating the ethyl esters in its fatty acids.
    she found the oil could be blended with water for injection. This new
    treatment, which became known as the "Ball method," helped the
    l
    l)@VELO P E D THf
    OnJLV WORl</NG
    colony of people suffering from leprosy. No longer feared to be TRfl\TMfl\JT FOR
    contagious, the sick did not need to be isolated. By 1918 patients could Ll P R_OSY UI\JT I L
    ARITI BIOTICS WE RE �
    see their families, and new patients were no longer forced into exile. PfVHOPE D IN �
    Alice died, too soon and too young. in 1916 while teaching a TH� 1�'t0s.
    lab. Many think she accidentally inhaled chlorine gas. She is now
    remembered for finding a cure for what seemed like a
    hopeless disease.
    •\ .
    - ' •/
    •- •, �·
    ' • /.•r.--._
    '•- ,
    \
    .
    I

    IA
    ■

    .
    �. . . . . . ..

    {(
    "AS A Re Sf A R C H E R TH £ u ru ro R G 0TTE ru M OME NTS OF MY LIFE A RE ltA R £ 0I\J£ 5 ... \J H€f\J THe
    -- VE.IL OVE.R I\J ATU RE 'S S E. C R�TS SEE M S TO SU D D E NLY LI F T. .:' - GE l?T Y C O R I ---
    - . .
    .. . - CG E IR 7rY ([ (l) /R H .
    •
    • •
    . •. !
    •• •
    TOGti WtR ii.\£
    I fW
    coRIS. •
    �\\)TWi.T IC •
    t' BIO C H£ MIS T � -
    Gerty Cori was born in Prague in 1896. She knew from a very early

    CR'tf\TEO 5
    age that she wanted to help people with medicine. At the University
    • •

    ,1
    GL'lt0&£1\l, of Prague, she found her calling in biochemistry and received a
    doctorate in medicine. She also met Carl Cori.
    Gerty and Carl fell deeply in love and became partners in life and in
    science. They were so inseparable that Carl refused any job if he wasn't
    able to work alongside his wife. Gerty was a powerhouse in the lab,
    SU PER
    DE VH0PE D Tl-If FIRST C U L£ known for her speed and her attention to detail. As a team they were
    E D l"\ OLE
    CO MP LI C AT T �UB f.
    C RE ATED lnl A TES
    . .
    unstoppable. Together they left Prague to work in the United States.
    Carl and Gerty's work on how the body uses energy began in

    . Buffalo, New York. They solved


    the mystery of how cells use
    sugar for energy. They figured
    out how our bodies convert
    glucose into lactate (and vice

    .
    versa), using our muscles

    . and liver. This allows us to


    0
    TH E. CO (lls' LA BO flA
    TO �y
    use energy when we exercise WA S TH£ TRAI IU l /l/ (,
    GRO UND FO !c 6 OTHH t
    • and store energy for later.
    III0 8 eL PRIZE lRJ /fll
    This process is called the Cori cycle, named for Gerty and Carl. They fVE f?S

    "'
    .
    continued their work in their own laboratory at Washington University
    School of Medicine, which became a hot spot for biochemistry.

    .,/ :� - - ..
    In 1947, Gerty and Car l shared a Nobel Prize
    for their amazing contributions to medicine .
    Soon after, Gerty developed a bone \.9£.D us To •
    •
    marrow disease but continued to 'V''i, •
    s"'\°P.IUD Dlll8fr,
    s:i"-� • es

    . . �� 1 · ·
    ·- .
    work in the lab as always. When she
    ,.
    ., -:,,ii§ • • • ••
    became too weak to get around the

    - ••
    laboratory, Carl would carry her
    where she needed to go. The only
    thing more important to them than
    their work was each other. Gerty
    died in 1957 at age 61.
    • •• • • •
    • •
    ••
    •
    • • •
    •• • •• • ..

    ,,�''
    . .... : �_:·- ��--
    •
    • •
    •
    .. .•
    •
    • • •
    l / Z t! RD
    �
    .
    • en .
    • •
    �
    •

    • •

    .
    . •.
    •

    •••
    •
    . . •. • • ... .
    • ••
    OF ITS TIM E .
    • • •
    . . .
    • •
    • •
    • • •
    •• • •
    •
    c::::, • • •
    : ��
    •. ·-
    • c5{!i • • • • •
    • • • •

    .• . -..,_. o::c, l . -� ; � . : .
    .·. •. . •• •• . •
    •
    •
    ,-, .
    D E S ,.G N fO , �t •
    . . •
    JCD� fBE�CCIHA!MIP fPBSD([JEffJ._
    �;f
    -s)o�� ;��o� tGGs
    �CJ � 91 c;po o ru.
    � ZOO L O G IS T �
    _.
    1
    � <.� Joan Beauchamp Procter always had a fascination with reptiles. She •
    •
    '
    was born in England in 1897 and grew up in a time when women were •
    �
    \J seen as dainty, and reptiles were considered exotic and dangerous.

    c.:::=, Joan's chronic ill health kept her from going to a university, but it
    didn't keep her from studying the animals she loved.

    l1 Joan kept snakes, frogs, and even a crocodile as pets. She used
    her animals to present a paper to the Zoological Society of London
    when she was only 19. In 1917, she started officially working at
    the British Museum as an assistant to George Albert Boulenger,
    keeper of the reptile and fishes. In 1923 , she became the London
    Zoo's curator of reptiles and discovered a brand-new species from
    Australia called the Peninsula Dragon Lizard.
    The newspapers went crazy for this small blond woman handling
    huge pythons and lizards. To the public it was very odd to see a
    woman to work with such creatures! She became famous, at first
    for the novelty, but soon the world saw her genius. She worked
    closely with architects to design the zoo's reptile house, which was
    built in 1926 and is still used today. It was the first of its kind built
    specifically for the reptiles· comfort.
    Joan was recognized as an expert in herpetology and
    published many papers on this science. Joan revealed that "the
    secret of a zoo is to make the animals feel at home." She used her
    artistic talents to make the environment look and feel like their
    natural habitat. On-the-job training and her special relationship
    with the animals made her an excellent veterinarian.
    Under her care, reptiles were living longer than ever before in
    captivity. Her love and understanding of these reptiles led her to
    get to know each animal as an individual. She even kept a tame
    Komodo dragon as a pet.
    Her chronic ill health eventually SI-If CR_EAT£D A
    caught up with her. She would • Pf RfECT
    Tt:MPERATURE
    still come to work when she SYSTEM 50
    i� could, making her rounds in ALL TH£ REPTIL£5
    la.l f R.E COMl=OR.TABLf.
    a wheelchair with her Komodo
    dragon on a leash. She died at the
    age of 34 in 1931, but her legacy
    ·.. . .•.
    . . .... . . . .·.
    .:

    .
    ••. . ... . •
    * ..
    ¥

    .. · ·•. . . . • . .
    ** ... *
    .' .
    .
    . ..· :· .:
    ·�

    ** *� ..· ... ·
    .
    ·

    "TH E RE IS ruo JOY MORE lnJTENSf THA N THAT OF COM I N G UPOI\J A rn CT THAT CAI\J IU OT BE U N D E RSTOOD
    11\J TERMS or C U RRe l\lTLY ACC E PTE D IDE AS. 11- C E. C IL I A PAYruE- GAPOSCH KIN ---
    (CE([ lI�lIA fPA'YfN [- ([;,A ff) (I)$([ /l--/l�JN
    A ..�*/*-* AST R.ONOM f R ASTllO PHY SICISH * ""-* AND
    ---
    *. ;(..
    �,*· >
    • ¥- ,... 010 N O T G/',
    �"
    .jr * :•:
    Born in England in 190 0 , Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin always had a �- - ..
    N I>-
    * r£ A · . . .t.
    -'1<
    e%" �'t.\\l , 50 S HE Go i¥L,cf' passion for learning and science. She attended Cambridge U niversity �
    Y ,- � • ·:
    �
    �11. R.�C> CLl�rf CO and was inspired by a lecture on how solar eclipses relate to . ...
    A_O
    O
    lf
    l l t /vi<'

    « lf _
    -'1< � G Einstein's Theory of General Relativity, which got her hooked on -; �
    !: • � physics and astronomy. i�
    1/'t Cambridge did not have a lot of opportunities for women

    *
    · • • · . • • •I •I•, °�'9S'�0-z,
    ':. � •. '•'• • and did not offer them advanced degrees. Cecilia moved from '" 1;
    * * '9-f>.:s, o PRoPf.?--'-�
    .>

    )\ Cambridge, England, to Cambridge, Massachusetts, and started a J-._rM i


    )f. P E R_A'TU R .
    *� \ fellowship at Harvard College Observatory. figuring out what the sun
    -i(
    • �
    � \ and stars are made of. •

    ¥*
    * \�
    .
    : • : / • ·: 1/
    ·.•·
    •

    •
    . �. 1'

    •·
    The stars could be viewed in a different way by attaching a
    spectroscope to a telescope. This tool allowed scientists see a
    rainbow of colors-the stellar spectra coming from the star. Reading
    * *w� *
    lll So
    / Book s•\D1t 1"1-/E
    * ;ICI{ fv:,;,fS Ot:
    • .. . .
    ..._ the gaps in the rainbow, also known as absorption lines, revealed
    what types of elements were in the star. • ;,z,O'Stry
    \ � *
    Scientists at the time thought that stars were built like the Earth, .., �
    ..,.. ��
    but Cecilia proved them wrong. Her background in quantum physics

    ** #tl=! R v F\ �
    '\v,.'f-
    Q
    gave her new insight into reading stellar spectra. She already knew
    that the extremely hot sun would cause atoms to ionize. Different
    ionization states would show up as different absorption lines on the
    ,��;
    '��
    8fCAM� Cf\�\�r::fc
    �/ stellar spectra. With her fresh perspective, it was now Cecilia's job to ��*
    \ *____.....-:: Jf- *
    * * * ¥ \...*_,,,_*
    1'{ .<1s-,.'c_OATI\J OMYH AO�=�'v•
    -. * R.
    figure out the elements to which these ions could belong.

    .· . \�,._ _.,. * �
    She discovered that the sun i s made mostly of hydrogen and
    '1,, _ helium gas. This was so controversial that the respected astronomer

    *
    � ::
    . . .. } � � \;
    *
    Henry Russell told her it was "impossible." She completed her thesis
    paper with a side note saying that she was probably wrong. She turned
    her paper into a book, Stellar Atmospheres, published in 1925. Many
    other astronomers read the book, and in a few years the scientific
    community realized how right she was! Her work changed astronomy
    and taught scientists how to properly read stellar spectra.
    Despite Cecilia's accomplishments, being
    a woman meant she was only recognized as
    a technical assistant at Harvard. Finally, in
    1956, she became Harvard's first female
    astronomy professor. Her work has given us
    a better understanding of the life cycles of
    stars and our universe.

    ... · ··•.
    · ··· · ·.... ··
    "Wl-\€1\J YOU HAVf. THAT JOY, YOU DO TH£ Rl 0 HT EXP f RI M £ f\JTS . YOU LET THE MATl RI AL T£ l l YOU
    W�ER£ TO GO, !\ND IT THLS YOU AT E.VfRV STE P WHAT TH£ I\J£XT HAS TO BE . .. '' - BARBARA MCC L l nJTOCK
    U3APIBAfB6 M Cf <I ILI!NTCJ)([ /1(
    CVTOG£nJ£TICIST
    Barbara McClintock never let the expectations of others determine what
    she could accomplish. She was born in 1902 in Connecticut and grew
    up in New York City. She loved boxing, riding bikes, and playing baseball.
    She didn't fit in with the girls, and the boys didn't want to play with her.
    Against her mother's wishes, but with her father's support, she got a
    PhD in botany from Cornell University.
    At Cornell she started her revolutionary
    work with corn and chromosomes.
    In 1936, she started working in
    genetics at the University of Missouri.
    She was spunky, direct, and much
    more intelligent than many of her
    male peers-and this made them
    nervous. The dean threatened to
    fire her if she ever got married or if her male research
    partner left the university. Barbara realized they would

    . . never give a woman a full-time faculty position, so she


    quit in order to find her dream job.
    She got down to business at a research facility in Cold
    Spring Harbor, New York. Barbara knew that corn was a perfect
    tool to explore genetics-she was fascinated by corn kernels of
    different colors growing on the same plant. She planted a field of
    corn and spent hours gazing at corn cells under a microscope.
    She discovered that different colored kernels have the same

    • genes, but they are rearranged in a different order. This meant that
    a gene could "jump" to a different part of a chromosome and turn
    on and off. The discovery of jumping genes, or "transposons,''
    explained why there is so much variation in the world and how
    animals, people, and plants can evolve to react to their environment.
    Excited by her discovery, Barbara gave a lecture in 1951 at the Cold
    • Spring Harbor symposium, but no one believed her. She didn't mind,
    because, as she said, "When you know you're right, you don't care."
    Almost 20 years later, the scientific community caught up with
    Barbara, and she finally received the recognition due to her. She
    was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1983, over 30 years after her initial
    discovery. The span of Barbara's work includes some of the

    .•
    greatest discoveries made in genetics.

