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Muscles and Its Classification

This document provides an overview of muscle classification and structure. It discusses the three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and their distinguishing characteristics. Skeletal muscle is classified based on location, function, and microscopic appearance. It has a striated, voluntary structure and consists of fascicles containing myofibrils and sarcomeres. Smooth muscle is non-striated and involuntary, found in organs, while cardiac muscle forms the heart muscle.

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Junaid Shah
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23 views

Muscles and Its Classification

This document provides an overview of muscle classification and structure. It discusses the three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and their distinguishing characteristics. Skeletal muscle is classified based on location, function, and microscopic appearance. It has a striated, voluntary structure and consists of fascicles containing myofibrils and sarcomeres. Smooth muscle is non-striated and involuntary, found in organs, while cardiac muscle forms the heart muscle.

Uploaded by

Junaid Shah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MUSCLES AND ITS

CLASSIFICATION
OBJECTIVES:
• At the end of lecture, students should be able to:
1) Define the muscle
2) Classify the muscles
3) Describe the skeletal muscle and its parts
4) Differentiate the different types of skeletal muscle.
MUSCULAR TISSUE (MUSCLE):
• DEFINITION
Muscle is a contractile tissue which
brings about movements.
• Like other tissues of the body, consist of cells and
intercellular substance.
• Cells of muscular tissue are very much elongated,
therefore referred as muscle fibers.
• Sometimes referred as myocytes.
CLASSIFICATION OF MUSCLES:
1) On the basis of location:
Skeletal muscles
Visceral / Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscles
2) On the Basis of function:
Voluntary muscles
In voluntary muscles
3) On the basis of appearance under microscope:
Striated muscles
Non-striated muscles
TYPES OF MUSCLES:
1. Skeletal Muscles (Striated and Voluntary):
• They exhibit cross-striations under microscope.
• They are supplied by spinal nerves, and, therefore, are under voluntary control.

2. Smooth Muscles (Non-striated and involuntary):


• They do not exhibit cross-striations under microscope, being plain and smooth in form.
• They are supplied by autonomic nerves, and therefore, are not under voluntary
control.

3. Cardiac Muscle (Striated and involuntary):


• It forms myocardium of the heart.
• It is intermediate in structure, being striated and at the same time involuntary.
• Each muscle fiber anastomoses with the neighboring fibers at intercalated discs.
STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE:
• Most abundant and constitute about 40% of total body weight.
• Skeletal muscle consists of extremely long multinucleated cells/fibers
• These fibers are grouped into bundles – Fasciculi.
• The cell membrane of muscle fibers is called sarcolemma.
• The cytoplasm referred as sarcoplasm.
• A number of evenly distributed longitudinal threads called myofibrils.
• Each myofibril is composed of longitudinal protein filaments, called
myofilaments, which are the actual contractile elements of the striated
muscle.
• Myofilaments are of two types, the thin ACTIN filaments, and the thick
MYOSIN filaments.
• During muscular contraction, the actin filaments slide between the
myosin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere, with shortening
of the contractile unit.
SUPPORTING TISSUE

• Endomysium
It surrounds each muscle fibre separately.
• Perimysium
It surrounds bundles (fasciuli) of muscle fibres of various sizes.
• Epimysium
It surrounds the entire muscle.
PARTS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE:
Two ends
ORIGIN
It is one end of the muscle which remains
fixed during its contraction.
INSERTION
It is the other end which moves during its
contraction.
Two parts
FLESHY PART
It is contractile, and is called the ‘belly’.
FIBROUS PART
It is non contractile and inelastic. (tendon or
apponeurosis)
PARTS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE:

• Tendon: It is a band of collagen


fibers, which gives attachment of
muscle to the bone.