    .
    Maria Goeppert-Mayer worked most of her
    life for little or no pay. Despite this, she
    solved one of the great mysteries of the
    universe. Born in Germany in 1906, she
    became one of the physics superstars at
    the University of Gottingen.
    When her h usband, Joe M ayer, received a
    teaching job at Johns Hopkins University in the
    United States, they assumed it would be easy for Maria to also get
    a job in America. But the Great Depression made jobs scarce, and
    Johns Hopkins would not hire the wives of their professors. They let
    h er set up a laboratory in a dusty abandoned attic. Maria published
    10 papers on physics, q uantum mechanics, and chemistry. She also
    cowrote the c hemistry textbook, Statistical Mechanics, used at
    Johns Hopkins. For 9 years she worked, taught, and researched
    without pay. When Joe lost his job, they relocated to Columbia
    U n iversity, wh ere she was seen more as "the professor's wife"
    than as a fellow scientist.
    Her perseverance paid off. During World War II, the US
    government noticed her ski lls. She led a small team enric hing
    uranium as part of America's research to create an atomic bomb.
    After the war, she started her work on isotopes at the Argonne
    National Laboratory while teaching at the U niversity of Chicago.
    Isotopes happen when the n umber of neutrons in an atom
    changes. Some decay quickly; oth ers almost never do. No one
    knew what made stable isotopes different, only
    that it had something to do with the "magic" number of
    neutrons or protons.
    Maria realized that neutrons and protons rotated in orbit
    at different levels. The magic numbers are stable because it
    is easier for those amounts of protons and neutrons to spin around.
    She said it was like when you dance with a partner; it takes less
    energy to spin. Her diagrams looked like the layers of an onion.
    Her proof for this nuclear shell model explained how isotopes
    behave. In 196 0 , Maria Goeppert-Mayer was finally given a full-time,
    paid job as a professor at the U n iversity of California. Soon after, in
    1963 , she was awarded the Nobel prize in p hysics.
    . . .. :. . .; .•. •..
    •••
    �
    nJAVV ADMIR�L A RID COMPUTER St1HUT15T
    Grace Hopper was a Navy admiral and a relentless trailblazer,
    )
    recognized as the mother of computer programming. She was born
    in New York City in 1906 and earned a Ph D in mathematics at Yale
    in 19 34. Grace was working as a math professor at Vassar College
    • when the United States entered World War II. In 1943, Grace quit
    her job to join the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency
    Service (WAVES). Even though she
    was too small to meet the
    physical requirements,
    her mathematical mind
    was exactly what the •
    country needed.
    The Navy assigned her to
    Harvard University to program one
    • of the first-ever electronic computers. When Grace saw the Mark I,
    •
    • she thought, "Gee, that's the prettiest gadget I ever saw." She was
    second in command to Howard Aiken, one of the original designers
    of the machine.
    Back then calculations were done by a large group of people.
    This new computer would be able to solve equations that were
    too complicated for that old system. Grace's team used the

    • Mark I to solve important problems for the war effort, including


    the implosion equation for the Manhattan Project.
    After the war, Grace joined the private sector. At the time,
    programmers needed the skills that came with an advanced degree
    in mathematics and used binary code to program. Grace Hopper
    thought it would be easier to just "talk" to a computer in English .
    Everyone thought Grace was nuts, but she proved them wrong
    when she invented the first compiler. This led her to create
    COBOL, the first universal computer language. Thanks to Grace,
    just about anyone can learn to code!
    Grace returned to the Navy in 1967. Even after
    she retired as the oldest person on active duty
    Qust a few months short of turning 8 0), she
    continued to lecture, consult, and teach-
    always reminding the world that "the most
    ''D COJIIJfD -,,.,
    ,.,;�VG G 1rvG•7:fRM damaging phrase in the language is 'we've

    rZf ��M CAu��t A always done it this way."'


    PurrR. • • :
    , ...M
    . . . �� :
    /(IJ

    " • >
    . • . .. . . •. •. •• • • • . . • •
    �

    •
    ... . . • •
    •

    .. .
    • •

    ..
    • • • •
    • • •

    • • I
    • •
    •
    I
    •
    .
    ,� .
    I

    ·-- ___ .,,,,. . ✓/ •

    .• •,a
    �
    . ��.J, . : .. .
    . �• ·. ·...• \
    �
    MARIN� 810L0 6 1 ST, COIUSf.RVAT I 0 N IST, ARID �UT H O R
    From an early age, Rachel Carson could always be found looking
    at birds, bugs, and fish. She was born in 1907 and grew up on a
    Pennsylvania farm. She got her master's in zoology at Johns Hopkins
    University, but when her father died, Rachel decided against getting
    a doctorate so she could instead support her family. She became the
    second woman to work at the US Bureau of Fisheries, writing radio
    scripts about sea creatures. When she wasn't at her government job,
    she did personal writing about wildlife.
    Rachel's poetic writing allowed her to reach people in all walks
    of life. Her first book, Under the Sea Wind, got little attention, but
    her next book, The Sea Around Us, became a sensation! She won the
    National Book Award and quit her job to write The Edge of the Sea.
    In the 1950s, the US government and private industry started
    to blindly overuse the pesticide D DT. We now know that DDT is
    highly toxic and that large doses can cause liver damage and
    seizures. D DT was being used everywhere, from the bug spray
    you'd use at picnics to all of our crops-but it

    • killed more than j ust pests .


    Rachel Carson received a letter from
    an old friend, Olga Huckins, when a
    plane spraying DDT killed all the song
    birds in her sanctuary. This inspired
    Rachel to research and write her
    greatest book, Silent Spring. Rachel's
    research found that DDT was poisoning
    livestock, killing fish, fatally weakening birds'
    eggs, and wreaking havoc on the ecosystem.
    She wrote the book while battling cancer, and she needed to
    constantly defend her findings. Chemical companies slandered
    her work, but Rachel would not be bullied, and the truth about
    �\. co t.\P�llll'iS
    tH E t-'11\� � P.R.l'l �l':>8,& 88 DDT became public. She even spoke in front of the US Senate.
    S P f\\li � AR Cl\t'!P A\GI\) She died in 1964, 2 years after Silent Spring was published. The
    ON I\ 5M !).C t\�\.. .

    .. ,.�,
    iO D15CR.E.Oli R • book raised awareness-and action would follow. Rachel's work

    •�,­
    ••
    • •
    was directly responsible for the creation of the US Environmental

    �·�·
    • Protection Agency and inspired the environmental movement
    d-6 around the world.

    •••• /��--✓--
    •
    . •.� :,�
    •
    • .
    /

    _; ��
    testing and exP.erim entat ion , and having tlie
    or. break your. researc ti . These women d i d the ir. work any:wtiere
    they: could-from dusty: attics to once they: ga ined recogn ition and

    - --- - - - - -- - -
    state -of-the-ar.t Laos.

    0
    ■ ■ •••1 11•• ·· '
    o- ■ �
    Q

    -•�•- ·
    -. -. -. -. -. -. --
    =
    .,,.. ru nH\J£ L
    �
    BuC H r\J E R. � 0 7
    a �w- .--------.
    CORK
    • • STOP PERS
    P e.T R i
    DiS H J
    .__
    C5L iD e
    ' RU L£ R ------.
    ,,.,,,_ ,,.,,,_ t• i _ TWO- NE.CK
    ✓ ✓
    .., ... I- �LA S K

    �� ;� H J BU-fl��\ rCJ'Jltl s &


    � :-
    sD __ s
    L A SY
    a
    G,,.,. C, \�]J �- - J......
    m WiR.E
    GAUZE
    � e I
    FLO �N CE � 5 r FU NNE L • , 1, f WAsJ
    [rL A S K a �
    L
    4
    :0: EV AP O RAT iN G
    Di SH
    BOT T LE

    P j_ -. . :a, , t
    f"" l � � 7 GR_A D U ATl D
    t MA GI\Ji �
    GL A SS
    -
    C'fLIN Dt R

    C--
    0 � f li&HTtR --....�

    -� L p j P E - ST E rv\
    _/- 0 r. - _
    � TR.i f\N GL E: !!!1111111� • = IO
    11-WELL PLATE] � C I
    J
    �L.1...1..1...V'

    : : : : :: �-D� guN5 € N ro Rc( p5 ii


    FUNNE L BU R NE R
    Ii kf
    : = -- -. -- -- � MORTA R "
    � PEST L E.
    t
    �
    ��TE rus iol\l ERL ffrt1�v� [ Br nK E R.
    -- C L A M P
    OIi/Cf LfCTURfD
    /Ill A PR fSSfD

    1936, she had no real job prospects. Italy was one of the Axis powers
    in World War II. and in 1938, anti-Semitic laws forbade Jewish
    :'::: :itN

    li-.__• ••• ,,I\.


    WAS LOST.
    L U G GA G E
    people to practice medicine. But nothing could keep Rita from
    pursuing her dreams. . . .:
    . ..
    She created a makeshift laboratory in her bedroom and lr ..,,o
    . . ,0

    �·. �
    started her research. She borrowed eggs from farmers and
    used sewing needles to dissect the nervous systems of .........
    embryonic chicks. She wanted to know why and how nerve
    cells developed. By severing the limbs of the chick embryo, she 0
    • 0
    .. ' :
    ... -\\;
    •

    �
    •

    accurately documented how the motor neurons began to grow


    : �
    and then die. This work laid the foundation for her entire career.
    When the war ended, Rita reentered the formal scientific
    .-..
    world, already well into her research. She was asked to come to
    Washington U niversity in Saint Louis, Missouri, for one semester,
    which turned into 30 years of teaching and research.
    While learning how to grow tissues in a glass dish. Rita observed
    that a tumor sample was affecting the embryonic cells in the
    same dish. The nerves started to grow very quickly-but why? By •
    experimenting with snake venom, tumors. and finally mouse
    saliva. she discovered nerve growth factor (NGF). a protein that
    regulates nerve growth and keeps our neurons healthy. This was a
    very important finding for understanding and fighting diseases.
    Rita received the 1986 Nobel prize in physiology or medicine.
    When asked if she was bitter about how the Italian government
    treated her during the war, she said, "If I had not been discriminated
    against or had not suffered persecution, I would never have received
    the Nobel prize." She went on to become a senator-for-life in the
    Italian government, where she fought for civic equality and
    promoted the sciences.
    •
    ·�

    •
    ..
    . . :,. / .
    C

    . . , \.
    •

    ' .
    " �

    •
    . . ,- . , . ........ .
    .
    �
    • • •
    . "'' .\.'• . .
    /
    •
    • • · - ✓ , -, ,,
    /
    '
    • •
    -... ,
    vv
    •

    • .
    ,. .
    . :/:,. .. ----,
    P." JJj�: .
    ••• . •
    • • •
    ••
    •• •

    •
    •
    • ..
    - •
    •
    • •
    •

    - ''I W A S CAPTU RE.D WR LIF"l l?Y C l-lfM ISTRV A IU D BV CRYST ALS. '' - DOROTHY HO DC,K\I\J -
    Dm�CDTII-I Y /J-l (])[)CJ;/KI fNl
    0
    --�0 BIO C HE MIST RNO X-R AY CRVSTALL O G RAP H E R 0
    • · · · ■··
    .
    Dorothy Hodgkins was born in 1910 in Egypt. grew up and studied
    in England, and visited her parents on archeology sites in the Sudan.
    On digs, surrounded by friendly geologists, Dorothy got early hands­
    on fieldwork experience. At age 13 she found a mystery mineral on

    . .
    the ground and used a chemistry set to properly analyze it as an

    --. .· .. :•
    .
    ilmenite crystal. She quickly developed a love of crystallography,
    ...

    . .. _·
    the study of atomic and molecular structure.
    Dorothy was accepted into Oxford U niversity in 19 28,
    . .
    :
    when there was a very strict cap on women 's admission. X-ray �..
    .
    ,

    crystallography was the newest way to see the structure of ' . :


    .
    molecules. It was very difficult, and it could take months or even
    years of observation , combined with doing complicated math by
    hand, to fully understand molecular structure.
    After brief studies at Cambridge, Dorothy returned to Oxford in
    1934 to research and teach. In a dark, dusty basement in the Oxford
    U niversity Museum, surrounded by high-voltage electrical wires
    and skeleton specimens, Dorothy began her research. She impressed
    everyone with her work mapping the structure of cholesterol. and

    .. •
    •.
    she became known as the go-to person who could map seemingly
    unsolvable molecules.
    ..
    Dorothy set out to figure out the structure of the important
    antibiotic penicillin. Chemists needed this information to create large
    II
    .- •...·- .
    synthetic batches of the penicillin medicine discovered in 1928. In 1945,
    after 4 years of hard work and creative techniques, she cracked the
    code of the molecular structure to synthesize penicillin. She helped save
    millions of lives with this discovery.
    Dorothy continued to do pioneering work While working on the
    vitamin B12 structure, she teamed up with U CLA students to create
    0 a computer program that could map structures faster than ever
    0 before. She won a Nobel prize for chemistry in 1964 for her important
    contributions to figuring out the structures of important biochemical
    substances, including B12. Dorothy also mapped the structure of
    A FEL LO W SCli N TIST
    insulin, which helped create medication for diabetics. sn TH AT IF SHE f:OU I\ID
    In her old age, Dorothy still traveled the world giving lectures. She THE STRUC TUR E O F
    spoke about the importance of diabetes awarene�s. furthered the P� ru,c I L L IIU
    HE WO U L D �UIT f
    sciences, and campaigned for world peace until her death in 1994. Bf C OM E A MUS HR0°0
    M
    FA�M�R (H E' DI DN'T).
    0
    Q 0 0 0 0
    00 0
    0
    0
    0 00
    0 0
    ..
    u
    •
    . . •. .
    • .. .
    •
    .. � •
    • •• . •
    • •
    . •
    .
    •
    .• \ ..
    ·. $
    • . .•
    •• • . fl? .
    AW A f\.0 £ D Tl-./[ •
    ',CJ
    o"'
    • • .

    • •
    M fD•
    � I. . �
    �. •• •� .
    () .
    *· �
    �-
    . .
    . -. �
    · .- · �
    .
    . ·. .
    �-

    . . •
    .· . -� .. . •
    •
    .. ·-· ·. . . . • •
    ..
    . • • •
    •
    • • •
    " THE MA I N STU M[;>LII\J G BLOCK IIV THE WAY or: A NY PRO&RESS IS Af\JD ALWAYS H�S BfH\J
    ------ UIVI M PEAC HAB L£ T R A DI TI OnJ .'' - C l-l lff\J-SHIU I\J G WU ------
    £ X PtRI MENTAL PHYS I C IST

    Chien-Shiung Wu was born in China in 1912, when not all women


    were expected to become educated. Chien-Shiung Wu's father
    was a pioneer for women's rights and started the first school in
    their town for girls. Her family always gave her the support to
    attend the best schools no matter the distance or the price. In
    1936. Chien-Shiung Wu headed to the United States to continue
    her studies in experimental physics.
    After graduating with a PhD from the University of California
    in 1940 , Chien-Shiung Wu became a professor at Princeton
    University and Smith College. Wu was known to be demanding
    with her assignments but pushed her students
    to be their best, and they loved her for it.
    World War II was fought and won with
    science, and in 1944. Chien-Shiung Wu was
    recruited to Columbia University to work
    on the Manhattan Project. She helped develop
    a way to enrich uranium into the isotopes
    needed to fuel the atomic bomb. She helped to
    develop radiation detectors for the project as well.
    After the war. Chien-Shiung Wu stayed at Columbia to start her
    work on beta decay. The theory called the "law of conservation of parity"
    predicted that radioactive atoms decay in a symmetrical way. But a new
    particle was discovered. called the K-meson. that didn't follow the rules.
    No one actually observed this wonky particle until Chien-Shiung Wu did.
    She labored night and day, skipping vacations and forcing her assistants
    to work weekends with her.
    With determination and a very strong magnet. Chien-Shiung Wu
    observed that the electrons of these atoms broke away asymmetrically.
    She disproved the "law of conservation of parity" and changed the
    practice of physics forever.
    She published a book. Beta Decay.
    and was given many awards and
    honors. She continued to research
    and lecture around the globe into
    her old age.
    You may already know that Hedy Lamarr was an actress during
    Hollywood's Golden Age who was called "the most beautiful woman in
    the world." But unbeknownst to most, she was also a genius inventor!
    Hedy was born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler in 1914 in Vienna, Austria.
    She dreamed of being an actress-and made it a reality. When her
    controlling millionaire husband, Fritz Mandl, wanted to put an end
    to her acting career, she left him and fled to Paris and later, London.
    There she met Louis B. Mayer, a big-time film producer who later
    gave her an acting contract from MGM and a new name.
    Hedy also had a secret workshop where she tinkered with
    inventions. During World War II, the National Inventors Council
    asked civilians to submit ideas. Hedy identified a problem she
    thought she could fix: the US Navy 's radio-guided torpedoes
    were easy to signal jam, which caused them to go off course.
    At a dinner party, she met George Antheil, an avant-garde
    composer. Together they realized a radio signal could change
    frequencies using the same technology a player piano uses to change
    notes. The signal would be impossible to jam. Hedy was so excited
    she wrote her number in lipstick on his car window and immediately
    got to work. Working together, they developed the frequency-
    hopping spread spectrum (FHSS). She received a patent in 1942, but fX-H V�BI �
    W D, fl�ITZ M
    the US military shelved her idea. Disheartened but still patriotic, ll flJD L
    AS A WEAPo,vs
    r-,...._'-"
    .A._
    Hedy used her fame to raise millions of dollars in war bonds. It wasn't
    until the Cuban missile crisis in 1962 that the military realized F HSS
    � was a goldmine. Hedy's technology was used to control torpedoes and
    � . .,,
    M A N U J:A CTU�E�
    .
    •�
    (•
    v"_J C',
    communication. FHSS is especially useful for communication between
    • v -:> multiple electronic devices-it's the foundation
    for the technology we now use every day
    S;-,qR--,.__
    W/fiH �€D �
    Sp Cl4�k llf'1s
    i" - with our smartphones, GPS, Wi-Fi, and
    Bluetooth devices.
    1/1110 J�zf/? TR�:t(f, Although the patent had expired
    V Si�1.. ,
    by the time F HSS was used, Hedy
    •
    ...,llfr
    •
    • '@
    l
    won many awards while she was alive
    and was inducted into the National
    i
    • Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014,

    • • ••
    •
    �
    I . . .
    14 years after her death.
    •
    •

    I
    �
    •
    � ,-. . :.��
    a� . . . .
    r�
    M�X€ PIHKPP5 C£ LA�IK
    D I ST

    �:�:�c��� ��o�:: ,.�::�� ::��::h :::�: �?


    Americans were free in name. they would not gain full equality under
    the law until the Fair Housing Act of 196 8. For over 100 years. black
    Americans would be denied the right to vote. the right to a proper
    education, and the right to exist in certain places.
    Mamie Phipps Clark was born in 1917 in
    Arkansas. Racial segregation in the south
    meant that Mamie was not allowed in
    stores owned by white people and had to
    attend poorly funded black-only schools.
    Even so. Mamie had a happy childhood filled
    with love and learning.
    Mamie met her husband and future
    partner in psychology, Kenneth Clark. at
    l<f l\J N H H 4"
    Howard University. Mamie's master's thesis was C LA R K �
    "The Development of Consciousness of Self in Negro
    Pre-School Children." She used a picture test to prove that race is
    an integral part of a child's identity. Mamie realized she could use
    psychology to prove that segregation was wrong.
    Mamie got her PhD from Columbia University in 1943. Mamie and
    Kenneth eventually started their own practice, providing psychological
    help to families in New York's black community.
    Together the Clarks started the Doll Experiment. They traveled
    the country and compared the responses of children in segregated
    and integrated schools. They gave the children identical black and
    white dolls and asked, "Which doll do you want to play with? Is this
    doll pretty? Is this doll nice?"
    It became clear that black children identified with the black doll.
    but the children in segregated schools said the black doll was ugly and
    bad and thought they themselves were also bad. Mamie and Kenneth had
    tangible proof that segregation damaged children and caused self­
    hate. This study was used in the 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v.
    Board of Education, which ended segregation in public schools.
    Although laws have changed. the effects of segregation are still
    felt in America. This wound will need pioneers and activists like Mamie
    Phipps Clark to fully heal. Together, we need to work hard to continue
    ..... -
    ii ..... !JI i i

    �
    �

    "DO N ' T L E T OT H E RS D ISCOU R.A G t YOU OR Tl ll YOU T H AT YOU CA[V'T DO IT. HU MY DAY I WAS TOL D
    WO M E f\J DID f\J 'T G O l f1JTO CHE MISTRY. I S AW IUO R.rnsoru WHY W f COULDllJ' T.'' - Gf R_T RUD't tLIOr\J
    Gertrude Elion was born in 19 18 and grew up
    in the Bronx in N ew York City. She was
    a great student who loved all of her
    subjects in high school and graduated
    early at age 15. She didn"t know what her
    career would be until her grandfather
    died of cancer. She decided to dedicate
    her life to fighting the disease.
    During the Great Depression, universities
    prioritized hiring men. Gertrude graduated with high honors from
    Hunter College, but graduate schools were offering no financial
    aid to women, and chemistry jobs were scarce. Finally, after many
    odd jobs and one cash-strapped year in NYU's graduate program,
    she found a home for her cancer research at the Burroughs
    Wellcome pharmaceutical company.
    That group broke away from the usual trial-and-error way of
    developing drugs. With George Hitchings, she studied the
    difference between healthy and abnormal cells and how abnormal
    cells reproduce so they could create drugs that destroy only
    unhealthy cells. Gertrude was tasked with studying the nucleic acids
    in DNA and how they can be used to stop tumors from spreading.
    She started working toward finishing her PhD part time at
    night. Her school demanded that she attend full time and quit
    her job, but she loved her work so much that she quit the PhD
    program instead. It was the right choice. Gertrude went on to
    create many different medications that saved thousands of lives.
    In 1950, she created 2 drugs to treat leukemia, which began a
    new era of cancer research.
    Gertrude continued to work with many different diseases.
    Another major breakthrough came in 197 8, when she created a way
    for antivirals to accurately target a virus without harming healthy
    cells. A resulting drug is used to treat herpes and
    has been the basis for many other antivirals.
    Gertrude's drug research saved
    thousands of lives and made tremendous
    advances in drug treatment. When asked
    her favorite achievement, she responded,
    "I don't discriminate among my children."
    Katherine Johnson was born in 1918 in West Virginia and
    always had a love of learning and math. She excelled in school and
    enrolled at West Virginia State College when she was only 15 years old.
    Katherine assumed she was going to become a math teacher or a
    n urse, li ke other women she knew, unti l she got to college and met her
    professor, the famo us mathematician W. W. Schieffelin Claytor. He
    inspired Katherine to become a research mathematic ian and helped
    her pick o ut the classes she would need to ac h i eve this goal.
    When she was 18, Katherine graduated co llege. It was the height
    of the Great Depression and jobs were scarce, so she fell back on
    teach ing in high school. In the 195 0 s , NASA began to have more
    openings for African-American female computers. Katherine applied
    and got a job!
    Katherine wanted to know the in and outs of what she was
    working on. She was not allowed in meetings, so she asked if it was
    against the law for a woman to be in one. Her boldness and curiosity
    paid off, and she was included. Calculating flight paths involved
    complicated geometry equations, and Katherine was extremely good
    at these. She was pulled into working on the 1961 manned Merc ury
    mission and successfully calculated the launch window.
    Her skill in mathematics was on point; she quic kly became a leader
    in calculating trajectory, making her an essential part of the team
    that calculated the path for the first manned
    *
    mission to the moon in 1969. She did most
    ? of the calculations on the project and
    was also in c harge of checking the
    math of the brand-new mechanical
    computers at NASA. The math had
    to be perfect if the Apollo team was
    to return to Earth safe ly. The Apollo
    mission was a success, and her crucial
    contributions made it possi ble!
    Katherine later worked on lots of important NASA projects,
    including the space shuttle program and plans for the mission to
    Mars. Her work has helped astronauts visit the stars and come safely
    back to earth. She retired after 33 years of service in 1986.
    8 , ,\ I � , ,, I Q O