• Apponeurosis: it is a flat tendon

• Raphe: Interdigitation of
apponeurosis, muscles or fasscia
Classification of skeletal muscles:

• On the basis of shape and fiber architecture


• Group action
Classification of skeletal muscles On the basis of shape
and fiber architecture:

• Muscles with fibers parallel to the line of pull


• Muscles with fibers which are oblique to the line
of pull
Muscles with fibers parallel to the line of pull

• Muscles have great range of movement, but comparatively less


power.
• Strap like muscles: sartorius, infrahyoid muscles
• Quadrilateral muscles: thyrohyoid muscle
• Fusiform muscles: biceps
Muscles with fibers which are oblique to the line of
pull:
• When the fasciculi are oblique to the line of pull.
• This arrangement makes the muscle more powerful, although the
range of movement is reduced.
• Triangular muscles: temporalis, adductor longus
• Pennate muscles (pennate means feather like):
i. Unipennate: flexor pollicis longus, extensor digitorum
longus, first two lumbricalis.
ii. Bipennate: rectus femoris, dorsal interossei
iii. Multipennate: deltoid, subscapularis.
Classification of skeletal muscles On the basis of Group
action:
• Most of the body movements brought about by the complex interaction of
the muscles.
• Agonist (prime movers): are those muscles which contract to perform
specific (desired) movement. Example: triceps
• Antagonist: are those muscles which opposes specific movement at a
joint. They help the prime movers by active controlled relaxation, so that
the desired movement is smooth and precise.
• Synergist: When the prime movers cross more than one joint,
the undesired actions at the proximal joints are prevented
by certain muscles known as synergists.

• Fixators: They are the groups of muscles which stabilize the


proximal joints of a limb, so that the desired movement at
the distal joint may occur on a fixed base.
BLOOD SUPPLY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE:
• Blood supply is derived from muscular branches from the neighboring arteries.

• The arteries, veins and motor nerve pierce the muscle at a fairly constant point called
neurovascular hilum.
NERVE SUPPLY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE:
Most of the muscles supplied by the single nerve.
The nerve supplying a skeletal muscle called as motor nerve contain both sensory
and motor fibers.
1. Motor point
• It is the site where the motor nerve enters the muscle.
• It may be one or more than one.
1. Motor Unit (myone)
• It is defined as a single alpha motor neuron together with the muscle fibres supplied
by it.
• The size of motor unit depends upon the precision of muscle control.
A. SMALL MOTOR UNITS (5-10 MUSCLE FIBRES)
• They are found in muscles of fine movements (extra ocular muscles).
A. LARGE MOTOR UNITS (100-2000 MUSCLE FIBRES)
• They are found muscles of gross movements (Proximal limb muscles).
SMOOTH MUSCLE:
• Smooth muscle consists of long, spindle-shaped cells
closely arranged in bundles or sheets.
• In the tubes of the body it provides the motive
power for propelling the contents through the
lumen.
• In the digestive system it also causes the ingested
food to be thoroughly mixed with the digestive
juices.
• A wave of contraction of the circularly arranged
fibers passes along the tube, milking the contents
onward.
• By their contraction, the longitudinal fibers pull the
wall of the tube proximally over the contents. This
method of propulsion is referred to as peristalsis.
• In storage organs such as the urinary bladder and the
uterus, the fibers are irregularly arranged and
interlaced with one another. Their contraction is
slow and sustained and brings about expulsion of the
contents of the organs.
CARDIAC MUSCLE:
• Cardiac muscle consists of striated
muscle fibers that branch and unite
with each other.
• It forms the myocardium of the heart.
• Its fibers tend to be arranged in whorls
and spirals, and they have the property
of spontaneous and rhythmic
contraction.
• Specialized cardiac muscle fibers form
the conducting system of the heart.
• Cardiac muscle is supplied by
autonomic nerve fibers that terminate
in the nodes of the conducting system
and in the myocardium.
CLINICAL NOTES:

• Paralysis: Loss or impairment of motor power of a muscle.


• Hemiplegia
• Paraplegia
• Quadriplegia

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