    0
    1

    ", .;, , I .1 ' ..�- ,,


    ;, 1 0)) ) . · :
    ':

    •
    ,. �
    0

    �.:--
    •
    () • ' , I1 , ,. ...� I • , •

    ' · .. . � .�
    ,1 , ,

    : - '•, 0

    .
    t � ----·
    • ' "',
    r.,
    �
    .. � }
    - .. .
    :- · •'
    ..
    -,,✓ , . ,' . I • I ' I I I

    "N OT 01\JLV WAS [JA N £ WRI G HT'S] WO RI< S C l £ 1\JTI FIC, BUT IT WA S V IS I O N A RY rnR THE WHO l�
    --- 5 C I E I\JC f or Of\JCOLO G Y.'J - DR. SAIUD R A S'WA II\I , THE. IUt. W 'IOR.K TIM ES ---
    O N C O LO G l 5T

    Jane Cooke Wright was born in 1919 into a family of famous doctors.
    Her grandfather was the first African-American to graduate from
    Yale's medical school, and her father founded Harlem Hospital's
    Cancer Research Foundation. She and her father changed cancer
    treatment forever.
    In the 1940s, a cancer diagnosis was often considered a sure
    death sentence. Doctors were just starting to
    experiment with ways to attack cancer
    cells; they even tried injecting a form
    of mustard gas into patients. After
    Jane graduated from New York Medical
    College in 1945 , she started her career in
    cancer research, working with her father
    at Harlem Hospital. After her father died, Jane
    became the head of the cancer research center at age 33.
    Jane developed new techniques to approach cancer treatment
    that saved precious time. Instead of testing chemo drugs on the
    patient directly. Jane tested only samples of their cancer tissue.
    This allowed her to quickly create the most effective treatment.
    She understood that individual people and different types of
    cancer all needed to be factored into creating a unique cocktail of
    chemotherapy drugs.
    Jane also innovated a new way to treat hard-to-reach
    tumors. As an alternative to surgically removing all tumors. which
    sometimes necessitated removing whole organs along with them,
    Jane developed a less invasive way to precisely deliver chemo to
    certain areas in the body using a catheter.
    In a time when there were few African-American doctors. and
    •
    •
    even fewer who were women, Jane became a leader in the field of
    oncology. She was an original cofounder of the American Society
    of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the associate dean of the New York
    Medical College. She was also the first
    woman president of the New York
    (' Cancer Society. Jane Wright was

    �\t not only an excellent doctor


    1 but also a trailblazer for
    111 \
    women in medicine.

    ,r � . .
    .
    � .
    \ �
    who were on the case.
    Rosalind spent hours and hours using an X-ray on the delicate
    fibers of DNA. She captured the famous photo that
    proved DNA is a double helix.

    •
    Meanwhi le, 2 scientists, James Watson and
    Francis Crick, were also trying to fig ure out
    the structure of DNA. They snuck a peek at
    Rosalind's work. without her perm ission, and
    used her findings to publish their own work
    @ without giving her any credit. As a result, she was
    overlooked. Rosalind left the toxic work environment
    of King's College and continued her researc h . She went on to a
    top research la b and started doing interesting research with the

    l
    ·o
    tobacco mosaic virus and the polio virus.
    0 .. · ·
    . .. . Unfortunately, Rosalind was diagnosed with terminal cancer,
    . probably caused by radiation from her dedicated work with the

    :. . ·.o --.. o.
    °
    X-rays. She died in 1958 at only 37 years old.

    :Crl
    James Watson and Francis Crick won a Nobel prize after
    Rosalind died. James Watson wrote scathing. tasteless comments
    about Rosalind in his book Th e Double Helix. He also admitted that
    he had looked at her data, and people started to figure out how the
    discovery really happened.
    Rosa lind is remembered as a woman who should have won a
    Nobel prize. Now that we know the story of her groundbreaking
    work. we can celebrate all that she accomplished!
    Rosalyn Yalow was always a fighter-her family
    even told stories about her standing up to her
    teachers when she was a child. Born in New
    York City in 1921. she spent her childhood
    going to Yankees games and reading at
    the library.
    After completing her PhD at the University
    of Illinois in 1945, Rosalyn wanted to start her
    work in nuclear physics. The Veterans Administration
    Medical Center in the Bronx offered her a job figuring out ways to use
    radioisotopes in medicine. Without much funding. Rosalyn had to be
    scrappy. She turned an old janitor's closet into one of America's first
    radioisotope labs. Her lab partner was Solomon Berson; they would
    become best friends.
    Rosalyn and Solomon created a new. very sensitive way to
    measure hormones in the body. They tagged the hormone with a
    radioactive isotope and then measured the amount of antibodies
    that were created. Their radioimmunoassay ( RIA) technique
    is still used to learn about hormones and to screen for many
    different hormone-related diseases.
    Rosalyn and Solomon used RIA to make new discoveries
    about how insulin worked inside the body, illuminating the
    difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This helped
    doctors to medicate patients properly.
    In 1972, Solomon died of a heart attack. Rosalyn was
    heartbroken; he had been like a brother to her. She understood
    that she would be taken less seriously now that she was a lone
    woman in the scientific world. Rosalyn hustled harder than ever,
    releasing over 60 research articles in only 4 years.
    Rosalyn's hard work paid off; she was
    awarded many prizes and honors.
    including her dream, the Nobel Prize, in
    1977. Her work furthered the study of
    endocrinology and continues to save
    lives to this day.
    Esther Lederberg always knew how to charm a room. Her smarts
    and humor made her an excellent storyteller and allowed her to get
    • her ideas heard when they might otherwise have been ignored. She
    was born in 1922 in the Bronx into a very poor family. She went
    on to study genetics at Stanford University, where she got her
    master's degree in 1946. That same year she married Joshua
    Lederberg, a molecular biologist. Esther earned her doctorate
    from the U niversity of Wisconsin, where she and Joshua would
    work together to study bacteria.
    While peering into her microscope, Esther noticed that some
    of the E. coli bacteria cells had a "nibbled" appearance. Esther
    discovered a new type of bacteriophage (a virus that infects
    bacterium) called lambda phage. This virus acted differently;
    it did not immediately kill its host bacteria. Lambda
    phage would hide out inside the bacteria's DNA until
    its host was about to die; then it would spread.
    Studying lamda phage has given us a better
    understanding of RNA. DNA. and diseases like the
    herpes and tumor viruses.
    Esther also created a new way of studying
    mutations in bacteria called replica plating. Before this, studying
    mutations took a very long time. She used a piece of velvet to
    stamp bacteria into new petri dishes containing different types of
    chemicals; it was easy to see which mutated bacteria lived or died.
    This new method allowed her research team to study bacterial
    resistance to antibiotics and proved that bacteria can mutate
    spontaneously. They also found that some bacteria were resistant to
    antibiotics even before having contact with them. Their work led to
    Joshua's winning of the Nobel Prize in 1958; however, in his award
    speeches, he never thanked Esther for her research.
    They returned to Stanford together in 1959
    but divorced in 1966. She continued her work
    at the university and became the director of the
    Plasmid Reference Center. She loved her work
    so much that she continued her research
    even after she officially retired.
    US government has used the census to understand tlie demograP. h i c s ot the American
    ifhe 2011 census (P.ubl i s hed in
    F.rom the m i d-twentieth centur}'. to the new m i llennium,
    . -
    are reP.re sented
    still underrer.re sented
    in these fields. simP.l}'. won't do . ifhere are little g irls r i g ht now who co uld
    exP.lore a new galaxy,
    awesome g irls and women to s hare t h e ir. Ro int ot view and make amaz ing
    AWA ITS T�e ADV£ NTURO U S SC ltNTISTS O F Tl-1£ fUTUR � . I U K£ IT THI S WAY.1 1 -VERA RUBI N
    ASTRORJ O r\ER �
    * f'-'

    Vera Rubin was born in 1928 in Philadelphia and 1,


    grew up in Washington, DC. She always had an . -�r;.� --�)
    " • ..._
    interest in the night sky, looking up at the stars with
    Q\sco...Jt� \i� 1V'lO
    'lf( � ) r-
    '-"'"�o \\)lW l\
    ct4
    her cardboard telescope when she was a child.
    At the time she was ready to earn her master's c, 1\\.1).'f..� �l\i ROif>-""i l
    \.\J fS i £.C,i\O\\l5-
    degree, Princeton University would not admit women �1\ � � ()':>\i't. QI�

    * \\\\y
    0
    to their graduate astronomy program, so Vera went to Cornell
    .M_
    University instead. At the age of 22 she made headlines and shocked
    scientists with her theory that the universe was rotating. Scientists
    today are still debating this question, though most evidence points
    to Vera being correct.
    After earning a PhD from Georgetown University, Vera started
    work at Carnegie Institution of Washington, where she met Kent
    Ford. He invented a new spectrometer that could be used to see
    light from distant stars like never before and measure the Doppler
    effect of stars in galaxies.
    Vera used his spectrometer to start her work on spiral rotating
    galaxies. The theory was that galaxies spin the same way solar systems
    do. The farther away from a gravity point, the slower an object would
    move, just like the different speeds of the planets circling the sun.
    Vera studied over 60 different spiral galaxies. In every single one,
    she made the same observation: everything rotated at the same speed!
    What unseen form of gravity was causing this? Vera connected her
    findings to Fritz Zwicky's theory about undetectable "dark matter."
    Dark matter was creating a gravitational pull that affected how
    objects moved in the universe.
    Although most astronomers did not believe that this invisible
    matter existed, Vera's findings could not be ignored. Vera's clear-cut
    calculations and observations could be explained only by the presence
    of an undetectable mass acting upon it, making her findings the
    strongest proof of dark matter's existence. Dark matter makes up most
    of the universe, but it is still a mystery to scientists today.
    Vera has made observations on many galaxies and continues her
    research on the universe. She is always willing to take time to mentor
    fellow female astronomers.
    . ;;ArN rNI€ €�IL �'Y
    C O M P UT E R P rl_O G R_A M M E RJ MAT � £ M AT I C I A nt AND ROC k n S C I E N T I ST
    Annie Easley was born in Alabama in 1933. Living in the South at that time
    meant being subjected to unfair Jim Crow laws that attempted to stop
    African-Americans from voting. Annie used her smarts to teach others how
    to pass the ridiculous Jim Crow voting test. Throughout her life and career
    she would always give back to her community.
    Annie always knew she wanted to become a nurse, and she went to

    but the pharmacy program was shut down. So she


    switched to mathematics-and became one of the first
    rocket scientists in America.
    Annie heard about twin sisters who worked as human
    computers for the NACA (soon to become NASA). Annie
    knew that she could do this too and began working at
    NACA's Lewis Research Center in 195 5 . When NASA got
    mechanical computers , Annie used them as tools to start Pf?fSJD
    .
    111,q s,q:s s Ero-, o,=
    her work as a mathematician.
    ■ 1e After the Russians launched Sputnik in 19 57, NASA
    kl/llJG CllJB.

    had all hands on deck working to get a rocket into space. In 19 58, the
    Centaur project was developing a new high-energy rocket launcher.
    Annie worked on one of the first-ever computer programs to enable
    TRAVHf D TO
    navigation in space. Since the 196 0 s , this upper stage of NASA rockets
    CAPE. CANAVERAL M
    TO WATCH TH� "1A- has been used in over a hundred launches to get satellites and probes

    * into space. The Centaur project is still considered some of NASA's


    ROC K£T LAUNCl-lfS.
    most important research.
    In the 1970s , the focus of NASA went from
    I space back to the Earth. There was an
    energy crisis, and scientists knew that
    we needed new ways to create fuel.
    Annie did important research on power
    plants and new electric batteries and
    created a computer program that would

    *
    measure solar winds . Her work with electric
    batteries laid the foundation for today's hybrid vehicles.
    Annie Easley understood that being flexible, believing in yourself,
    and working hard can lead to amazing opportunities .

    • ***·L-. ·-1-·-· I·
    -. Lr-·!� .
    ·--�
    !-! 1-:-1.---
    I
    -•- �
    LJ !
    . ...:�·
    :. .. lJ ...

    • • •
    e l!> �
    • •

    ,,,
    •

    • •
    • •
    ••
    •
    •
    •
    •

    1
    -

    �JI i
    ... . .....
    ' 0nJ LV W H r n OUfl CL(VE.R. 6'flAiN AND OUR. HUM A f\J H £ A RT WORK TOC,£THE:lt CAI\/
    ----- --- \,IE REACH OU R. F U L L POTENT /Al. 11 - JA N [ GOODALL--------
    Jane Goodall was born in England in 1934. She was always curious about
    animals; as a young girl, she would bring earthworms into the house and
    she scared the chickens by trying to observe how they laid eggs.
    As a young woman, Jane longed to go to Africa and study the wildlife.
    With no money for college, she worked as a production assistant on
    documentaries and as a waitress, saving up for her dream. People said
    that traveling to Africa was too dangerous for a woman. By pinching
    her pennies, Jane funded her way to Kenya. There, she met Louis
    Leakey, a scientist studying prehistoric humans. He was impressed
    with Jane's knowledge of Africa and hired her as a secretary. Louis
    wanted to study chimps to see if they resembled primitive man. Even
    though Jane was not formally educated, her unique perspective made
    her the best person to go to Gombe, Tanzania, to live among the chimps.
    The chimps did not trust Jane. "They had never seen a white ape
    before," Jane said. Finally, a chimpanzee Jane named David Greybeard
    overcame his fear and opened up to Jane. As the chimps grew used to
    her, she was able to document behaviors never seen before, such as
    using twigs as tools. This was huge because scientists used to think that
    only humans used tools. Now we understand that chimps are more like us
    than we thought.
    After Jane's famous discovery, she was sponsored by the National
    Geographic Society to stay in Gombe and continue observing the
    chimps. Through her research, she showed the world that chimps have
    complex social hierarchies, distinct personalities, and capacity for both
    compassion and cruelty. They are socially and biologically very similar
    to humans. Jane also knew that the chimps were in danger. Poverty
    had caused local comm unities to turn to eating chimps and destroying
    their habitats with bad farming practices. She started environmental
    conservation organizations like the Jane Goodall Institute, to help protect
    chimps and their habitat, and Roots & Shoots, a
    youth-led comm unity action program.
    Jane continues to work for world
    peace with the U nited Nations. She
    has changed the way we understand
    animals-and ourselves.
    •.
    ..
    '-'
    .
    •
    .....
    �

    ruo WATl R, NO un:. ruo BLUf. ruo G R£t N:-'- SY LV I A £ARLt -------
    3YlLWJLA [A fR_ll__E
    MARIN£ 810L06 1 ST, EXPL ORf. R, AN D AQU A NAUT
    Sylvia Earle's love of the ocean has helped humankind understand
    it more thoroughly. Her trips to the ocean floor put her in a special
    group of people-like an astronaut on the moon, she has set foot on a
    previously unexplored frontier. She was born in 1935 in New Jersey.
    When she was 12 she moved to Florida, where the beaches on the Gulf
    of Mexico were her playground. In her quest to learn everything about
    the ocean, she became a marine biologist.
    In 1966, Sylvia got a doctorate from Duke, where much of her
    research focused on the study of algae. She scuba dove to collect over
    20,000 algae samples to write her dissertation. She went on to many
    explorations, including being the first woman to dive out of the lockout
    chamber of an already submerged submarine in 1968. When Sylvia was
    underwater, she always wanted to stay longer and explore deeper.
    In 1969, a new underwater research lab called the Tektite Project
    was developed in which scientists could live for a few weeks-at a
    depth of 50 feet-in the Great Lameshur Bay in the Virgin Islands.
    This captured Sylvia's interest, but she could not join the all-male
    mission. Sylvia applied to be on the next mission and ended up
    leading the all-female Tektite II team the next year. She loved
    being able to spend up to 10 hours diving in the water among the
    coral reefs outside her Tektite home.
    When Sylvia wasn't researching and writing books about the ocean,
    she was traveling around the world and exploring new depths (quite
    literally!). In 1979, she wore a person-sized submarine called the JIM
    suit and broke the depth record for an untethered dive. Deep in the
    Pacific Ocean off the coast of Hawaii, she observed luminescent deep
    sea animals. She went on to help to develop the submarine Deep Rover

    .,
    � and became a National Geographic explorer-in-residence in 1998.
    Throughout her career, Sylvia has focused
    on the fight to save our ocean. lilA S THE
    C/.Uef
    Overfishing and pollution are s C IT!fVTtsr {OR
    NOAA Bur LEr:r
    destroying the ocean's ecosystem
    so SHE COVL D
    and creating dead zones where no l-lfl'Vf MORe _v
    life can be sustained. Through s F�ErnoM ro 7'
    . OVERFISH I NG.
    her lectures and underwater
    PEAt< our ABou,
    photography, she works to
    VAltNTJNA__I[/R[5HK.(])VA
    /'--- 1,. ./•- 1< ENGi I\JeER AND COS r-\O nJ A U T * .,,- •-......� --
    le

    Valentina Tereshkova was born in the USSR in 1937.


    Her fami ly was so poor that they couldn't afford
    bread on their govern ment allowance . She
    worked in a tire factory as a young g i rl and
    went on to work at a text i le factory, b ut
    she dreamed of traveling and exploring
    the world.
    When the Space Race between the
    Un ited States and the U SS R began, the
    USSR wanted to be first to send a woman
    into space. Valentina was in a parachute club,

    j- \
    jumping o ut of planes for fun. She also was an
    �� )4.. enthusiastic member of the Communist Party's youth league.
    1-1.
    s,/:J Of:r:ic I Al CJ>.\.\ / This made her a perfect candidate to become a cosmonaut.
    YtlltD ''HEL LO, SKV !
    WAS
    'sH� (,\) \.\.. /
    Valentina was selected to compete with 4 other women. TAkE orr YO U R. HAT,
    The program was so top secret that their fami lies did not even know I AM 01\J MV WAY! ❖
    about it. The training was p hysically intense, but Valentina prevailed
    and was chosen to be the first woman in space. \ AS SHE FLE.W U P
    INTO S PACE. .
    Valentina flew solo into space on a s h uttle called Vostok VI in
    1963. She orbited the earth 4 8 times, setting
    � a new record. The photog raphs she
    \ /
    'X� � . � �

    I
    took in space greatly contri b uted

    "� to gaining a better understanding


    �I
    f,
    l.. of the atmosphere .
    She had a bumpy ride back
    ·� ., to Earth. There were problems
    �.... �"0
    in the ship's programming that she
    had to fix. Nauseated and disoriented, she
    0 (,
    manually corrected the error. On the way bac k to earth she
    passed o ut, woke up, bruised her nose , and had to stand on her • 0
    "') 0 .
    0

    liER_ fUeW c;ol).\.


    head to get out of her parac hute.
    Valentina showed the world that women are tough as nai ls.
    After her fli ght, Valentina earned a doctorate in engineering
    ts To GO 10 t"��..
    and continued to work close ly with aerospace engineers and the
    cosmon aut program . She served on the Soviet Women 's Comm ittee
    starting in 1968 and contin ues to contri bute to Russian politics and
    work for world peace.
    ·O • •
    •
    • . .• ... I I i i I/

    . • · :. �
    �, ,, ,, • .• •
    ,,. , 1 1 '

    • • •
    •
    •{
    •
    • • •
    • • . • • •
    • > • > •
    •
    •
    •
    . . • • •
    • •
    • .•
    . •• •
    -� I I I
    I '\.
    '-
    •
    •
    •
    ·w
    • • •
    •

    • • •
    • • • •
    •
    •
    •
    •
    • �
    .,,,
    •
    �
    . •• •
    • • •
    . • • • •
    • • • .•• •
    •
    • •
    \\ I I I/

    .• •<@)) • •• •
    ..u) "-V-'
    •

    .. .. .
    . •
    \)
    � . :
    �'<J
    • . •

    '\�
    •
    • • • •
    • ����<:.:,'=> '
    • •
    •
    • ·• . • . • • • • �,c ��\,\,�"
    • •

    • •
    •
    f="O U N D ER O f ·n.\
    t �t"\ £. �
    •
    . • • . (O i;.
    0N
    o

    • •
    •• . • � OR Tl-I E PR eV £N• '

    . . < > '> . : . . . .. :'@': :


    , , 1 '

    •• • .. . •
    •

    · <® · . • • ••
    .•
    \l I I I

    • /I \ \
    '
    ""

    •
    •
    "B£ L I E.Vl 1 1\J THE POW£R or TRUTIL . DO lll OT ALLOW YOU R. t'\11\JD TO 8£ I MPRISOI\J(D
    B Y MAJO RITY TH I I\J K I I\J 6.'' - PATRJC I A l?AT H
    OPHTH ALMO LO GiST All.ID lf\JV£ 1\JTOR
    Patricia Bath was born in 1942 in Harlem, New York City. Her parents
    worked hard to provide her with a good education. Patricia was a genius.
    finishing high school in just 2 ½ years and helping with cancer research
    in a workshop when she was only 16. She was
    bound to change the world.
    Patricia was no stranger to racism
    or sexism. She didn't know any female
    doctors when she was growing up, and
    many of the medical schools at the time were
    for whites only. Despite this, Patricia knew she
    wanted to be a doctor. After earning her medical
    degree from Howard University. she interned at Harlem H ospital and
    was accepted into Columbia University's fellowship program.
    Her research showed that African-Americans were more prone
    to certain vision prob lems like g laucoma. People living in poor
    comm unities could not afford reg u lar eye care , so re latively
    minor eye problems could turn into blindness. Patricia couldn't j ust
    stand by and watch this inj ustice, so she started the first comm unity
    o utreac h volunteer- based eye-care program. Patricia went into
    parts of her hometown, Harlem, which had a high rate of poverty,
    and convinced a fellow surgeon to operate on patients for free. She
    believed that "eyesig ht is a h uman right,'' and she went on to cofound
    the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness (Ai PB).
    Patricia became a professor at U C LA. She was the first female
    faculty member at the ophthalm ology school and often did not
    get the respect she deserved from her peers, who assigned her an
    office next to where the lab animals were kept. She stood up for
    herself and refused that office. Eventually she became the chair of the
    ophthalmology residency training program , but she had had enoug h
    o f dealing with the "glass ceiling" of the un iversity. S h e traveled to
    WA S lllJSPlflE D
    T O B fC O M f Europe to do research and did some of her best work there.
    A DO CTOR. In 1986, she finished her invention, the Laserphaco Probe,
    BY DR. ALl?l. R.T
    S CHWE.ITZlR'S a device that removes cataracts, a major breakthrough that
    WOR,K WITH helped restore sight around the world. Patricia continues to
    LE PR,05Y. work with the Ai PB, bringing preventive eye care and sight­
    restoring surgery all around the g lobe.
    CI/I-IB[5> HA[JE NVS5> IL HIN-W© UJ--JA ff:<. ID
    BIOLOG IST

    Christiane Ni..isslein-Volhard was born i n Germany i n 1942 and grew


    up in a home filled with artists, though she was more interested
    • in studying plants and animals. She knew she wanted to be a
    biologist from the age of 12 and became intensely focused on
    pursuing her goal, even if it meant neglecting her other subjects.
    In Germany at the time, men greatly outnumbered women at
    universities and women were expected to work in the home. It
    was a very competitive environment, and Christiane understood
    she would have to make sacrifices to put her work first. After
    completing her PhD in molecular biology, she
    decided to focus on genetics.
    In her research, she worked with
    Drosophila, a.k.a. fruit flies, and was
    mesmerized by watching them develop. She
    began exploring questions about development.
    How does a fertilized cell become a complicated animal? How do
    genes instruct our stem cells to grow?
    Christiane began the labor-intensive work of harvesting fly
    embryos and exposing them to mutagens. She then would see
    what part of the fly was affected by the mutation. Through tedious
    genetic control experiments and screenings, Christiane and her
    team found success: they were able to see which genes were
    . -- ,e
    \\ involved in the embryo's pattern formation and which
    :. genes determined the fly's body plan and
    segmentation. For this work she won the ,......... -
    ?
    \: . .,
    1995 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine.

    ''\
    ... •�
    ,,,.
    ( i - .,
    s1vo1eo
    ..
    A M\ITP.
    NT
    This research directly led us to
    understand how human embryos develop
    and to learn more about the evolution of species.
    Her work paved the way for doctors to be able to screen for birth
    \.'{ 1/JITI\ (\JO 11£ �0
    � � l\)l) ,WO i�I\.S. defects and understand what can cause miscarriages.

    �_. , ) / She now uses zebra fish to research mutated genes, and
    she is happy to share her mutant fish with other researchers,
    --- , , -. upon request.

    �"'
    \\
    �
    .. . .
    . .
    ,.,.)
    � "'=­
    •
    /1
    J(l) (It ILYIN /B€JJ IBVR.i'J € l !
    ,,. _, , , .*, :·
    � ¥*,.. i( -cp{ * * � * A STJlO PHYS I C 1 ST : -+c
    * __ 1/
    *L * , � Jocelyn Bell Burnell was born in 1943 in Ireland.
    11 Education always came first in her home. When her
    , � secondary school wouldn't let girls into the science
    \ ,, A
    '-1�
    .a. � lab, her parents threw a fit until she was allowed in the
    .,.
    ,,<r,V..'i.v class. Jocelyn got the best grades.
    'i)\c,t0" �� \\,1'
    �IJ\.":>� of;; �br.- :;l( ¥
    .,_�'i.
    \\;
    t
    .. ** Her undergraduate studies at the University of Glasgow
    were challenging. She was one of very few women in the physics
    department. Every time she entered a science lecture, her male
    classmates would holler at her and make comments about her
    appearance. She learned to hold her head up
    high and hit the books. She graduated in
    1965 with honors. She was accepted to
    the University of Cambridge's graduate
    program and finished her doctorate
    there in 1969.
    At Cambridge, she joined Antony
    Hewish's research team and helped build a
    large radio telescope. She was also in charge of
    interpreting long, tedious printouts of radio transmissions coming 1-\lR l)\SCOVf.R'i
    \11�":. PUBU5\-\�l>

    *
    from space. One night, around 2:00 a.m. , she noticed a "scruff" \1\1 Wl $C1£NCi
    on the readouts. It was radio waves pulsing from deep space. Her Vn� f\)l\l NATVRE.
    JO
    advisors thought that this could be alien life signaling
    from across the sky.
    Jocelyn saw more "scruff' repeated in
    different places in the sky. This proved
    that it was not alien made, but a natural
    occurrence. These radio waves came from
    a type of small and dense star called a
    • pulsar. This type of neutron star throws
    out beams of radiation like a lighthouse. Jocelyn

    CHll0 � 0 00
    Burnell's work helped her advisor, Hewish, to win a Nobel Prize and has
    been used to understand the life cycle of stars. She became one of the **
    lf-
    1-1M> �p.t,\t: l> vo 5roK ,
    (. 1\1 �ne.� ,H£ few female physics professors in the U K. Jocelyn still researches stars *
    *�
    l\1 f.ll\1�S. SHf Al> Vo
    F\RSi <; and black holes. She wants everyone to know that all elements come "'10R f WO J\1 f CATES tOR_
    '1C .., fV :..SCt fl\JCE.
    *
    '1C .., from exploding stars, so we "are made of star stuff."

    �* * * :,:: * �* rr:,
    * * *· * * -::: � ,,,� **{K.* * * ""'�'" .�...,.,,
    ✓-

    ••�-��
    :f(- It.
    i( �

    <I> I I <I>
    "i,
    PA RTI C LE PHYS I C I ST

    Sau Lan Wu was born in the early 1940s during the Japanese
    occupation of Hong Kong. Although Sau Lan Wu's mother was
    illiterate and uneducated, she did whatever it took to make sure
    that Sau Lan Wu and her brother got a good education.
    Against her father's wishes, Sau Lan Wu applied to 50 different
    colleges in America. She was accepted to Vassar
    College with a full scholarship in 1960-the
    school provided her with room, board,
    clothing, and books. She graduated
    summa cum Laude and was accepted into
    Harvard's masters program in physics-the
    only woman admitted that year in her field.
    After earning a PhD from Harvard, Sau Lan Wu started researching
    particle physics-the study of matter and how it works-at MIT. DESY.
    and the U niversity of Wisconsin- Madison. Atoms are made out of
    protons and neutrons, which are made of quarks. Sau Lan Wu was
    fascinated by these particles and has dedicated her life to discovering
    c::W : ,;; ·.
    �J
    their secrets.
    With a research team led by Samuel Ting. Sau Lan Wu helped to
    discover the charm quark. a type of elementary particle. in 1974. After
    that first achievement. she became the lead on a research team that
    discovered the gluon, a particle that holds the quarks together.
    One unanswered question in physics was how the tiny particles
    that make up an atom have mass. In 1964. a theory was created that
    mass depended on a subatomic particle named the Higgs boson-a unit
    of the Higgs field, which exists everywhere. The way particles interact
    with the field gives them more or less mass. To prove this theory,
    researchers faced the difficult task of finding a Higgs boson. Sau Lan
    Wu said. "It is like looking for a needle in a haystack-the size of a
    football stadium."
    With a particle collider, Wu led one of the teams working to find
    proof of these teeny tiny subatomic particles. In 2012. her team was
    instrumental in observing the Higgs boson.
    Sau Lan Wu is one of the most important particle physicists in her
    field and has made many groundbreaking discoveries. She continues
    to teach and research what all the stuff in the universe is made of.
    M O L E C U LA � l? I O L OG I ST

    Australia. She played with any animal she could


    get her hands on-tadpoles, jellyfish, rabbits,
    and chickens all became her playmates. Her

    )t(\\ � - ,
    love of animals led to her passion for biology.
    After Elizabeth completed her master's degree in Australia, she h.
    left her home to earn a PhD in the U K. At the University of Cambridge,
    D£ 1\J T
    �:-; ·T HE P RE SI
    she studied DNA sequences of bacteriophages for her dissertation. F\N
    O F TH E A Mr ntC
    She was thrilled to be working with DNA. realizing it was the key to F OR Ct LL
    so c 1 n v
    understanding how all life works. She went to America to continue B I OL O GV IN i9 n .
    pursuing research in her new favorite subject.
    In the 1970s, no one really knew what the ends of chromosomes
    were like-under the microscope, they just seemed like blurry blobs.
    Chromosomes are extremely important and exist in each of our cells. They
    are tightly wound DNA material that tells our cells what they are supposed
    to do in our body. Elizabeth wanted to fully understand how they worked.
    Elizabeth noticed that there was a special kind of DNA called
    telomeres on each end of the chromosomes that worked as a protective
    cap. She discovered that telomeres are made of nonessential repeating
    segments of DNA that break off a little bit every time a cell divides,
    protecting the important information. When we get older,
    this protective cap wears out and our chromosomes become
    damaged. This loss of DNA information causes our cells to not
    work correctly or die, leading to diseases like cancer, organ
    failure, and Alzheimer's.
    Elizabeth wanted to understand what keeps our bodies'
    telomeres healthy. In 1984, with the help of her grad student
    Carol Greider, she codiscovered telomerase , an enzyme that
    ., , �
    ' rebuilds telomeres to a healthy length. In 2 0 0 9 Elizabeth was
    awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine.
    Elizabeth Blackburn's research shows that keeping a healthy telomere
    length is directly responsible for living a long, healthy life. It is not a
    magical solution, though; too much telomerase leads to cancer, and too
    little causes the effects of old age. Elizabeth described it as "living on a Hl2 A B ET H MH
    O
    BAR.B A R A M C C Ll f\J T C K ,
    knife's edge." She continues to study telomerase and telomeres, LD H f R TO
    WHO TO
    working to figure out the science behind longevity. TRU ST 1-lf.R OWN

    i.:. . . . . INT U IT IO (\) !

    .. . .
    " " .
    . -�-
    C,EOLOG IST A IV D VOLC ANOL O GIST

    Katia Krafft was born in 1942 in France. She fell in love with volcanoes
    when she saw pictures of them. She studied geology at the University
    • of Strasbourg, where she also met her h usband and fellow volcano
    fanatic, M auri ce Krafft.
    Katia started her career by
    taking gas samples of vo lcanoes,
    and she and M aurice wo uld
    document volcanoes erupting
    by observing them in person.
    Vo lcanoes are unpredi ctable and
    dan gero us, and many scientists were too afraid to observe eruptions
    in person, but not M aurice and Katia. Thro ughout the 1970s and
    1980s, they doc umented the volcanoes. Katia would photograph them
    while Maurice captured them on video.
    Katia and Maurice's observations have led to a better understanding of
    volcanic eruptions. They took viscosity measurements and gas readings
    and collected mineral samptes just feet away from erupting volcanoes.
    They documented how these eruptions affected the ecosystems.
    Together they witnessed and documented new volcanoes be ing
    formed, the effects of acid rain, and dangero us ash clouds. They even
    went on a raft into a lake of acid to get
    •
    I•

    proper readings. Their ph otography


    and videos allowed them to work

    to get their observations, going closer to the volcano and staying . .


    longer during an eruption. In 1991, their luck ran out, and the volcano
    • • w,:is •
    • II Py!? kll lfD
    M ount U nzen in Japan took Katia and M aurice's lives, along with those
    of 41 other scientists and journalists, when the lava flow changed course. •
    ClfAIIJ? oJt_,';,A s,1�'1 .
    .
    Katia died doing what she loved, with the person she loved. For years ED D n'fJ-r •
    • she studied volcanoes right at their edg e. Her bravery and expertise '�cc -,.I OfU
    have given us a gceatec underntandlng of vo lcanoes that will endu e . • '

    -,�,,
    : •

    ..
    ••

    .
    ''Tl-I £ FI RST TH I N G A6'O UT E MPOW£ RM EnJT IS TO UI\ID E.RSTAND TI-IAT YO U HAVE H-IE. RI G HT TO l?f IIUVOLVE D.
    THf StC 0 N D O I\J £ IS THAT I/ O U H AV £ SO M f.T H I N G IMPO R TANT TO c o ruTRI BUT L AI\JD TH£ THIRD P l f C E
    ---- IS TI-IAT Y O U H AV £ TO TAKE Tl-I f RI SK TO COI\ITR IBUT £ IT!1- MA� J l!M 1 50/\J ----
    AST RONAUT, E D U C ATO R, AND DOCTOR *
    Mae Jemison always knew she would go into space. She was
    born in 1956 in Alabama and grew up in Chicago. She was obsessed
    with the Apollo missions but noticed that
    there was no one who looked like her
    going up into space. However, the
    fictional TV show Sta r Trek featured
    D ID £. )( P E R I M H\JTS
    people of different genders and WITH BOI\JE. C £ LLS
    races working together. This had an "'#. W H I L£ I(\) SPAC.t.
    impact on young Mae, and Lieutenant
    Uhura became her role model.
    Mae went to Stanford and double majored
    *
    in chemical engineering and African-American studies. She went on to
    Cornell and became a medical doctor. She worked in the Peace Corps in
    Sierra Leone and Liberia for several years. She continued working as a
    doctor until it was time to chase her space dream. Mae applied to NASA
    "Jf and became an astronaut.
    In 1992, Mae Jemison became the first African-
    (�1 American woman in space. On the space shuttle
    � Endeavour, she took an Alpha Kappa Alpha
    sorority flag, a West African Bundu statue,
    \ and a poster of Judith Jamison dancing.
    She wanted African and African-American
    culture to be represented in space and no
    longer left out. * *
    The following year, she left NASA and started
    numerous companies, including her own technology
    consulting firm, the Jemison Group Inc. Mae is the founder of the
    BioSentient Corporation, which creates devices that will allow doctors
    to monitor patients' day-to-day nervous system functions.
    The technology and problem solving to get humans in space
    :t created inventions that we use today on earth. Mae was inspired
    by this and became principal of the 100 Year Starship project. The
    goal is to make sure human beings will be able to travel to the next
    solar system within the next 100 years. This project will also inspire new
    solutions to materials, recycling, energy, and fuel, just as the space race

    * did. Dr. Mae Jemison still has her eyes on the stars while helping solve
    problems here on earth.
    •
    .
    : o 0� •K AVU lf1.J; • . •
    <v--�•
    . • •
    . . . -::,� • . . • v,°E
    • . . rI , •
    •
    . �. .
    •
    . .
    •
    . ·• •
    •
    . ••
    • ( C)

    (_,
    '-'

    . •
    •
    • •
    •
    • .

    . •
    • • •
    � C) •
    -v-'7..q :tsc o vc R
    � oL • •
    • • •
    r n G f?J D
    '7Y 'JI • •
    •
    � c €t • •
    (S
    •
    A J? � M A D e IIIJ • �
    • • T/..t [ L, -9'l/6 ' .
    -<
    "f(/. • /7
    • •
    . .. � . .
    '1t-9 • •
    . ? (\ •
    • ,z,. • •
    • � f •
    LI:_
    •
    •
    :e :
    /
    • -2-
    •
    •
    ·• 9
    • •
    1' �• • • .••
    •
    •
    • . • •
    .•
    •
    • •
    • • •
    • • • . • • • • . •• •
    •
    •

    ..
    ••
    • 4.. •

    t , e-- •• ••
    • • • • • •
    .
    .. .
    0
    •
    . <Fo 0-<; Ill
    1-t
    • 1/c1& o8�l
    ""111111111-• • • •
    • • • .
    y0 t,y Pf? J�e l f\J P HVS I O lO G'I' OR0 ••
    •
    •
    •
    • •
    •
    • � 1 14
    /../ £ R HU S B A I\J D tD\/ �� .
    •
    • .. •
    • • • •
    • •
    • •
    • • • •
    .
    -.
    • • •
    •
    • •
    •
    • • .
    ..
    • •
    "A GOO D DeS\GfU& R \-!AS A LOT l(\J CO MMON WITH A GOOD RESU\RCf-lE R. 150TH HUNT FOR �X CE LLtf\JCt
    R/\J D P t RFHTI Oltl. A I\J D YO U H AVE 10 Rr n LLY FOCUS Q[\J TH£ DnAIL':i, fl.ND YOU DOf\J'T REALLY KfU OW
    ---- Wl-1AT THE FIIUAL R�SU LT WI L L Bte BErn R.E YO lJ HAVe IT.'' - MAY -BRITT MOSE R ----
    PSYC I-I O LO GI ST AND nJ€VRO S Cl ff\JTIST
    May-Britt Moser was born in 1963 in Norway.
    Although her parents did not go to college ,
    her mother always wished she could have
    become a doctor, and she encouraged her

    • • • •
    daughter to always follow her dreams.
    May-Britt went to the University of Oslo and
    -------- II
    ♦•

    • • • • • studied psychology. At the university she became good friends with


    \N O U R Edvard Moser, a boy she knew from high school. They fell in love , got
    G � O C t\.l':> !\LL
    B I\AI I\J A R E married, and went on to become partners in research. May-Britt was
    R R A I\J G f D I N
    fascinated when studying the behavior of lab rats but wanted to
    e V� I\J LY I\
    T RJPI\\J GL€S AI\JO Cl2ll,'.
    know more, asking her professor, " Can't you go into the brain?"
    SH,;
    The couple graduated with PhDs in neurophysiology in 1995 .
    ME:Motflluscsw
    � �c SifrifUDtfs Ho
    The workings of the human brain are still a bit of a mystery.
    \y<-
    �
    Simple tasks like remembering where we are and the route to get LO rs.

    -�
    wow•
    back home pose complicated questions about how memory forms
    �
    '--.
    5MHL S JUST and where information is stored in the brain. May-Britt and Edvard
    L\ k'f GRAlll tlMA 1 wanted to answer these questions and understand how humans
    navigate through space. Their experiments focused on rats going

    �. through mazes while their brain activity was monitored.


    •
    •• In 2005, Edvard and May-Britt discovered a new type of nerve cell,
    /. o

    •
    ,J V

    called grid cells. Grid cells form in the entorhinal cortex and interact
    with place cells in the hippocampus. As the rat moved through the
    maze, a "coordinate" map was being created in its brain out of these
    grid cells. This is how the rat could orient itself in relation to
    memories of important places, like where the food was or where
    the white piece of paper was seen.
    Every time we go someplace new. we use these grid cells and
    place cells to create a map like a GPS system. When our grid cells
    are damaged, we become very forgetful. Grid cells are crucial to our
    memory, and understanding them can help us treat memory-related
    illnesses like Alzheimer's.
    May-Britt and Edvard have opened a new door to understanding
    the ways our brains process information. Together, in 2014 they
    won a Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. May- Britt continues to
    study the human brain and unlock its secrets.
    •
    MATH€MATIC I A N

    reading every book she could find. She wanted to


    become a writer and didn't have much of an interest
    in math until high school, when she got her hands on
    the entrance q uestionnaire for an international math
    competition. Maryam struggled to solve the problems
    and spent days on a worksheet that should have taken her
    hours. Excited by this new challenge, she demanded that
    her all-girl high school provide the same math courses as
    the boys' schools did.
    Maryam came to America for graduate school at Harvard.
    She became interested in understanding the surface of a shape and
    what happens w hen it is distorted. She enjoyed finding the beauty in

    � -:
    r-\ . .
    mathematics and focused on hyperbolic surfaces.
    Hyperbolic doughnuts are abstract shapes; to understand them,
    you need to find straight lines, or "simple" geodesics, inside. This
    is incredibly difficult. Maryam created an equation that showed
    the relationship between the amount of simple geodesics and the
    length of the side of a hyperbolic structure. Her work is fundamental
    in understanding curved shapes and surfaces.

    environment. Will a ball that is hit from any direction always end
    up where it started? What about the infinite possible shapes of the
    billiard table? This problem was so complicated, computers couldn't
    even simulate it!
    Maryam thought of a different way to solve this problem. Instead of
    moving the ball around the table, she mirrored the table around the ball.
    When the ball hit a side, the table would flip and change angles, so it
    0
    would look as if the ball stayed in a straight line. She figured out
    that the ball wi LL always close its loop. This has been compared •
    S/../f D/?Aw. 0,
    •
    to how particles might behave and has given us a better • • .
    SHJ:jp � II VPEftao
    understanding of geometry, physics, and quantum theory. PtECEs eS O,v HU GE L tc •
    In 2014, Maryam won the Fields Medal for her work, the first
    Ber
    • refl
    o,: Pl// •
    UfVc:ieos tR. iO •
    • _- ." • ·� AIVD THE
    woman so honored. Maryam works at Stanford, where
    .
    she continues to push boundaries in mathematics. @® • • • • • "1

    .. c)
    .
    -�
    /)� �� • G.1r) .•
    0

    CV-
    ) \,_v

    .: � N o. lol ·
    G)

    . . . .
    0
    • • . l:} • .
    M O R[ WO M [ N
    IN $ CCJ[ N <L t -
    • . ,,
    -
    -
    .,,., I ,

    J AN A l<i A M M A L ANNA JANE H A R R I SO N


    --- 18 97-19 8 4--- ---1 91 2-199 8 ---
    Daug hter of Marie Curie and also Botanist who did important work to Studied how atoms become
    a Nobel Prize winner in chem istry. crossbreed sugar cane and worked molecules and was the first
    Discovered a way to create at the Botanical Survey of India. woman president of the
    synthetic radioactive elements in American C hem ical Society.
    the lab.

    Sl-li RLEY A N N JAC K SON Llf\JD A l:?U C k F�Af\J<;: O i s f B ARR.£ - SI I\JOUS 5 1


    --- 1'}4b · --- --- 1 , � 7 - --- 1 �4 7 -
    Physicist who is pres ident of Won the Nobel prize in physiology Virolog ist who won the Nobel Prize
    Rensselaer Polytec hnic Inst itute or medic ine for her work on how in physiology or medicine for her
    and the first African-American to we use our olfactory nerves to dis covery of HIV.
    earn a doctorate from MIT. understand smells.
    £ �1 LY R.OE BLII\J G s o r iA KOVA LEVS K AYA
    --- 18 1 8 -1 8 89 --- ---1s43-1qo3 --- --- 1850 - 18 91 ---
    M A � A M ITC H E L L

    Firs t American woman to work as American field eng ineer responsible for Russian mathematician who worked
    an astronomer. Discovered "Miss the execution of the Brooklyn Bridge. on partial differential equations and
    Mitchell's Comet." created the Cauchy- Kovalevskaya
    theorem.

    £ D 1 T H fL A N I C, f. N A D A YONATH
    -- 1 �2 '.)- --- 7C:,3'J -
    Her fossil discoveries of our C hem ist who invented ways to Israeli crystallographer who
    ancient ancestors, or "m issing process crude oil and purify discovered the structure of

    �. ,,)" _,,
    links ," changed our understanding water using molecular sieves, and ribosomes and won the Nobel
    of human evolution. ways to grow new materials like prize in chem istry in 2009.
    synthetic emeralds.

    -'
    -. \"-1. '

    S A L LV R i D E
    i € SS Y T H O M A S T H£ ru E. )(T G R,£ AT
    ---1 ')51- 2 011--- --- 1 9 6 3 - S C 1 £1\JT I ST C O U L D BE YO U !
    First American woman in space Indian engineer who was Women everywhere are working
    and director of the California instrumental in creating the hard, learning, and research ing to
    Space Institute. most powerful long -range make the next b ig breakthrough.
    nuclear m issile ever.
    irhe smallest unit of life. I
    • - I • e I •

    are also the building blocks for. tissues


    in Rlants and animals.

    Tightly wound strands

    machines can understand.

    molecular. strand is our; genetic


    It is inherited from
    and tells our cells and
    reeroduce, and
    function. All organisms
    and the strands are found in tlie

    A JJhenomenon that
    3 objects in SJJace line
    Gt N£ TI C S . , . . . _ .
    . ., _
    jrh� ;��d-y ot\�� ;u·r: oNA> ,-_,
    cti�om osomes, and genes worl<,
    each other. and the air, water, and how the genes that are P.assed
    soi l around ttiem . down from our; ancestors and
    f)arents change over; time, and
    • I • · how they affect organisms.

    When 2 electrica
    the gas or; air around or. between GEOMOR P. H O L O GY
    iThe study of. how the sur.face of ttie

    throug h the air, wh icti existence: for; examP.le, now


    conduct electricity. is an exam le of a mountains and continents form.
    naturally occurring electric arc.

    A sugar. molecule that is an


    a substance made
    Uf) of. only one kind of atom -for;
    eat a doug
    carbohy
    broken c
    ..
    do, hnut, all the sugars and
    - . - . ,-
    •• . .
    .... . .
    € RG O I\J O M I C S

    with tools and their. environment.


    Ergonom ics helP.s
    tools that work comfor.tably with ..
    study of reP.ti les and

    H U f'!'! AN C O M P- UT E R!

    iThe rem ains of. ancient animals


    P.lants that have 15een
    Before we had mechanical

    eguations were done 15y a


    . . . ..
    P.reser.ved or. even eetrified over.
    ti me. Som eti mes the fossil, l i ke
    ld d inosaur. 15one, is stuck in a
    rock. Someti mes it i s an i m ]Jr int in
    rock, l i ke a footf)rint.

    branch of social science


    called P.sych iatry. Named after; the
    father. of. modern sychoanalys i s ,
    it i s a theory of; how
    our. unconscious des ires
    with our; consciously chosen actions.
    K O M O D O D_R A G O N
    The largest species of. ,.

    ,.
    lizard, which'. ��� 8e v�f.J< · ;: ·-
    ..,._.� -. .
    danger�us and venom ous .
    It is native .to Indones ia .

    whe ri�we exerci se. It is created


    0

    during the Cori cycle, descri bed oy


    im J)or.tant for. growing
    cells and reJ)airing and maintaining
    our. ner.ve cells.
    throug hout our. entire

    in the subjects of

    P.roved that whenever. there is a J)hys ical


    action that involves a P.red ictable
    irhe set ot all the P.Os s i b le because there is a law
    of conser.vation (for. examP. le, of mass ,
    is called the moduli momentum, etc.).

    ACC Ht R ATO R
    Uses an electromagnetic
    field to make J)artic .
    S UJ)er:-fast SJ)eeds and smasli
    . .

    aJ)art when they collide witli

    A neutron star. that em its a l::ieam


    ot electromagnetic rad iation.

    P.U lses li ke a li g htliouse.


    holes J>Unched
    J>laces, creatin g code. I
    .. . ... .. .. .. .. ... .. . . . .
    of the first methods for. talking to
    .
    in astronomy and
    . .
    abs orb light at different fresiuencies .
    measuring the different
    and looking for. blacl<
    A tyJ)e ot subatomic J)article that
    makes com osite J>articles. In fact,
    they create neutrons and
    iroday we know 6 kinds of siuarl<s,
    called flavors : UJ>, down, strange,

    a lot to be discovered about siuarl<s.


    rain bow of light and .. . . .
    seen from a star. w hen looking
    .

    The energy released when the atomic


    nucleus changes or. becomes unstable. An activist who foug ht for
    This release can include alJ>ha

    Radiation technology is

    . . .
    cause cancer. or. radiation
    . . ..
    broken bones and in cancer: treatment,

    cells and in d

    CRYSTA L LO G R A �H Y
    are sets ot num bers where addition
    A tool that uses
    multiJ>lication are defined.

    .. .
    themselves to establish dom inance
    and access to food an . .
    Researc hing this boo k was so m uc h fun . I used all sorts of sources: newspapers,
    interviews , lecture s , boo ks, film s , and the Internet ! If you are interested in
    learning more about these wom e n (and you s ho u ld!), here are some of the source s
    I cons ulted. For more re sources on the specific women featured in this book, go
    to www. rac helignotofs kydesign.com /women - in - science /resources.

    FILM S
    Beautiful Minds: Jocelyn Bell Burnell. Directed by Jacqui Farnham. BBC Four, 2010.
    Series 1. episode 1 of 3.

    Commencement Address: From Vassa r to the Discovery of the Higgs Pa rticle. Performed by
    Sau Lan Wu. Vassar College, 2 014. commencement. vassar. edu/ceremony/2014/address/.

    The Genius of Ma rie Curie. Directed by Gideon Bradshaw. B BC, 20 13.

    Great Floridians Film Series-Marjory Stoneman Douglas. By Marilyn Russell. Florida


    Department of State, 1987.

    Jane Gooda ll at Concordia: Sowing the Seeds of Hope. Concordia University, 20 14.
    www. youtube. com/watch?v = vibssr0 Km60.

    May-Britt and Edva rd Moser- Winner of the Ko rber European Science Prize 2014. Directed by
    Axel Wagner. Koerber-Stiftung, 20 14. www. youtube. com/watch?v = 592ebE 5 U 7c8.

    Mission Blue. Directed by Robert Nixon and Fisher Stevens. Insurgent Media, 2 0 14.

    Signals: The Queen of Code. Directed by Gillian Jacobs. FiveThirtyEight, 2015.


    fivethirtyeight. com/features/the-queen-of-code/.

    Va lentina Tereshkova: Seagull in Space. Russia Today, 2 0 13.


    www. youtube. com/watch?v = Y2k9s-NbNaA.

    The Volcano Watchers. Directed by David Heeley. PBS, 19 87.


    W E B S ITE S
    American Museum of Natural History: www.amnh .org
    Encyclopedia Britannica: www.britannica.com
    Jewish Women's Archive: www.jwa.org/encyclopedia
    MAK E RS , The largest video collection of women's stories: www.makers.com
    NASA: www.nasa.gov
    National Inventors Hall of Fame: www.invent.org
    National Women's History Museum : www. nwhm.org
    The Official Website of the Nobel Prize: www.nobelprize.org
    Psych ology's Feminist Voices: www.feministvoices.com
    US National Library of Medicine: www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine

    BOOKS
    Adams, Katherine H . , and Michael L . Keene. 2010 . After the Vote Wa s Won: Th e Later
    Achievements of Fifteen Suffragists. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.

    Layne, Margaret. 20 0 9. Women in Engineering. Reston. VA: ASCE Press.

    Dzielska. Maria. 199 5 .. Hypatia of A lexandria. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    McGrayne, S haron Bertsch. 1993 . Nobel Prize Women in Science: Their Lives, Struggles, and
    Momentous Discoveries. Secaucus, NJ : Carol Publishing Group.

    Peterson, Barbara Bennett. 2 0 0 0 . Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Ea rly
    Twentieth Century. Armonk. NY: M. E . Sharpe.

    Swaby, Rachel. 2015. Headstrong: 52 Women Who Changed Science-And the Wo rld. New
    York: Broadway Books.

    \,
    �·
    ··�
    ◄�
    ··••�

    ... --
    .�;.
    ·-···--·-···
    �

    L���?'!!!.'!.'!."�.!':I
    I first want to thank all ot the women wlio
    ifhrough their. r. assion and hard work they are creating a better. future . And, of
    course, than k you to the women wlio are
    researc h in g to become tlie best doctors, scientists, and eng ineers t liey can
    15e. I also want to thank all tne young g irls wlio are r. laying w itli bugs. looking
    at,t
    . - -
    and driving their, r. arents nuts
    Mason I� for. all ot h i s love , sur. r. or.t, amazin g
    suggestions, and bagels while I was creating th is book ifhanks to M ia Mer ...
    for. all her. grammar. know- how. Another. very s r.ecial thank you for. Aditya
    Volet i for. hel r. ing me understand all of the matli in this book, and for. h i s great
    suggestions, exP.ert grammar. s k i lls, heir. w ith fact c hec king, and ot

    A SP.ec ial thank you to

    ... .
    C heney and ifatiana Pavlova, and tl-ie re st of the talented r. ublis h i

    y o u t o m y l iterary agent Monica Odom for. finding my work and


    healthy diet ot car.toons and

    ta k i n g dense informat ion is dedicated to


    creating educational wor.ks ot ar.t.
    insr ired oy h i story and science and believes th at i llustration
    rower.ful tool t h at

    ...
    ifh i s i s Rac hel's first boo k and s h e r lans on writ in g many m ore
    ot Rac hel's educational ar.t and
    www.rac helignotofs kyde s i g
    l!V D eX
    A G
    Abraham, Karl. 23 Clark, Mamie Phipps, 7 0 - 71 Genetics, 6, 7, 24 - 25, 52- 53, 98-99
    Aiken, Howard, 56 - 57 Clarke, Edith, 40-41 Geology, 26 - 27, 106-7
    Ammal, Janaki, 114 Claytor, W. W. Schieffelin, 75 Gilbreth, Frank, 37
    Anning, Mary, 14- 15 Coe, Ernest, 43 Gilbreth, Lillian, 36 - 37
    Antheil, George, 69 Cohen, Stanley, 63 Goeppert-Mayer, Maria, 54 - 5 5
    Anthropology, 91 Computer programming, 7, 16 -17, Goodall, Jane, 90-91
    Astronomy, 7, 8- 9, 12-13, 32, 5 0 - 5 1, 33, 56-57, 88 - 89 Greider, Carol, 105
    86- 87, 115 Conservation, 42 -43, 5 8- 59
    Astrophysics, 5 0 - 51, 10 0 - 101 Cori, Carl, 47 H
    Ayrton, Hertha, 20 - 21 Cori, Gerty, 46 -47 Hahn, Otto, 3 5
    Ayrton, William, 21 Crick, Francis, 7, 79 Harrison, Anna Jane, 114
    Crystallography, 64-6 5, 79, 115 Herpetology, 48 -49
    Curie, Marie, 7, 28 -29, 32, 114 Herschel, Caroline, 3 2
    Babbage, Charles, 17 Curie, Pierre, 29 Hewish, Antony, 1 0 1
    Ball, Alice, 44-45 Hill, Ellsworth Jerome, 31
    Barre-Sinoussi, Franc;:oise, 114 Hitchcock, Albert, 3 1
    Bascom, Florence, 26 - 27 Daly, Marie, 32 Hitchings, George, 73
    Bath, Patricia, 96 -97 Douglas, Marjory Stoneman, 4 2-43 Hodgkin, Dorothy, 64 -6 5
    Becquerel, Henri, 29 Hopper, Grace, 7, 5 6 - 57
    Berson, Solomon, 81 E Horney, Karen, 22 -23
    Biochemistry, 46-47, 64-65, 73 Earle, Sylvia, 92-93 Huckins, Olga, 59
    Blackwell, Elizabeth, 18-19 Easley, Annie, 88 -89 Hypatia, 8-9, 33
    Blackwell, Emily, 19 E instein, Albert, 7, 35, 39
    Bodichon, Madame, 21 Electrical engineering, 2 0- 21, 4 0 - 41
    Botany, 30 - 31, 5 2- 53, 114 Elion, Gertrude, 72-73 Inventing, 20 -21, 33, 40-41, 56-57,
    Boulenger, George Albert, 49 Engineering, 20 -21, 36 -37, 40 -41, 68-69, 96- 97
    Buck, Linda, 114 95, 115
    Burnell, Jocelyn Bell, 100 - 101 Entomology, 10- 11
    Byron, Lord, 17 Equal Pay Act, 33 Jackson, Miles, 44
    Ergonomics, 36- 37 Jackson, Shirley Ann, 114
    Jemison, Mae, 1 0 8-9
    Carson, Rachel, 5 8-59 F Johnson, Katherine, 74-75
    Chase, Mary Agnes, 3 0- 31 Flanigen, Edith, 115 Joliot-Curie, Irene, 114
    Chemistry, 7, 28- 29, 32, 44-45, Ford, Kent, 87
    78-79, 114, 115 Fossil collecting, 14-15, 115
    Chimpanzees, 9 0 -91 Franklin, Rosalind, 7, 78-79 Kovalevskaya, Sofia, 115
    Civil Rights Act, 33 Freud, Sigmund, 23 Krafft, Katia, 106-7
    Clark, Kenneth, 71 Krafft, Maurice, 106, 107
    L
    Lab tools, 6 0 -61 Tereshkova, Valentina, 3 2 , 94 -95
    Lamarr, Hedy, 6 8- 69 Thomas, Tessy, 115
    Leakey, Louis, 91 Ting , Samuel, 103
    Leakey, Mary, 115 p
    Lederberg, Esther, 82-83 Paleontology, 14 -15
    Lederberg, Joshua, 83 Particle physics, 102-3
    Levi-Montalcini , Rita, 62-6 3 Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia, 7, 5 0 - 5 1
    Lovelace, Ada, 16-17 Pharmacology. 72 - 73
    Physics, 7, 28-29, 34- 3 5 , 3 8- 39, w
    M 54- 5 5 , 66 -67, 74-7 5 , 114 . See also Wang Zheny i , 12 -13
    Mandl, Fritz, 69 Astrophysics; Medical physics; Watson, James, 7, 79
    Marine biology, 5 8- 5 9, 9 2 -93 Particle physics Wilson, Edmund, 25
    Masters, Sybilla, 33 Piscopia, Elena, 33 Wright, Jane Cooke, 76 -77
    Mathematics, 8-9, 12- 13, 17, 21, 33 , Primatology, 9 0 -91 Wu, Chien-Shiung, 66-67
    3 8 -39, 41. 74-75, 89, 112 - 13. 115 Procter, Joan Beauchamp. 4 8- 49 Wu, Sau Lan, 102- 3
    Mayer, Joe, 55 Psychology, 22 -23 , 36 - 37, 70 -71,
    Mayer, Louis, 69 110 -11
    McClintock. Barbara, 6, 5 2- 5 3 , 105
    Mechanical engineering. 36- 37
    Medical physics, 81 Qian Yiji. 13
    Medicine, 18 - 19, 46 -47, 62-63 ,
    72 -73 , 76-77. 80 - 81, 96 -99, R Zakrzewska, Marie, 19
    104 - 5 , 1 0 8 - 11, 114 Ride, Sally, 115 Zoology, 4 8-49, 59
    Meitner, Lise, 34 - 3 5 Rocket science, 8 8- 89 Zwicky, Fritz, 87
    Merian, Maria Sibylla, 10 -11 Roebling, Emily, 115
    Microbiology. 82- 83 Rubin, Vera, 86 - 87
    Milbanke, Anne Isabella, 17 Russell, Henry, 51
    Mirzakhani , Maryam, 112-13
    Mitchell, Maria, 115
    Molecular biology, 104 - 5 Scientific illustration, 10- 11, 31
    Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 24, 2 5 Space travel. 32, 94 -95 , 108-9, 115
    Moser, Edvard, 111 STEM fields
    Moser, May-Britt, 110-11 definition of, 7
    statistics on women in, 84 - 8 5
    N Stevens, Nettie, 24-25
    Neurology, 62-63 Swain, Sandra, 76
    Neuroscience, 110 -11
    Noether, Emmy, 7, 3 8 - 39
    NUsslein-Volhard, Christiane, 98 -99

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy