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 Ethics
GS Paper 4
By: Siddharth Sir
 Things to keep in Mind
1. Paper will include questions to test the
candidates’ attitude and approach to issues
relating to integrity, probity in public life.
2. Problem solving approach to various issues
and conflicts faced by him in dealing with
society.
3. Our assessment of a situation is driven by our personality and
character.
4. Introspection of your own behaviour and thoughts is required.
5. Implementing what you learn from books into real life.
 Syllabus
TOPIC I:
Ethics and Human interface:
1. Essence, Determinants and Consequences of Ethics in –
Human Actions
2. Dimensions of Ethics
3. Ethics – in Private and Public Relationships
4. Human Values – Lessons from the Lives and Teachings of
Great Leaders, Reformers and Administrators
5. Role of Family Society and Educational Institutions in
Inculcating Values
TOPIC II:
Attitude:
1. Content, Structure, Function
2. Its Influence and Relation with Thought and Behaviour
3. Moral and Political Attitudes
4. Social Influence and Persuasion
TOPIC III:
Aptitude and Foundational Values for Civil Service:
1. Integrity
2. Impartiality and Non-partisanship
3. Objectivity
4. Dedication to Public Service
5. Empathy
6. Tolerance
7. Compassion towards the weaker-sections.
TOPIC IV:
Emotional Intelligence :
1. Concepts
2. Their Utilities
3. Application in Administration and Governance
TOPIC V:
Contributions of Moral Thinkers and Philosophers from India
and World
TOPIC VI:
Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public Administration:
1. Status and Problems
2. Ethical Concerns and Dilemmas in Government and Private
Institutions
3. Laws, Rules, Regulations and Conscience as Sources of Ethical
Guidance
4. Accountability and Ethical Governance
5. Strengthening of Ethical and Moral Values in Governance
6. Ethical Issues in International Relations and Funding
7. Corporate Governance.
TOPIC VII:
Probity in Governance:
1. Concept of Public Service
2. Philosophical Basis of Governance and Probity
3. Information Sharing and Transparency in Government
4. Right to Information
5. Codes of Ethics
6. Codes of Conduct
7. Citizen’s Charters
8. Work Culture
9. Quality of Service Delivery
10. Utilization of Public Funds
11. Challenges of Corruption.
TOPIC VIII:
Case Studies on above issues:
 Previous Year Questions
a) Ethics and Human interface:
1. “Integrity is a value that empowers the human being’’. Justify with
suitable illustration. (2021, 150 words)
2. “Education is not an injunction, it is an effective and pervasive tool for
all-round development of an individual and social transformation”.
Examine the New Education Policy, 2020 (NEP,2020) in light of the
above statement. (2020, 150 words)
3. With regard to the morality of actions, one view is that means is of
paramount importance and the other view is that the ends justify the
means. Which view do you think is more appropriate? Justify your
answer. (2018, 150 words)
4. What teachings of Buddha are most relevant today and why?
Discuss. (2020, 150 words)
5. “A man is but the product of his thoughts. What he thinks, he
becomes.” – M.K.Gandhi (2019, 150 words)
6. “We can never obtain peace in the outer world until and unless we
obtain peace within ourselves” – Dalai Lama (2021, 150 words)
Ethics
• Greek word “ethos” – habit or character
• Standards of human conduct that society adopts for itself.
• Set of dos and don’ts that govern human conduct in a social
settings.
• Building principles of Right or Wrong.

• Avoid us from social evils.

• Guide the behaviour, choices
and actions
Monogamy Polygamy
Beef ban in states
• As of July 2021, Kerala, Arunachal
Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim,
Tripura, Manipur and Mizoram have no
laws prohibiting cow slaughter.
Ethical Concepts:
1. Ethics is an end in itself:
• Source of happiness and satisfaction in life

2. Good consequences:

3. Ethics can be absolute or relative:

• Absolutists
• Relativists
Absolutists:
• Ethical absolutism is the concept that ethical rules are the
same everywhere
Morality:
• Principles of right and wrong held by an individual.
• Individual set of commitments even when they are rejected
by others.
Category 3

Category 2

Category 1
 Morals Ethics

1. Acceptance

2. Arise from

3. Codification

4. Character or Conduct

5. Private or Public
Q. Can you become ethical without being moral?

Q. Can something that is immoral ever be moral? Why

or Why not?
Essence of Ethics:
• Stands for - features, significance, benefits etc.
1. Good life
2. Society Peace and Preservation

3. Subjective ethics- there are no absolute or constant standards of

right and wrong.
4. Voluntary Action

5. Ethics is not a religion

6. Ethics is not a law

7. Improves thinking, perspective

and judgements

8. Helps in decision making

9. Contextual
Determinants of Ethics:
• Factors that shape the ethical standards and behaviour of people.
• Basis on which people decide what is right and wrong.
1. Time: The Bengal Sati Regulation which banned the Sati
practice in 1829.
2. Experience:
3. By Deliberations and debate:

4. Changing social situation: Various sects

of Buddhism and Jainism

5. Keep changing with Person:

At times fear of punishment as Student Duty to work as adult
6. Cost benefit Analysis: Utilitarian approach

7. Power: Political, Economic and Social power often lays down

ethical norms for a society
6. Constitution and Law:

7. Tradition and culture:

Consequences of Loss of Ethics:
1. Political Level:

i. Criminalization of politics

ii. Communal politics

iii. Power concentration

iv. Coalition after election

Consequences of Loss of Ethics:
2. Bureaucratic Level:

i. Corruption

ii. Nepotism - As per rule 4(1) of the CCS (Conduct) Rules 1964,
no government servant shall use their position or influence
directly or indirectly to secure employment for any member
of their family in any company or firm.

iii. Demotivated honest officers

iv. Loss of trust in administration

Consequences of Loss of Ethics:

3. International Level:

i. Ceasefire violations

ii. Organized global crime

iii. Not accepting displaced

migrants
iv. Loss of legitimacy of International Institutions

v. Nuclear weapon

vi. Environment
Consequences of Loss of Ethics:
4. Social Level:

i. Rise of Violence

ii. Materialism increase

iii. Gender specific crimes rise

iv. Commodification of women

Consequences of Loss of Ethics:
5. Individual Level:

i. Acquire material wealth

ii. Increase in Abusive Language

iii. Increase in domestic violence

iv. Loss of Integrity

Positive Consequences of Ethics:
Individual Level:

i. Happiness: ethical life is said to be

the source of ultimate happiness

ii. Positive outlook toward society:

building trust and social capital

iii. Elevated sense of being

iv. Accomplishment

v. Interpersonal relations improve

Positive Consequences of Ethics:
Society Level:

i. Peace and Harmony

ii. Justice and inclusive growth

iii. Good governance

iv. Equitable development

v. Future generations

vi. Environment clean

Ethics
Lec - 2
By: Siddharth Sir
 Syllabus
TOPIC I:
Ethics and Human interface:
1. Essence, Determinants and Consequences of Ethics in –
Human Actions
2. Dimensions of Ethics
3. Ethics – in Private and Public Relationships
4. Human Values – Lessons from the Lives and Teachings of
Great Leaders, Reformers and Administrators
5. Role of Family Society and Educational Institutions in
Inculcating Values
 DIAMENSIONS OF ETHICS
There are 4 branches of ethics:
1. Descriptive ethics - What do people think is right?
2. Normative (prescriptive) ethics - How should people act?
3. Meta-ethics - What does "right" even mean?
4. Applied ethics - How do we take moral knowledge and put it into
practice?
1. Descriptive ethics:
• Study of people's beliefs about morality.
• What people actually do (not what people should do)
• It aims to uncover people's beliefs about such things as values, which
actions are right and wrong.
• Lawrence Kohlberg: An example of descriptive ethics
• In one study, Kohlberg questioned a group of boys about what
would be a right or wrong action for a man facing a moral
dilemma: should he steal a drug to save his wife, or refrain from
theft even though that would lead to his wife's death?
2. Normative ethics:
• the norms, standards or criteria that define principles of ethical
• behaviour.
• It is the study of what one should or should not do, especially in the
times of moral dilemmas or confusion
I Think
Three school of thoughts within:
1) Virtue ethics
2) Teleological
3) Deontological
1. Virtue ethics:
• actions that are in line with certain virtues
2. Teleological:
• actions that leads to the right ends
3. Deontological:
• Those actions are ethical where the means used are right.
• Action in itself is ethical
• Categorical imperative: commands or moral laws all persons must
follow, regardless of their desires or circumstances.
Tell the truth??
Means vs Ends??
Q. Human beings should always be treated as ‘ends’ in themselves
and never as merely `means’. Explain the meaning and significance
of this statement, giving its implications in the modern techno-
economic society.(2014)
3. Meta ethics:
• Investigates the origin and meaning of ethical concepts
 What is meant by a wrong action?
 Why is stealing immoral?
 Why charity is moral?
I Think
 What does marriage even mean?
4. Applied ethics:
• How to put the knowledge into practice
• Analysis of specific, controversial moral issue
 Bioethics
 Medical ethics
 Media ethics I Think

 Environment Ethics
 Administrative ethics
 Cyber ethics
i. Bioethics:
• Ethical issues in field of human biology and biotechnology

a) Privacy

b) Cloning I Think

c) Abortion
c) Biopiracy -the practice of commercially exploiting naturally
biological resources, that restrict its future use, while failing to pay
fair compensation to the community from which it originates.
 Biopiracy of African super-sweet berries

 U.S. Patent and Trademarks Office to American companies on

turmeric, 'neem' and, most notably, 'basmati' rice.
d. Intellectual property rights

e. Gene editing

f. Clinical trials

g. Animal models sacrifice

ii. Medical Ethics:

a) Informed consent

b) Attachment with patient

I Think

c) Euthanasia
a) Prescription

b) Patient identity

I Think

c) Medical infrastructure
iii. Media Ethics:

a) Sensationalism

b) Objectivity
I Think

c) Independence
d) Ownership

e) Responsibility and sensitivity

I Think

f) Honesty

g) Accountable
iv. Environmental Ethics:
a. Sustainability

b. Compensation
I Think

c. Conservation
d) Equity

e) Rights

I Think

f) Animal culling
Q. What is meant by ‘environmental ethics’? Why is it important to
study? Discuss any one environmental issue from the viewpoint of
environmental ethics. (2018)
v. Administrative Ethics:
a. Transparency

b. Integrity
I Think

c. Objectivity
d) Compassion

I Think

d) Dedication to the service

e) Impartiality
v. Cyber Ethics:
a. Obeying the law

b. IPR

c. Privacy I Think

d. Net neutrality

e. Respect
f) Public decency

g) Honesty

I Think

h) Discrimination
Q. “The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in service of
others .” Mahatma Gandhi (150 words) (2020)

Q. “A man is but the product of his thoughts. What he thinks, he

becomes.” – M.K.Gandhi (150 words) (2019)

Q. Discuss Mahatma Gandhi’s concept of seven sins. (2016)

Q. There is enough on this earth for every one’s need but for no
one’s greed. Mahatma Gandhi. (2013)
Ethics
Lec - 3
By: Siddharth Sir
 Syllabus
TOPIC I:
Ethics and Human interface:
1. Essence, Determinants and Consequences of Ethics in –
Human Actions
2. Dimensions of Ethics
3. Ethics – in Private and Public Relationships
4. Human Values – Lessons from the Lives and Teachings of
Great Leaders, Reformers and Administrators
5. Role of Family Society and Educational Institutions in
Inculcating Values
 Ethics – in Private and Public Relationships
Public Relationship:
• includes ethical values or moral standard followed by an individual
in respect of interactions and business dealings in his/her
professional life.
• governed by power.
Any framework of ethical behaviour must include the following
elements:
1. Codifying ethical norms and practices.
2. Disclosing personal interest to avoid conflict between public
interest and personal gain.
3. Creating a mechanism for enforcing the relevant codes.
4. Providing norms for qualifying and disqualifying a public
functionary from office.
 SELFLESSNESS

LEADERSHIP INTEGRITY

NOLAN
COMMITTEE:
HONESTY SEVEN PRINCIPLES OBJECTIVITY
IN PUBLIC LIFE

OPENNESS ACCOUNTABILITY
NOLAN COMMITTEE: SEVEN PRINCIPLES IN PUBLIC LIFE

1. Selflessness

2. Integrity

U. Sagyam
3. Objectivity
Sam manekshaw

4. Accountability
• As per 2nd ARC, open, transparent , accountable government is an
imperative pre-requisite for community citizen centric public
service delivery.

5. Openness

6. Honesty
7. Leadership
Private Relationship:
• It refers to ethical values that a person follows/values in his/her
personal life while dealing with various relations such as family
relations, friendship etc.
• are not formal moral/ethical standards
Private Relationship:
1. Love And Care : displaying kindness and concern for others

2. Confidentiality

3. Truthfulness
4. Responsibility
Article 51A K?
who is a parent or guardian to provide
opportunities for education to his child or, as
the case may be, ward between the age of six
and fourteen years.

5. Tolerance and Acceptance:

• the level of ability that someone has to recognize and
respect other's values and differences.

6. Mutual Respect
 ETHICS IN PUBLIC RELATIONSHIPS ETHICS IN PRIVATE RELATIONSHIPS
Concerns community , society, Concern Immediate Family, Friends
business etc. etc.
Formal in nature Informal in nature
Based on Societal and personal norms Based on personal values, morality
and family values
Large role of roles and regulation Large role of feelings and emotions
Externally imposed and controlled like Voluntary and self- imposed
office rules
Codified Not codified generally
Legal, social, professional and such Violation generally goes
implication if norms are violated unpunished but can have social
consequence e.g Loss of reputation
in society
 What is Love??
Love is unselfish care and concern for the well being of others and the
world at large. It encompasses a range of strong and positive emotional and
mental states, from the most sublime virtue or good habit
Features:
1.Identifiable at core of human consciousness
2.Altruism
3.Understanding
4.Forgiveness
5.The less selfish it is, the more it enriches life
 FAMILIAL
LOVE

DIVINE FRIENDLY
LOVE LOVE
GREEK
PHILOSOPHY
(LOVE
FORMS)
GUEST ROMANTIC
LOVE LOVE

SELF LOVE
Ethics in private relationship are generally directed by:

1. Individual virtues

2. Universal human values

3. Religion

4. Social norms

5. Law of land
Importance of ethics in private relationships:

1. Leads to living a good life

2. Right decision making

3. Character development

4. Ethical lessons for children

5. Acceptance in Public life

6. More Tolerance for Imperfection

Separation of public and private relationship
Reason for separation

1. For one’s behaviour

2. Both should remain unaffected

Mahabharata King - Dhritarashtra
3. Nepotism and Favouritism

4. Society tends to judge people separately

5. Prevent conflict of interests

6. Public relations at times complicated and

intense
Problems with separation:

1. Not feasible

2. May not be always desirable

3. Not manageable

4. Not separable
Effect of public relationship on private relationship on
private relationship: Positive impact

1. Inspiration

2. Value

3. Humane
Effect of public relationship on private relationship on
private relationship: Negative impact

1. Spill over

2. Time management
Effect of private relationship on public relationship
Positive:

1. Interpersonal relations

2. Positive Mood
Effect of private relationship on public relationship
Negative:

1. Stress

2. Prejudice
Common Ethics in public and private relationship

1. Honesty

2. Interpersonal factors

3. Accountability

4. Compassion
 Lessons learned from great leaders

1. Courage

2. Humility
3. Justice

4. Selflessness
5. Compassion

6. Respect
7. Peace

8. Integrity
Q. Which eminent personality has inspired you the most in the
context of ethical conduct in life? Give the gist of his/her teachings
giving specific examples, describe how you have been able to apply
these teachings for your own ethical development. (2014)

Q. Where there is righteousness in the heart, there is beauty in the

character. When there is beauty in the character, there is harmony
in the home. When there is harmony in the home, there is order in
the nation. When there is order in the nation, there is peace in the
world.” – A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (150 words) (2019)
Ethics
Lec - 4
By: Siddharth Sir
 Syllabus
TOPIC I:
Ethics and Human interface:
1. Essence, Determinants and Consequences of Ethics in –
Human Actions
2. Dimensions of Ethics
3. Ethics – in Private and Public Relationships
4. Human Values – Lessons from the Lives and Teachings of
Great Leaders, Reformers and Administrators
5. Role of Family Society and Educational Institutions in
Inculcating Values
 Human Values
Values:
• Qualities that are important to us
• Benchmarks or standards on which the desirability of an action is
measured
• Basic beliefs an individual holds to be true
• Vary from person to person
• Relatively stable after certain age and difficult to change
• Examples: Honesty, Empathy
• “Values may be defined as socially approved desires and goals
that are internalized through the process of conditioning, learning
or socialization” - Radhakamal Mukherjee
Features of Values:
1. motivates a person directly or indirectly to act in the most
desirable manner
2. powerful force affecting behaviour
3. give direction and firmness to life and bring joy, satisfaction
and peace to life
4. essential constituents of civilization
5. indication of our character and determine our moral and
ethical choices
6. Primarily values are learned at home but in due course they
will change according to their experiences
Parameters of
‘Morals’ ‘Values’
Comparison
aspect of one’s behavior that aspect of behavior that helps an
Definition provides the ability to judge the individual to motivate him or herself to
wrongs and the rights work accordingly.
like intuitions that may or may not
help an individual to gain social
Characteristic help an individual to gain importance
acceptance and importance.
and social acceptance.
expressed in varied forms and
usually seen in the form of
Expression therefore its expression is abstract.
statements and general rules.

usually influenced and

usually inherent and no major factors
overpowered by several factors
influence them. They are solely
Influenced by such a religion, society, work
dependent on an individual’s behavior.
culture, etc.

largely affected by the

Prone to surroundings and prone to change they tend to remain the same for a
change once the surroundings of any longer period in an individual’s life
individual change.
Some of the widely known good values of the individuals are as
follows:

1. Love animals

2. Respect your family

3. Aim high and work hard for your

dream
 GOD AND
RELIGION

FAMILY CONSCIENCE

Factors that play

role in inculcating
values

CIVIL
EDUCATION
SOCIETY

SOCIETY
Reasons for erosion of values:

1. Materialism

2. Vacuum in the social cohesion

and stability

3. Moral degradation
4. Disappearing sources of values

5. The failure of religious leaders

6. By standers apathy

7. Social media and its evil

Examples of Value Erosion:

1. Vaccine hoarding & booking beds in advance without need

during the COVID pandemic.

2. Chinese expansionism

3. Fake news and sensationalism

4. Drug Abuse

5. Disrespecting elders and women

Classification of values

1. Terminal:

• most important for an

individual

2. Instrumental:

• means to terminal value

Dharma, artha and karma are
instrumental values and
moksha is the terminal value
3. Intrinsic:

• Which has worth in its own

• It is an end in itself

• Truth, goodness, courage

4. Extrinsic:
• Can be used as means to
acquire other things that
have value
Intrinsic or Extrinsic?
5. Moral:
• promote right action

6. Immoral:
• Promote wrong action

7. Amoral:
• Nothing to do with morality
8. Political:
• Sum total of opinions on specific
political issue.

9. Social:
• Set of principles acceptable to the
society.

10. Economic:
• Focus on growth and expansion
11. Traditional

12. Modern values

• The two axes order the values into four quadrants and thus
characterise four different sets or types of value.
• The modern idealist values are dominant when people define
themselves through what they are and the way they live. They
typically support values like anti-authority, equality, tolerance,
individuality, self-realisation, altruism, and environmental
protection.
• The modern materialist values are dominant when people define
themselves through what they have, for example, material goods
or skills that give status and prestige. They support values like
risk, consumption, law contempt, non-religious, technology, and
hedonism.
• The traditional idealist values are dominant when people
define themselves as belonging to something larger, for
example, a nation, a church, or nature. They support values
like religion, rigidity, puritanism, law-abiding, rural, tradition,
investment, and security.

• The traditional materialist values are dominant when people

define themselves as belonging to a party, a worker’s union,
or a local place. They support values like rationality, prudence,
conformity, traditional gender roles, patriotism, authority,
industrialism, and a non-egalitarian attitude.
13. Universal

14. Subjective
Q. “The current internet expansion has installed a different set of cultural
values which are often in conflict with traditional values.” Discuss (2020)
Q. Some people feel that values keep changing with time and situation,
while others strongly believe that there are certain universal and eternal
human values. Give your perception in this regard with due justification.
(2013)
Q. What do you understand by ‘values’ and ‘ethics’? In what way is it
important to be ethical along with being professionally competent?
(2013)
Q. The crisis of ethical values in modern times is traced to a narrow
perception of the good life. Discuss. (2017)
Patriotism vs nationalism
Q. In the context of defence services, ‘patriotism’ demands
readiness to even lay down one’s life in protecting the
nation. According to you, what does patriotism imply in
everyday civil life? Explain with illustrations and justify your
answer. (2014)
 Values ETHICS
Ideals shared by groups/individuals Set of principles based on values of
about desirability of something society
They are inside us (intrinsic) Originate from outside the self and
Have to do with character of a person concern public life. Do not have to
do with character of a person

Difficulty to codify Can be codified

Helps in evaluating multiple choice of Prescribes the acceptable choice of
actions action
May not always have positive Constitute Positive values
connotations
Example: Adultery incoherent value Example: Taking bribe is unethical
system
 Values Virtues
Values are principles or standards Virtues are qualities that are
that are considered as important considered to be good or
or desirable. desirable in a person.
All values may not be desirable or Virtues have high moral values.
have moral goodness.
Values are subjective and personal Virtues are qualities that are
since an individual can decide universally accepted to have
what is important to him or her. high moral value.
Ethics, Morality and values
• All ethics and morals are values. All values are not ethics. Eg:
Bravery.
• It’s a value but not ethics. People who are not brave cannot be
considered as unethical.

• Ethics = Value: Punctuality is a value but also ethics in some

countries like Japan. Hard work is a values but not ethics.
Societal Ethics vs Personal values
Ethics
Lec - 5
By: Siddharth Sir
 Syllabus
TOPIC I:
Ethics and Human interface:
1. Essence, Determinants and Consequences of Ethics in –
Human Actions
2. Dimensions of Ethics
3. Ethics – in Private and Public Relationships
4. Human Values – Lessons from the Lives and Teachings of
Great Leaders, Reformers and Administrators
5. Role of Family Society and Educational Institutions in
Inculcating Values
Role of Family, Education and Society
in Inculcating values
 Importance of value inculcation
1. Values guide us towards ethical action
Values → Outlook → Attitude → Action
2. Values can make us compatible with the social system
3. Help us in building certain personality which defines us
4. Can be easily inculcated during childhood, can have lasting effect
throughout life
5. Hierarchy varies with person
(Loyalty to friend or duty towards job)
2. Higher the value in hierarchy greater the dissatisfaction on its
violation
Role of Family in imparting values
1. Child rearing practices: Contact comfort study

Harlow Experiment with

monkeys

2. Observational learning:
3. Role models:

4. Teachings:
5. Joint family:
Positives Negatives
• Cooperation • Less freedom of choice
• Sacrifice • Patriarchal mindset at times
• Care • Gender bias behaviour
• Tolerance • Religious bias
6. Social influence:

7. Reward and punishment:

8. Authority

9. Traditions and customs

10. Democratic decision making

Role of Educations institutes:
1. Curriculum:

2. Teaching tools: Technology, case studies, project work etc.

3. Visits and outings:

4. Disciplines:
5. Community Work: tree plantation events, cleaning drives and
community service for aged people in your near your localities.

6. Observation: behaviour of peers and teachers

7. Teachers as role models

8. Inculcating problem solving abilities

9. Scientificc temper development

Role of Society institutes:
1. Religion

2. Tradition and customs

3. Politics: inculcating values of liberty, democracy in youth

4. Economy

5. Media

6. Civil Society
7. Local community: Dongria Kond tribe of Odisha value

sacred Niyamgiri mountain

8. Leadership
9. Enforcement: use of censure and boycott

10. Credibility
Destructive role of society:
1. Increase in criminal activities

2. Heterogeneity

3. Orthodoxy

4. Corruption

5. Boomerang effect
Practice Question:
“In the modern world aesthetic senses, neighbourly relationship,
emotional quotient and spiritual values are swiftly declining. The
national goals, democracy, socialism and secularism are side-
tracked.” Express your opinion on the above statement and discuss
the role of educational institutions and society in inculcation of
values.
Ethics
Lec - 6
By: Siddharth Sir
 Syllabus
TOPIC II:
Attitude:
1. Content, structure and function of attitude
2. Its Influence and Relation with Thought and Behaviour
3. Moral and Political attitudes
4. Social influence and persuasion
 What is Attitude?

• Attitude is an evaluation people make towards persons,

objects, ideas or events (favour or disfavour).
• A predisposition to act, feel or think in particular way.
• Giving them like or dislike label favourable or unfavourable
outlook.
• It is not directly observable but inferred from reactions to
attitude objects.
Positive Attitude:
1. Being optimistic about situations, interactions, and yourself.
2. People with positive attitudes remain hopeful and see the best even
in difficult situations.
3. Tendency to focus on bright side
4. Example:
• Making best use of situation
• Seeing best in people
• Being creative
• Optimistic in finding solution
Negative Attitude:

1. Pessimistic about situations

2. Procrastinate and constantly worry

3. Compare themselves with others

4. Characteristics – Angry, frustrated, in doubt

Characteristics of Attitude

1. Learnt: it is learned and is not innate.

2. Abstract construction: tendency to evaluate things in a certain way.

3. Form of expression: favour or disfavour towards a person, place,

thing or event.

4. Not constant: can vary from time to time.

5. An attitude is a summary of a person’s

experience
Attitude Develops through:
1. Socialization:

a) Direct:
• Self experience
• Resistant to change

a) Indirect:

• Media
• Significant others – developing
stereotypes
2. Parenting:
3. Culture:

4. Socio-economic condition:
Theories for formation of Attitude:
a) Classical/Pavlovian Conditioning: It involves pairing a previously
neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit
conditioned response.
b) Instrumental conditioning: According to this theory, positive
outcomes strengthen behaviours while negative outcome
supresses them.
c) Observational learning: This theory says that a person modifies
his behaviour/thought by observing the rewards or
punishments that others get

d) Genetic factors: It plays important role in shaping some

attitudes than others.
c) Modeling: Imitating behaviour of famous people or those who
are admired

d) Social comparison theory: Attitudes held by others are

reinforced
c) Feel good factor:

d) Functionalist theory: Attitudes change when they no longer

serve any functions.
Question:
Q. A positive attitude is considered to be an essential characteristic of
a civil servant who is often required to function under extreme stress.
What contributes a positive attitude in person.? (150 words, 2020).
Q. Our attitudes towards life, work, other people and society are
generally shaped unconsciously by the family and social
surroundings in which we grow up. Some of these unconsciously
acquired attitudes and values are often undesirable in the citizens
of modern democratic and egalitarian society.
(a) Discuss such undesirable values prevalent in today’s educated
Indians.
(b) How can such undesirable attitudes be changed and socio-
ethical values be cultivated in the aspiring and serving civil
servants? (2016)
 Explicit attitude Implicit attitude
A person is aware of his attitudes A person in unaware of implicit
belief
It is formed consciously It is subconscious attitude
It is less spontaneous. It is more spontaneous
It reflects values, beliefs and It reflects experiences based on
desired responses. social conditioning

Example- positive attitude towards Example- positive attitude

a product because it was towards products used by
manufactured in an environment parents during childhood days.
friendly manner
 Opinion Attitude
It is the expression of It is predisposition to act in a
judgement. certain way
It is restricted to verbal Attitude is inferred from both
expression, spoken or written. verbal & non-verbal
expressions
Opinion is generally advisable in It is related to more to self like or
nature to others dislike towards person, place,
environment, etc.
Example- An author expressing Example-The author having positive
positive opinion on democracy attitude about democracy by
through an article. studying various forms of
government.
 Belief Attitude
Deep seated cognitive idea that is Individual’s inclination to react
held to be true even though it may to certain degree
or may not be correct
It can arise from past experience, It arises out of values and
cultural & societal norms or beliefs, we hold internally
education.
Changing belief can change Changing attitude can also lead
attitude. to change in belief
Example- A person may have belief Example- The person will
in a particular God. regularly pay obeisance to that
God.
 Values Attitude
Decide what we think is right or Determine general likes and
wrong or worth doing dislikes
Acquired after substantial Change is possible
investment of time and energy;
Almost permanent in nature
Values are derived from conscience, Built upon beliefs, values,
family, education, religion, society feelings and personal
and cultural norms experiences
Example- Cleanliness and Example-positive attitude
maintaining good health towards eating nutritious food,
physical exercise
Attitude Content:

1. Cognitive Component: Your thoughts and beliefs about the

subject
2. Affective Component: How the object, person, issue, or event
makes you feel.
3. Behavioral Component: How attitude influences your behavior
Affective Component Cognitive Component

Behavioural
Component
 Ethics
Lec – 7
(Attitude Part II)

By: Siddharth Sir

 Syllabus
TOPIC II:
Attitude:
1. Content, structure and function of attitude
2. Its Influence and Relation with Thought and Behaviour
3. Moral and Political attitudes
4. Social influence and persuasion
 What is Attitude?

• Attitude is an evaluation people make towards persons,

objects, ideas or events (favour or disfavour).
• A predisposition to act, feel or think in particular way.
• Giving them like or dislike label favourable or unfavourable
outlook.
• It is not directly observable but inferred from reactions to
attitude objects.
Positive Attitude:
1. Being optimistic about situations, interactions, and yourself.
2. People with positive attitudes remain hopeful and see the best even
in difficult situations.
3. Tendency to focus on bright side
4. Example:
• Making best use of situation
• Seeing best in people
• Being creative
• Optimistic in finding solution
Negative Attitude:

1. Pessimistic about situations

2. Procrastinate and constantly worry

3. Compare themselves with others

4. Characteristics – Angry, frustrated, in doubt

Characteristics of Attitude

1. Learnt: it is learned and is not innate.

2. Abstract construction: tendency to evaluate things in a certain way.

3. Form of expression: favour or disfavour towards a person, place,

thing or event.

4. Not constant: can vary from time to time.

5. An attitude is a summary of a person’s

experience
Attitude Develops through:
1. Socialization:

a) Direct:
• Self experience
• Resistant to change

a) Indirect:

• Media
• Significant others – developing
stereotypes
2. Parenting:
3. Culture:

4. Socio-economic condition:
Theories for formation of Attitude:
a) Classical/Pavlovian Conditioning: It involves pairing a previously
neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit
conditioned response.
b) Instrumental conditioning: According to this theory, positive
outcomes strengthen behaviours while negative outcome
supresses them.
c) Observational learning: This theory says that a person modifies
his behaviour/thought by observing the rewards or
punishments that others get

d) Genetic factors: It plays important role in shaping some

attitudes than others.
c) Modeling: Imitating behaviour of famous people or those who
are admired

d) Social comparison theory: Attitudes held by others are

reinforced
c) Feel good factor:

d) Functionalist theory: Attitudes change when they no longer

serve any functions.
Question:
Q. A positive attitude is considered to be an essential characteristic of
a civil servant who is often required to function under extreme stress.
What contributes a positive attitude in person.? (150 words, 2020).
Q. Our attitudes towards life, work, other people and society are
generally shaped unconsciously by the family and social
surroundings in which we grow up. Some of these unconsciously
acquired attitudes and values are often undesirable in the citizens
of modern democratic and egalitarian society.
(a) Discuss such undesirable values prevalent in today’s educated
Indians.
(b) How can such undesirable attitudes be changed and socio-
ethical values be cultivated in the aspiring and serving civil
servants? (2016)
 Explicit attitude Implicit attitude
A person is aware of his attitudes A person in unaware of implicit
belief
It is formed consciously It is subconscious attitude
It is less spontaneous. It is more spontaneous
It reflects values, beliefs and It reflects experiences based on
desired responses. social conditioning

Example- positive attitude towards Example- positive attitude

a product because it was towards products used by
manufactured in an environment parents during childhood days.
friendly manner
 Opinion Attitude
It is the expression of It is predisposition to act in a
judgement. certain way
It is restricted to verbal Attitude is inferred from both
expression, spoken or written. verbal & non-verbal
expressions
Opinion is generally advisable in It is related to more to self like or
nature to others dislike towards person, place,
environment, etc.
Example- An author expressing Example-The author having positive
positive opinion on democracy attitude about democracy by
through an article. studying various forms of
government.
 Belief Attitude
Deep seated cognitive idea that is Individual’s inclination to react
held to be true even though it may to certain degree
or may not be correct
It can arise from past experience, It arises out of values and
cultural & societal norms or beliefs, we hold internally
education.
Changing belief can change Changing attitude can also lead
attitude. to change in belief
Example- A person may have belief Example- The person will
in a particular God. regularly pay obeisance to that
God.
 Values Attitude
Decide what we think is right or Determine general likes and
wrong or worth doing dislikes
Acquired after substantial Change is possible
investment of time and energy;
Almost permanent in nature
Values are derived from conscience, Built upon beliefs, values,
family, education, religion, society feelings and personal
and cultural norms experiences
Example- Cleanliness and Example-positive attitude
maintaining good health towards eating nutritious food,
physical exercise
Attitude Content:

1. Cognitive Component: Your thoughts and beliefs about the

subject
2. Affective Component: How the object, person, issue, or event
makes you feel.
3. Behavioral Component: How attitude influences your behavior
Affective Component Cognitive Component

Behavioural
Component
Functions of Attitude:

1. Object appraisal function:

• Whether object is beneficial or harmful
• Strong, repetitive in nature
• Easy to retrieve from memory

2. Utilitarian/Instrumental function:
• To maximise rewards
• Minimize punishments
• Satisfy self needs
3. Knowledge function:
• It enables one to understand the
environment and be consistent in one’s
ideas and thinking.

4. Ego defensive function:

• Externalization, Justify actions
• Defending self against inner conflicts
1. Denial
2. Repression
3. Projection
4. Rationalize
5. Value expressive function:
• helps to demonstrate one’s self-
image to others
• expresses our basic values

6. Function of Decision making:

• facilitates decision making
7. Social Adjustment function:
• Like popular objects
• Dislike unpopular places

8. Social identity function:

• displaying the information of attitude
of an individual to others.
Attitude and Behaviour:
• Good predictor of behaviour
• Cannot pinpoint the exact behaviour
and can be inconsistent

• Change in behaviour can change

attitude
Variables which determine the degree to which attitude infuences
behaviour:

1. Attitude Strength:
• involves dimensions such as
certainty, intensity & extremity,
attitude origin etc.
• Strong attitude is often related to
important values.
• Repetitive expression makes it
stronger
2. Attitude Consistency:
• If cognitive and affective component
both are aligned, more likely to be
reflective in behaviour.

3. Attitude ambivalence:
• attitude towards attitude object can
be often mixed.
• It consists of both positive and
negative reactions.
4. Attitude accessibility:
• ease with which attitude can be
retrieved from memory.

5. Quality of situation:
• Driven by norms of situation
• How people think others expect
them to behave
6. Vested interest:
• Higher the interest of holder, higher
chances of translation into actions.

7. Time pressure:
• Time constraints make people act on
their thumb rules
Cognitive Dissonance:

• When person holds two or more

logically contradictory beliefs
Behaviour guiding and influencing the Attitude:
Lapiere Study (1930s):

• Professor of Sociology at Stanford

university.
• Article “Attitude vs Action”
• Conclusion: the study was seminal in
establishing gap between attitude
and behaviour
Moral Attitude:
• Based on the moral conviction of what is
right and wrong
• Associated with strong emotions.
• Activities like altruism, volunteerism, social
service etc. emanates from moral attitude.
• On the negative side, moral attitude can be
used to justify violent acts of terrorism.
• It is shaped by family, society, religion,
education, experience etc.
Moral Attitude characteristics:
• Stronger and more resistant to change
• More accessible in memory
• Experienced with greater sense of
importance.
• Encourage quick and intuitive judgements
• Associated with greater emotional arousal
when violated
• Personal and vary from person to person
Political Attitude:
• It refers to the attitude of a person or group towards
persons/institutions/events/issues related to political ideology.
• How people evaluate the political objects such as state, citizenship,
Constitution, laws, government and political parties.
Factors which affect our political attitude:

1. Religion

2. Age

3. Economic status

4. Family
5. Education

6. Caste

7. Ethnicity

8. Social media
 Major types of political ideologies

1. Anarchism 5. Conservatism

2. Authoritarianism 6. Environmentalism

3. Communism 7. Feminism

4. Liberalism 8. Fascism and Nazism

Changing political attitude:

1. Mobility: Geographical and social

2. Media Penetration

3. Literacy

4. National issues: Example Corruption

5. College politics rising

6. Large number of first time voters

7. Gender and religion

Social Attitude:
• It is behaviour pattern, a conditioned response or anticipatory tendency
towards a social stimulus.

Attitude towards the weaker sections:

• A positive attitude towards poverty,
deprivation, discrimination etc. implies
empathy and caring nature of the
person
• It signifies compassion towards the
weaker and marginalised section
Significance for civil servant:
1. Compassionate attitude towards the weaker section
2. Tolerance
3. Aware of the fundamental rights of the citizens
4. He should work in the spirit of Sarvoday through Antyodaya.
5. proactive attitude of empathy towards the weaker sections.
6. Avoid the risks of stereotyping individuals and harbouring prejudices.

Daliya Jalao: Liberating Manual Scavengers And Moving

Towards Total Sanitation (District Budaun)

Amit Gupta (IAS)

 Stereotype Prejudice
It is a thought about a person or It is attitude and feelings about
group of people. a person or group
It is both positive and negative. It is negative attitude.
Example- Stereotype about Indian Example- Prejudice against the
community in America that they are black community in America
intelligent and good in maths. that they are drug addict.
 Democratic Attitude Bureaucratic attitude
It is based on participatory, It reflects hierarchical discipline,
humanistic and flexible approaches implicit obedience to orders,
and on bottom-up decision making top-down instructions, and rule
bound approaches

It promotes the active participation It is rigid; hence public service

of people delivery may not be effective

Based on the values of Based on Objectivity and

Transparency, Inclusiveness Neutrality

Example- Institutions for public Example- quicker decision

service delivery like banks and PDS making, national security and
shop requires democratic attitude. Sovereignty of the country there
is Need of bureaucratic attitude
Question:
Q. Young people with ethical conduct are not willing to come forward
to join active politics. Suggest steps to motivate them to come
forward. (150 words, 2017)

Q. What factors affect the formation of a person's attitude towards

social problems? In our society, contrasting attitudes are prevalent
about many social problems. What contrasting attitudes do you notice
about the caste system in our society? How do you explain the
existence of these contrasting attitudes? (150 words, 2014)
Social Influence:
• It refers to how individual thoughts, actions and feelings are influenced
by social groups.
Ways in which individuals respond to social influences are:
1. Compliance:
• Result of direct request made
• Change in behaviour only and not in attitude

2. Obedience:
• Change in behaviour due to the rules and
orders.
• May or may not result in attitude change
Milgram’s Experiment on Obedience
3. Conformity:
• The change in beliefs, opinions and behaviour as a result of
our own perceptions
• Changes because of “pressure” from the society
• This can be real pressure or self perceived

Cognitive goal + Affective goal

TYPES OF SOCIAL INFLUENCE:

1. Informational influence

2. Normative Influence:
• Public conformity
• Superficial change in behaviour
Majority influence vs Minority influence
Characteristics of social situation which determines the
effectiveness of social influence:

1. The size of Majority

2. The unanimity of the majority
3. The importance of the task
4. Social power:
a) Reward
b) Coercive
c) Legitimate
d) Referent power
e) Expert power
Legitimate power Expert power

Reward power
Referent power
5. Personality differences

6. Gender differences

Psychological reactance: It is a state when individual feel their

freedom is being threatened by influencing attempts, leading to
selective avoidance
PERSUASION:
• It is an attempt to change a person’s attitude.
• It is done using logic, reasoning and emotional appeal
• It is receiver centric exercise
Aristotelian model of persuasion
Four things are important in persuasion:

1. The source (Persuader)

2. The message
3. The audience
4. Channel/Medium
1. Source Credibility:
• A source can be credible because he is expert and can be
trusted.
• To access credibility, Following things are important i.e.
a. Expertness (judged by the knowledge potential of source)
b. Trustworthiness (judged by finding out whether the source
has a vested interest
Yudhishtir trustworthiness-

Ashwathaama dead (Elephant)

Source Likeability:
• The primary factors that decide the attractiveness of the source
include physical features:
i. Communicative
ii. Versatility
iii. Attitudinal Similarity
2. The message:
• To be presented in vivid language and backed by data
• Establishes a common ground with target people
3. The Audience:
• Individuals are presented with logical arguments supported by
relevant facts, they are likely to be persuaded.
a. High IQ group: both pros and cons
b. Low IQ group: No. of arguments matters
c. Low self esteem: can be easily convinced
d. High self esteem: may argue, use distractions
e. Reference groups: Middle class follow upper class
(Bandwagon effect)
4. The Channel:
• Use appropriate channel of communication.
• Eg: Use of Street play is more effective to convey message on
social issues in the Villages.
FUNCTIONS OF PERSUASION:

1. Weaken the current attitude

2. Minimise resistance

3. Change attitude

4. Intensify attitude

5. Gain behaviour
HOW TO MAKE PERSUASION EFFECTIVE?

1. Establish a positive rapport

2. Emphasize the advantages
3. Storytelling
4. Turn objections into opportunities
5. Commitment
6. Reciprocity
7. Scarcity
8. Bandwagon effect
9. Social influence / Peer Pressure
10. Praise
Robert Cialdini’s principles
WAYS TO RESIST PERSUASION:

1. Attitude inoculation

2. Forewarned

3. Boomerang effect

4. Reactance
Question:
Q. How could social influence and persuasion contribute to the
success of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan? (150 words, 2016).
Ethics
Lec - 8
By: Siddharth Sir
 Syllabus
TOPIC III:
Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service:
1. Aptitude
2. Integrity
3. Impartiality and non-partisanship
4. Objectivity
5. Dedication to public service
6. Empathy, tolerance, and compassion towards the weaker
sections of the society
 What is Aptitude?

• Refers to the natural or acquired abilities that indicate an

individual’s ability to develop proficiency in certain areas.
• It indicates an individual’s i.e. potentialities for future.
• It can be improved through training (formal intervention), but
improvement may have limitation.
• Warren’s Dictionary of Psychology “Aptitude is a condition or a set of
characteristics regarded as symptomatic of an individual’s ability to
acquire with training some (usually specified) knowledge skill, or set
of response as such the ability to speak a language, to produce music
etc.”

Howard C. Warren
Categorisation of Aptitude:

1. Physical aptitude

2. Mental aptitude: E.g. a civil servant is required

to have mental ability, magnanimity, rationality,
compassion etc.
Characteristics of Aptitude:
1. Varies from person to person

2. Mostly an inborn potential (innate)

Practice

3. Can bee seen in terms of three components

• Intellectual
• Physical
• Motivational
4. Varies from task to task

5. Difficult to nurture and develop it:

(PABT – Pilot aptitude battery test)

6. Aptitude is different from Ability

 Attitude Aptitude
It is positive or negative or indifferent It is competency to do certain kind of
feeling towards a person, object, event work.
or idea.
It defines how do you work or proceed It defines how much potential do
towards a goal. you have to learn specific skills to
achieve a goal.
Associated with character or virtues and Associated with competence or
can be negative, positive or neutral. talent, e.g. quantitative aptitude,
mental aptitude etc.
Largely mental Mental as well as physical
It is related with existing abilities and It is the potential ability to acquire
skills with certain perceptions skills, abilities and knowledge.
Relatively permanent Changed and developed
Components of attitude include Components of aptitude include
cognitive, affective and behavioural. attitude, skills, knowledge.
Desirable APTITUDE for a Civil Servant:
1. Communication skills: need to have good
communication and interpersonal skills.

2. Stewardship: effective manager and

responsible protector of state resources.
Eg: Rahul kumar (IAS) in Purnea Bihar
district.
3. Leadership skills: J Meganatha Reddy,
district collector in Tamil Nadu started
Project Udhayam to build toilets for
differently-abled persons in their homes.

4. Professionalism: Initiative- DEBO NA NEBO NA “ An Anti-Corruption

Movement along with Mobile Phone Application by the District
Administration Cachar, Silchar.
5. Persuasive skills: Kiran Naik, a government college lecturer in
Andhra Pradesh, visits remote villages and persuades parents to get
their children educated

6. Innovation: The authorities in East Kameng District of Arunachal

Pradesh roped in religious leaders, NGOs and local influencers to
counter vaccine hesitancy

7. Adaptability: because of focus on e-governance and ever-changing

nature of digital world.
8. Inclusivity: Chhattisgarh police inducted transgender persons as
Constables in the State Police Force.

9. Optimism: brings positivity and self-

confidence in them

Eg: ‘Lunch With Collector’ initiative by IAS

Officer Saurabh Kumar in Dantewada counters
the problems by helping local students to make
right career choice.
Aptitude And Intelligence:
• Intelligence is generic and refers to a broad range of mental abilities, such
as comprehension etc.
• Aptitude has narrow scope involving personal strengths & weaknesses and
reflects specialised nature of that intelligence that is directed towards
something.
• Example: Two people may have same intelligence quotient (IQ) but may
have different aptitude, i.e. one to become doctor and another to become
engineer.
Aptitude And Skill:
• Aptitude is raw native talent that can be worked upon.
• Skill is acquired through training and constantly upgraded.
• Aptitude is not skill but what is already there that can be nurtured.
• Example:
Aptitude And interest:
• Interest is an individual’s preference for engaging in one or more
specific activities relative to others
• aptitude is the potential to perform that activity.
Aptitude And Value:
• In ethical perspective, aptitude represents desired value in a
person with respect to a specific requirement.
• Civil servants should have a some foundational values on which
they could evaluate things.

These values :
• Can be used to judge things.
• They can be goal oriented i.e social, political and economic justice.
• Means oriented i.e. empathy, integrity, discipline, impartiality etc.
Nolan committee:
 INTEGRITY
• Latin adjective "integer", meaning whole or complete
• The practice of being honest and showing a consistent and
uncompromising adherence to strong moral and ethical principles
and values
• When the individual's actions, beliefs, methods, measures and
principles all derive from a single core group of values.
 Honesty Integrity
Honesty is merely being truthful or Integrity is about consistency in
standing by what one says. conduct governed by an active
adherence to one’s values and
promises
Honesty without integrity is Integrity without honesty is not
possible. possible.
Deals with words Deals with action
Example: Honesty means a person Example: Integrity demands
can lie and be honest when he says that a person should not lie at
he lied first place and show high
standard of behaviour.
It is a four-step process:
1. Choosing a right course of conduct

2. Acting consistently with that choice, even if that is inconvenient

3. Openly declaring where one stands

4. The results of one’s actions

Integrity includes:
1. Soundness of moral principles

2. Uprightness

3. Honesty and sincerity

4. Synchronisation between one’s thought, speech and action

5. Loyalty to rational principles

TYPES OF INTEGRITY:
1. Moral integrity:
• It refers to consistency and honesty in the application of
standards of morality or right and wrong
• used for judging others as well as ourself
• Unconditional commitment to values like honesty, kindness,
trust, compassion, empathy, generosity, love, courage, justice
etc.
2. Intellectual integrity:
• as recognition of the need to be true to one's own thinking and
to hold oneself to the same standards one expects others to
meet.
• It requires one to overcome self-deception and temptation and
act in accordance with one’s truthful conscience.
3. Professional integrity:
• It refers to acting in accordance with professional values,
standards and norms with consistency and willingness; even in
the face of criticism or allurements.
 Second ARC on integrity

A Person must not A Person must

• Misuse official positions by using • Fulfil his duties and obligations

information acquired in the responsibly.

course of his duties. • Act professionally and retain

• Accept gifts or hospitality which public confidence

might compromise his • Public resources are used

judgements. efficiently.

• Disclose information without the • Be transparent and open in his

authority public dealings.

• Comply with law and uphold the
administrative justice
• Padma Bhushan awardee Shri P.S. Appu, former Chief
Secretary of Bihar.
• He joined the Indian Administrative Service in 1951.
• He voluntarily retired from service in 1982 while
holding the post of Director of the National Academy
of Administration, Mussoorie on finding that the
then govt. was not willing to punish a trainee guilty
of reprehensive conduct.
• That led to such an uproar in Parliament that the
Prime Minister (Indira Gandhi) had to overrule the
Home Minister (Swaran Singh) and announced
dismissal of the guilty trainee officer from the IAS.
Questions:
Q. One of the tests of integrity is complete refusal to be compromised.
Explain with reference to a real life example. (150 Words) (2017)

Q. “Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, but knowledge

without integrity is dangerous and dreadful.” What do you understand
by this statement? Explain your stand with illustrations from modern
day context. (150 Words) (2014)
 Impartiality
• refers to the fact of not supporting one person or a group more
than the other.
• It holds that decisions should be based on objective standards,
instead of on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the
advantage to one person or another for unsuitable reason
Significance of Impartiality:
1. Civil Servant is able to take the right action when he/she is free
from any type of religious, political or social prejudices; upholds
impartiality
2. In the appraisal of subordinates, evaluation; review of schemes,
programs; action taken report, impartiality helps Civil Servants to
present true picture which is ultimately helpful for the welfare of
the public
3. Impartiality helps to uphold Equality, Liberty, Fraternity; thinking
about the marginalized section as much as about the rich ones.
4. Creation of positive & conducive work culture
5. Keeping oneself free from nepotism, political-corporate
nexus; corruption.
Two levels:
1. Political impartiality: It implies serving governments of different
political persuasions equally well, irrespective of civil servant’s own
personal opinion.

2. Public impartiality: It implies that a civil servant carries out his

responsibilities in fair, just, objective and equitable manner
without discriminating against a particular individual or interest.
 Non-Partisanship
• To do his task without any fear of, or favour to any political party.
• The values of the administrator will flow from the constitution not
from the philosophy of any political party.
• Although the primary concern for the public service is “political
partisanship”, other types of partisanships such as support for an
interest group etc. are also included in this.
• Example:
1. TN Seshan is remembered for his non-partisan role as Chief
Election Commissioner.
2. Former President of India, Mr. K. R. Narayanan underscored
his non-partisanship by declining the United Front Prime
Minister’s recommendations to dismiss the BJP
government of UP.
Method to Ensure:
1. The Central Civil Services Conduct Rules, 1964 and All India
Services Conduct Rules 1968 - which stipulate certain guidelines
for the Civil servant to perform the duty with full devotion; and
shall not adopt dilatory tactics in their dealings with the public.

2. Code of Ethics, 1997- It was the first initiative to introduce the

code of ethics for public servants in India, which was considered
a step towards better governance.
 Non partisanship Impartiality
• It is a kind of attitude • It is a kind of behaviour in a
• It deals with relationship of civil particular situation
servants with political executives • It deals with relationship of civil
and thus a narrower concept. servants not only with political
• It is political neutrality. executives, but people as well
and thus a broader concept.
Case Study Ethics
(GS- IV)

By: Siddharth Sir

Case Study 1:
Suppose you are an officer in charge of implementing a social service scheme to provide
support to old and destitute women. An old and illiterate woman comes to you to avail the
benefits of the scheme. However, she has no documents to show that she fulfils the eligibility
criteria. But after meeting her and listening to her you feel that she certainly needs support.
Your enquiries also show that she is really destitute and living in a pitiable condition. You are
in a dilemma as to what to do. Putting her under the scheme without necessary documents
would clearly be violation of rules. But denying her the support would be cruel and inhuman.
(2016)
(a) Can you think of a rational way to resolve this dilemma?
(b) Give your reasons for it.
Case Study 2:
There is a disaster prone state having frequent landslides, forest fires, cloudbursts, flash
floods and earthquakes, etc. Some of these are seasonal and often unpredictable. The
magnitude of the disaster is always unanticipated.
During one of the seasons a cloudburst caused a devastating floods and landslides leading to
high casualties. There was major damage to infrastructure like roads, bridges and power
generating units. This led to more than 100000 pilgrims, tourist and other locals trapped
across different routes and locations.
The people trapped in your area of responsibility includes senior citizens, patients in
hospitals, women and children, hiker, tourist, ruling parties, regional presidents along with
his family, additional chief secretary of the neighboring state and prisoners in jail.
As a civil services officer of the state, what would be the order in which you would rescue
these people and why? Give Justifications (20 Marks) (200 Words) (2015)
Case Studies:
• Stories

• Realistic, Complex, Contextually rich situations

• Involve dilemma, conflict or problem

• Fact based ----> Possible outcomes

• One Central decision point, dilemma or angle

• Role of decision making

• Clear and Concise

“Case Studies would test the candidate’s attitude and approach

to issues relating to integrity, probity in public life and his

problem solving approach to various issues and conflict faced by

him/her in dealing with society”

Case Studies importance:
• Bridge gap between academy and the workplace
• Checks your ability to interpret things
• Ensure accurate judgment of the personality of the candidate
• Suitability to the administrative job
• Presence of mind to seek right solution
• Creativity and innovativeness
• Checks emotional intelligence
• Awareness of social issues
• Decision making skill
• Leadership skill
• Understanding different perceptions
Attributes of Good Answer:
1. Flexibility

2. Objective and problem solving approach

3. More Practical approach

4. Ethical Considerations
5. Personal biases

6. Justification
7. Taking stand on ethical ground

8. Framework
Different ethical approach:
1. Utilitarian approach

2. Right Approach
3. Justice Approach

4. Common good approach

5. Virtue Approach

6. Gandhi’s Talisman

7. Kant’s Categorical imperative

8. Profession based Approach

9. National Interest:
• Geo-political
• Economic
• Military
• Socio-cultural
• Science and tech
A. Case studies based on Public Sector Ethics:
• Legality and Rationality
• Responsibility and Accountability
• Work commitment
• Excellence
• Fusion of organisation and social goals
• Responsiveness
• Utilitarianism
• Compassion
• National Interest
• Transparency and Integrity
• Uniformity
Ethical dilemma:
• Integrity vs Personal and Social well being
• Truth vs Loyalty
• Justice vs Mercy
• Rule of law vs Compassion and Empathy
• Personal interest vs Public interest
B. Case studies based on Private Sector Ethics:
• Responsibility and Accountability towards the stakeholders
• Transparency and Disclosure
• Integrity, Loyalty and Honesty
• Commitment
• Responsiveness
• Quality of product and Services
• Excellence: Efficiency, Economy, Effectivenes
Ethical dilemma:
• Ethics vs Profitability
• Economy vs Ecology
• Professionalism vs Well being
C. Case studies based on Applied ethics:
1. Environment ethics:
• Ecology vs Economic development
• Profitability vs Sustainability
• Human centric vs Bio centric
2. Bioethics
3. Publication ethics
4. Media ethics
D. Case studies based on Individual Morality:
E. Case studies based on Society:
Ethical dilemma’s:
• Individual rights vs Social interest
• Equality vs Equity
• Criterion vs Fairness
• Traditional values vs Modern democratic values
F. Case studies based on International Ethics:
Ethical dilemma’s:
• Nationalism vs Internationalism
• Duty towards citizens vs towards humanity
• Patriotism vs Nationalism
• National Interest vs Universal values like Peace
G. Case studies based on Attitude Change:
Other Ethical dilemma’s:
• Honesty vs Political pressure
• Secrecy vs Transparency
• Means vs Ends
• External accountability vs Inner responsibility
• Swift response vs Following SOPs
General framework :

Introduction:
1. Recognise various ethical issues and various concerns
2. Understand various stakeholders
3. Ethical dilemma
4. Can include: Facts, Judicial judgement, Legislative Act,
Constitutional background etc.
Case Study:
Q. “Mr. X” commanding officer of an army battalion which has been posted in a
very remote area of Northern India. The area is very cold and terrain is very
difficult for survival. Above that consistent threats in that area is there from
the hostile neighbour. A case came up where a soldier from the unit has
posted some pictures and remarks on social media regarding the poor quality
of food served to them. As per the soldie, the food not only taste bad but is
also not enough to fulfill the nutritional requirement of soldiers.

The post has led to some serious criticism of army administration. It has also
been published by many national level media channels and newspapers.
Pressure is there on “Mr. X” as he is responsible for his battalion’s behaviour.
The initial enquiry suggests that the food served is indeed of bad quality.
Complaints have been registered but have not reached higher authority
because of poor communication setup.
a. What can be the repercussions of such incident from different
perspective
b. What Mr. X should do to resolve the situation in best possible manner.
Body:
1. Analysis from different perspectives
2. Write different opinion available to you
3. Write merits and demerits of different options
4. Write steps you can take to resolve the issue
Conclusion:
1. Making final decision
2. Give logic, emotion or reasoning behind your decision
3. Give immediate and long term solutions if possible
Case Study:
Parmal is a small but underdeveloped district. It has rocky terrain that is not suitable for
agriculture, though some subsistence agriculture is being done on small plots of land. The
area receives adequate rainfall and has an irrigation canal flowing through it. Amria, its
administrative centre, is a medium sized town. It houses a large district hospital, an Industrial
Training Institute and some privately owned skill training centres. It has all the facilities of a
district headquarters. A trunk railway line passes approximately 50 kilometres from Amria. Its
poor connectivity is a major reason for the absence of any major industry therein. The state
government offers a 10 years tax holiday as an incentive to new industry.

In 2010 Anil, an industrialist, decided to take benefits to set up Amria Plastic Works (APW) in
Noora village, about 20 km from Amria. While the factory was being built, Anil hired the
required key labour and got them trained at the skill training centres at Amria. This act of his
made the key personnel very loyal to APW.

APW started production in 2011 with the labour drawn fully from Noora village. The villagers
were very happy to get employment near their homes and were motivated by the key
personnel to meet the production targets with high quality. APW started making large
profits, a sizeable portion of which was used to improve the quality of life in Noora.
By 2016, Noora could boast of a greener village and a renovated village temple. Anil liaised with the
local MLA to increase the frequency of the bus services to Amria. The government also opened a
primary health care centre and primary school at Noora in buildings constructed by APW. APW used
its CSR funds to set up women’s self-help groups, subsidize primary education to the village children
and procure an ambulance for use by its employees and the needy.

In 2019, there was a minor fire in APW It was quickly extinguished as fire safety protocols were in
place in the factory. Investigations revealed that the factory had been using electricity in excess of its
authorized capacity. This was soon rectified. The next year, due to a nationwide lockdown, the
requirement of production fell for four months. Anil decided that all employees would be paid
regularly. He employed them to plant trees and improve the village habitat. APW had developed a
reputation of high-quality production and a motivated workforce.

Critically analyse the story of APW and state the ethical issues involved. Do you consider APW as a
role model for development of backward areas? Give reasons. (250 words, 20 marks 2020)
QUESTION:

There is an entrepreneur who has opened many factories in rural areas for the
manufacture of sanitary ware. His initiative is not only providing good employment
opportunities to rural people, but also affordable sanitary products which are
being used in construction of toilets. However, there are some cases of under
payment of wages and few cases of employment of children below 14 yrs. You are
labour enforcement officer of the area and in course of your routine inspection,
you noticed these discrepancies. In this context, answer the following
questions:
(250 words, 20 marks)
a. What are the options available to you?
b. Discuss the pros and cons of each option and finally choose the option which
you consider best with suitable justifications.
QUESTION:

As medical representative for a friend who is dying in a hospital, you are asked
whether you want life support machine removed or not. Your friend could live
indefinitely in coma with ventilator support, but would die within 24 hours
without it. Also, no improvement in his health has been seen in the last 10 days.
Hospital costs are Rs. 15000/day, which soon will become difficult to be paid.
You know that both you and several other friends are named in his will. Identify
the dilemma you are facing in this case and what will your course of action?

(250 words, 20 marks)

QUESTION:

You are the administrative head of a municipal corporation. A famous scientist,

leader and former President of India who's respected across all communities and is
an international figure has died recently. In the meeting of the municipal
corporation, a proposal has been raised to rename a road in the honor of this
personality. This road has already been named after a famous but allegedly despotic
king from the past who belonged to one of the minority communities of India and
many believe that he was against the religious sentiments of majority community of
India. The deceased personality belongs to the majority community.
However, this proposal has been condemned across many sections of the society for
different reasons. Usually only new roads and roads which don't have any specific
name are given new names. In such scenario, you have been asked to prepare a
report on various implications of renaming a road in the present context and give
suggestions in this regard. Analyze the various merits and demerits of such exercise
and explain what suggestions you will provide to the
corporation. (250 words, 20 marks)
QUESTION:

You are the regional head of a food and beverage company which has a huge brand
value and is operating in many countries for over many decades. One day, the
manager of your company's Quality Control Team visits you and informs that due to
some mechanical error, a toxic substance has been added to one of the food items
which have now been delivered to the retailers. This substance has been banned by
the food regulatory authority of the government, as it can have long term impact on
the health of people. If this news comes out in open, it will be a huge setback for the
brand and will bring embarrassment as well as strict government action against the
company.
Calling back the whole stock will also lead to huge losses. The food article in question
is fast selling and the present stock will not last for many days.
The decision and its responsibility are yours. Analyze the situation from different
perspective and explain what action you will take to come out with minimum
harm. (250 words, 20 marks)
QUESTION:

Rajeshvar works in a private company where chances of promotion and career

advancement are very limited. He has very good relations with his immediate boss and only
because of this; Rajeshvar along with few other colleagues has been invited for a dinner by
his boss. While having dinner, Rajeshvar saw that a girl of 9-10-year age is working in the
kitchen as a domestic help. Rajeshvar felt very bad and above this, his boss was not even
behaving well with that girl. He yelled at her for every mistake she made during the party.
Any action against the boss may ruin the chances of Rajeshvar to get promoted. What shall
he do in such a situation? The following are some suggested options. Please evaluate the
merits and demerits of each of the options:
I. Rajeshvar shall ignore what he saw and must concentrate on his career.
II. Take stern action against the boss and file a police complaint after warning him.
III. Advice boss in a polite manner that employing such a young girl is against law and
humanity
IV. Rajeshvar shall consult his other colleagues who are present in the party and take action
as per their advice.
Also please indicate (without necessarily restricting to the above options) what you would
like to advise ,giving proper reasons.
(300 words, 25 marks)
QUESTION:

You are in charge of rescue operations in a severely flood hit area. Thousands
of people are stranded in deep waters in their homes without food and
drinking water for 3-4 days. Because of rough topography and heavy rainfall,
the rescue operation is slow. When your men reach stranded people, they
heckle and assault your men out of anger. One of your team members is
severely injured in these fights. Your team members request you to call off
operation as they are scared of facing angry people and also, they are angry
about the behaviour of those stranded people. At the same time, media is
writing negative news about your efforts.
In such circumstances, how will you manage the situation? For a person in your
position. examine which qualities should be displayed during such situations?
(250 words, 20 marks)
Ethics
Lec - 9
By: Siddharth Sir
 Impartiality
• refers to the fact of not supporting one person or a group more
than the other.
• It holds that decisions should be based on objective standards,
instead of on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the
advantage to one person or another for unsuitable reason
Significance of Impartiality:
1. Civil Servant is able to take the right action when he/she is free
from any type of religious, political or social prejudices; upholds
impartiality
2. In the appraisal of subordinates, evaluation; review of schemes,
programs; action taken report, impartiality helps Civil Servants to
present true picture which is ultimately helpful for the welfare of
the public
3. Impartiality helps to uphold Equality, Liberty, Fraternity; thinking
about the marginalized section as much as about the rich ones.
4. Creation of positive & conducive work culture
5. Keeping oneself free from nepotism, political-corporate
nexus; corruption.
Two levels:
1. Political impartiality: It implies serving governments of different
political persuasions equally well, irrespective of civil servant’s own
personal opinion.

2. Public impartiality: It implies that a civil servant carries out his

responsibilities in fair, just, objective and equitable manner
without discriminating against a particular individual or interest.
 Non-Partisanship
• To do his task without any fear of, or favour to any political party.
• The values of the administrator will flow from the constitution not
from the philosophy of any political party.
• Although the primary concern for the public service is “political
partisanship”, other types of partisanships such as support for an
interest group etc. are also included in this.
• Example:
1. TN Seshan is remembered for his non-partisan role as Chief
Election Commissioner.
2. Former President of India, Mr. K. R. Narayanan underscored
his non-partisanship by declining the United Front Prime
Minister’s recommendations to dismiss the BJP
government of UP.
Method to Ensure:
1. The Central Civil Services Conduct Rules, 1964 and All India
Services Conduct Rules 1968 - which stipulate certain guidelines
for the Civil servant to perform the duty with full devotion; and
shall not adopt dilatory tactics in their dealings with the public.

2. Code of Ethics, 1997- It was the first initiative to introduce the

code of ethics for public servants in India, which was considered
a step towards better governance.
 Non partisanship Impartiality
• It is a kind of attitude • It is a kind of behaviour in a
• It deals with relationship of civil particular situation
servants with political executives • It deals with relationship of civil
and thus a narrower concept. servants not only with political
• It is political neutrality. executives, but people as well
and thus a broader concept.
 Neutrality
• Refers to not being biased in providing facts, feedbacks, opinions
etc. to the political executives
• diligently carrying out tasks ordered by the political executives,
irrespective of which political party is in power.
Types of Neutrality:
1. Passive neutrality: The civil servants will do anything that the
political executive orders, but then he may end up violating
some legal/constitutional provisions. Hence it is undesirable as
it leads to the idea of committed bureaucracy.

2. Active neutrality: Officer will do what Constitution, laws, rules

and office manuals say, without following any particular party.
Excess of this, sometimes might lead to civil services activism.
 Civil Service Activism
• It encompasses all or any essential proactive measures by civil
servants to convert the system into more transparent, people-
centric and efficient.
• They ensure the administration abides by the constitutional
values and established rules.
Activities such as-:
1. Organising regular public meetings by civil servants
2. Demanding public feedback
3. Disseminating awareness of public rights
4. Ensuring the standard of goods and services provided by the
Government
5. Vigilant functioning, monitoring and inspection
6. Taking rigorous stands against ministers, political chiefs, seniors
or colleagues’ decisions or actions that contradict their
constitutional duties and values.
Examples:
1. Vinod Rai, former CAG, spoke about the
irresponsible process of coal block allocations.

2. S Sasikanth Senthil, deputy commissioner of

Dakshina Kannada district in a statement issued
after his resignation said that he took the decision
as he felt it was unethical for him to continue in the
government “when the fundamental building blocks
of our diverse democracy are being compromised in
an unprecedented manner.”
Challenges to Neutrality:
1. Lack of independent institutions: transfers, posting and other
service conditions.
2. Secrecy
3. In-service and intra-service rivalry
4. Illegitimate Political agendas
5. Election and corruption
 OBJECTIVITY
• The decisions and actions should be based on observable
phenomena and should not be influenced by emotions, biases or
personal prejudices
Importance of objectivity: (by Nolan committee
and 2nd ARC):

1. Building consensus among stakeholders on

various issues.

2. Helps in maintaining situational awareness while

discharging duties.
3. To avoid interference of emotions into the
judgment.

4. Helps in taking right decisions when

confronted with ethical issues.

5. Helps in inculcating honesty and

impartiality among personnel.
 Objectivity must Objectivity must not
• Provide information and advice • Ignoring inconvenient facts or
based on evidences, presenting relevant considerations when
facts and options. providing advice or making
• Decision based on the merit. decisions.
• Taking due account of expert • Avoiding actions that flow from
and professional advice. the decisions taken.
• Objectivity is a mean value to achieve end value of equality.

• Empathy is targeted towards individual, while objectivity looks

at masses
HOW TO DEVELOP OBJECTIVITY?
1. Transparency

2. Information Management System: proper record and

documents of incidents, decisions, information etc.

3. Training

4. Critical thinking:
• 2013 Unnao (gold hunting)
5. Right to review decisions

6. Right to be heard
 Objectivity Neutrality (Passive neutrality

Based on strong evidence May or may not be based on evidence

(but based on political executive’s order)

Helps maintain equity and Sometimes, may have to implement

inclusivity appeasement policies of government,
despite knowing it

Will instill confidence in public and Impact particular section of the society
ensure public cooperation might not approach civil servants (facing
issues due to policies of the govt.)
Policies beneficial for larger Policies might find a backseat
sections of the society
Might lead to poor Ensures effective implementation of
implementation of policies in case policies
of civil servant’s disagreement
with the govt of the day.
Significance of objectivity for a public servant:
1. Decisions based on merits and facts
2. Leads to an impartial decision making
3. Ensuring efficient use of resources
4. Enhance the transparency in public domain.
 ANONYMITY
• “Anonymity is strength of civil servants Civil servants are like fourth
lion of the Ashoka emblem, which remains invisible “yet makes its
presence felt at all times.”: PM Modi

• It means that the civil servants work

from the behind the screen and
avoid media limelight and public
gaze.
 Should be concerned Should not be concerned
• motivation • divert them for some other
• acceptance and appreciation short-term goals and gains.
• favourable working environment • may lead to decisions in favour
among colleagues of public sentiments, ignoring
• brings courage and ensures • rationality, objectivity.
whistleblowing against corruption • ignorance of hierarchies and
• Perception management and disturbing the work culture.
information dissemination • dilute their neutrality and
expose them to vulnerabilities.
 TOLERANCE
• Tolerance refers to fair, objective and permissive attitude toward
those whose opinions, practices, race, religion, nationality etc. differ
from one's own.
• It is fostered by knowledge, openness, communication, and
freedom of thought, conscience and belief.
Role of Tolerance at different stages:

1. Individual Level

2. Societal Level
3. Government level

4. International Level
Significance of Tolerance:
1. Lasting peace in the societies
2. Upholds human rights, pluralism, democracy and rule of law
3. Enables new inventions and remove status quo in the society
4. Upholds moral worth of every individual
5. It accommodates people in society Eg: Acceptance of LGBTQ
6. Broadens the perspective of civil servants and upholds values like
justice, impartiality and objectivity, adapting and dedicating himself
to the service of people
7. Intolerance would breed injustice and violence
8. Courage to fight for others right
9. Better decision
Acceptance:
• Refers to the assent of an individual or group to the reality of a
situation or any condition (usually negative and unpleasant) and
recognising it without protest or trying to change it.
 Tolerance Acceptance
It is a permissive attitude towards It goes beyond tolerance and there is
differing opinion, attitude etc. and assent and recognition of differing
willingness to tolerate them opinion, attitude etc.
There is passive resignation and With acceptance, there is active effort
dislike may continue to exist to get rid of dislike
Akbar’s Ibadat Khana discussions The philosophy of Vasudhaiv
Kutumbakam
 EMPATHY

• It refers to the ability to imagine oneself

in another's place and understand the
others' feelings, desires, ideas and
actions.
• It is an act of perceiving, understanding,
experiencing and responding to the
emotional state and ideas of another
person.
Three ways of looking at empathy:
1. Affective empathy: The ability to share emotions of others.
2. Cognitive empathy: The ability to understand the emotions
of others.
3. Emotional empathy: The ability to regulate one’s emotions.
 Cognitive Empathy Emotional Empathy
• Taking another person's • Sharing an emotional
perspective experience
• Imagining what it's like in • Feeling distress in response to
another person's shoes someone's pain
• Understanding someone's • Experiencing a willingness to
feelings help someone
To become empathetic:
1. Active Listening skills
2. Recognize body language, facial expressions and tone of voice
3. Recognise unexpressed thoughts
4. Pick up signals
 COMPASSION

• Compassion is the understanding or empathy for the suffering of

others. More involved than simple empathy,
• It commonly gives rise to 'an active desire to alleviate others'
suffering’.

Empathy + Action = Compassion

Importance for civil servants:
1. Motivates them to help people and ensure welfare of people.
2. Improves attitude part of a civil servant with other positive traits
like generosity, kindness and understanding.
3. Efficient service delivery through people-centric, humane,
accommodative administration.
4. Responsive to the needs of citizens, especially those in distress.
5. Inculcates selflessness and spirit of service for country, society
and its people without any self-motive
 Ethics
Lec – 10
(EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE)

By: Siddharth Sir

 Syllabus
1. Emotions and Intelligence
2. Classification, characteristics and functions of emotions
3. Components of emotional intelligence
4. Importance of emotional intelligence
5. Challenges for development of emotional intelligence in
the administration
6. development of emotional intelligence
7. Criticism of emotional intelligence
8. Threat to emotional intelligence in present time
9. social intelligence
 EMOTIONS AND INTELLIGENCE

• Emotions are generally understood as intense feelings

• favourable or unfavourable
• directed at someone or something
 3 Key Elements of Emotions

• Subjective experience :

✓ Personal experience of emotions

that can vary

• Physiological response :

• For eg. shift in heartbeat

• Behavioural response:
• outward signs of internal reactions
 CLASSIFICATION OF EMOTIONS:

• Primary emotions
• direct emotional reactions to a situation
• Comes first

• Secondary emotion is an emotional response

to a primary emotion
• Positive emotions
• joy, interest, love etc
• pleasurable to experience

• Negative emotions
• we do not find pleasurable to experience
 CHARACTERISTICS OF EMOTIONS:
• Response to an event
• Example: A speedy car coming towards us
would increase our heartbeat and will cause fear.

• Motivation to take action

• Example: A person who have positive emotions
(liking) towards ice-cream will purchase it

• Role of sensations, thoughts: Emotions arise

out of our sensations, perceptions and
thoughts related to objects, persons and situations.
• Variation in intensity
• Example: Happiness can be experienced as pleasant and
contented at the lower end of the continuum whereas
excited and thrilled at the higher end of the continuum

• Desirable or undesirable
• Example: joy, love, interest etc. are positive and desired
emotions and anger, distress etc are negative emotions
 FUNCTIONS OF EMOTIONS:
• Intrapersonal functions
• guide our behaviour and make decisions
• Example: Happiness promotes creative thinking
and expands our focus to allow new ideas .

• Interpersonal functions
• serves as an indication or signal to others about how one
is feeling.
• Example: Showing sadness may stimulate others to show
empathy or sympathy
• Social and cultural functions
• help in construction and maintenance
of societies and cultures
• Example: Emotions such as trust often act as a social glue

• Decision making
• Emotions make decision making swifter as options
associated with strong negative emotions are eliminated
outright
• Example: When buying cloths, a person can reject
particular colours that he/she does not like.
 EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

Definition:
• ability of the individual to identify
one’s own emotions and those of
others apply them in thought and
action regulate and manage them

• It is critical to manage our behaviour

and decision making
Salovey and Mayer’s Four branches of EI
 COMPONENTS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
According to Daniel Goleman, five components of Emotional Intelligence are

• Self-awareness
• ability to form an accurate model of
oneself, knowledge of one's
strength and weaknesses
• Example: Sachin Tendulkar knew about his strength, i.e.
cricket rather than studies

• Self-regulation
• regulate one’s emotions, thoughts and behaviours
• Example: Due to self-regulation,
Gandhiji was able to handle the
situation after Chauri-Chaura
incident even after facing criticism
• Internal motivation
• finding internal reasons to work
beyond external rewards like money
and status
• Example: The COVID-19 pandemic has put enormous
stress on the doctors and they had to find internal
motivation for keep working for patient

• Empathy:
• ability to imagine oneself in another's place and
understand the others' feelings, desires, ideas and
actions
Example: Because of empathy,
Nelson Mandela was able to
recognise the common humanity in all people,
even in his enemies
• Social skills

• handling relationships and building social networks, and

the ability to find common ground and to build rapport

• Example: When an angry mob is protesting for justice for a

rape victim, a Civil Servant should be able to get hold of
public emotions and should be able to pacify them with
his/her words

• Example: Aligarh SSP Akash Kulhari walked unarmed into

the crowd of protestors and appealed to students to
remain peaceful while recognising their right to protest
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EQ AND IQ
Emotional Quotient Intelligence Quotient
Measure of person’s emotional Score derived from one of several
intelligence standardised tests designed to
assess an individual’s intelligence

person’s ability to perceive, control, abilities such as visual and spatial

evaluate and express emotions processing, knowledge of the
world, working memory etc
 Emotional Quotient Intelligence Quotient
A high EQ means someone is self- learn certain subjects very quickly
confident, self-aware and able to and make connections between
handle difficult emotional ideas that others miss
experiences

Example: It will help in developing Example: It will help to

consensus around any government understand the policy and
policy requirements
 IMPORTANCE OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
IMPORTANCE OF EI IN PERSONAL LIFE

• Conflict resolution
• handle difficult individuals, groups
of people, or tense situations with
diplomacy and tact

• Mental health
• helps to manage our stress,
depression and anxiety

• Decision making
• Positive mood and emotions
help in better decision making
• Optimism/Motivation:

• easily adapt to work environment

and navigate through occasional failures

• Personal growth
• emotionally intelligent people achieve better results in
personal and professional life

• Differentiate between needs and wants

IMPORTANCE OF EI IN CIVIL SERVICES/ADMINISTRATION

• Role clarity
• reduces role ambiguity and
intra-personal conflicts

• Emotionally Intelligent person is more likely to try new

things, take risks and face new challenges

• Better Decision making

• Better communication
• Emotionally Intelligent civil servant will be able to
communicate policies better
• will be able to foster a healthy relationship with
subordinates

• maintaining balance in life

• Stress Management
• Self-regulation

• Objectivity and impartiality

• Example: An emotionally
intelligent civil servant would
ensure that his/her religion,
caste, race, political affiliation etc. does
not influence his/her decision making
• Better targeting of policies
• Example: Armstrong Pame, understood the need of the people
and enabled construction of 100 km Peoples’ road in a historically
unconnected region using social donations and resources
collected

• Social skills
• Example: A civil servant high on emotional intelligence will be able
to solve difficult issues such as IAS Office OP Choudhary solved
the problem of lack of availability of skilled labour with education
initiative ‘Choo Lo Aasman
Q. “Max Weber said that it is not wise to apply to public
administration the sort of moral and ethical norms we apply to
matters of personal conscience. It is important to realize that the
state bureaucracy might possess its own independent bureaucratic
morality.” Critically analyse this statement. (2016)
CHALLENGES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN
THE ADMINISTRATION
• Work pressure
• Example: An army jawan was recently thrashed for not wearing
mask by Jharkhand police

• Cultural gap
• between the bureaucracy and public, which reduces the
empathy, understanding of the public among the bureaucracy
and increases the communication gap between them

• Use of technology
• A girl, Santoshi Kumari from Jharkhand died due to
starvation because of denial of ration as the family’s
ration card was not linked with Aadhar card
• Excessive anonymity and hierarchy
• Example: A government official can refuse to grant PDS
benefits to a destitute (eligible but lacking required
documents) by making an excuse over want of order from
higher officials

• Lack of training
• Indian bureaucracy is largely trained on the technical part of
the task but not on the emotional intelligence

• Also, there is reluctance/red tapism in changing the

curriculum of training
 DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN PERSONAL LIFE

• Practicing emotional self-control

• Example: While being angry, acting
in a mature way by looking
at larger picture

• Emotional expression
• Child-friendly procedures are incorporated in the POCSO
Act for making a child comfortable

• Self-evaluation
• It helps one to know one’s emotions
and reactions to different situations
• Observation:
• comprehend the feeling of others

• Improving communication
• Example: A mother holding a toy in hand and showing
joyful expression would make the kid approach the toy

• Analysing the impact

• Example: During COVID-19 first
lockdown people were encouraged
to provide relief material to migrants travelling to their
home
• Openness:
• Example: Gandhiji was open to criticism
and therefore remained calm even in
difficult situations

• Entertaining new ideas

• Example: IAS probationers are taken to ‘Bharat Darshan’
to increase their understanding about the culture and
various other aspects of the country
DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN CIVIL SERVANTS/ADMINISTRATORS
• Improving social skills
• Example: Along with words, non-verbal
expressions such as smile etc. would
bring better response from the recipient

• Sensitivity training
• Sensitivity training through fieldwork, role playing games,
perspective taking etc. increases the empathy in the civil
servant

• Example: Rohini Bhajibhkare (District Collector of Salem

District), who is a daughter of a marginal farmer is known
for people-centric governance
• Channelisation of emotions
• prevents the influence of physical and mental environment
of the civil servant on the decision-making

• Example: A Civil Servant showing too much of enthusiasm

(even with good intention) while awarding a contract
might put himself/herself on the radar of suspicion
 CRITICISM OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
• Manipulating others
• Example: People on social media platforms manipulate
other people by exploiting their emotions such as distress
etc

• Lack of communication
• Excessive regulation of emotions along with lower social
skills might lead to lack of communication
• Example: If a person (A) is not good in
communication skills and does not
show any emotion (such as smile)
while meeting someone (B),
then that person (B) will have lesser
interest in talking to person (A).
• EI has little predictive value

• Confusing Skills with moral qualities

• EI is desirable moral quality rather than a skill

• A well-developed EI is not only an

instrumental tool for accomplishing goals
but as a dark side as a weapon for
manipulating others
• Cannot be recognised as form of intelligence

• Tolerance towards injustice

• If a person has excessive control over emotions then
he/she can suppress his/her emotions that might be
inclined towards justice
• Example: A person can control his/her emotion of pity
when he/she someone scolding a poor person asking for
food
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW EI
 ROLE OF EI IN PUBLIC SERVICES
• Effective Communication
• An emotionally intelligent Civil Servant manages to
execute policies effectively through better communication
with public at large
• Empathy and integrity takes precedence over personal
biases

• Better coordination with subordinates

• Better work-culture

• Fosters Leadership

• Management of disruptive emotions:

• A civil servant while working
in high pressure environment
often becomes subject to
political pressure, life threats etc

• public servant who is Emotionally Intelligent would be able

to handle such pressures without succumbing to anger,
depression or compromise
• Help in negotiations

• Build Trust with people

• Emotionally intelligent people act ethically and build trust
through integrity and reliability

• 360 degree leadership

 THREAT TO EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN PRESENT TIME

• Artificial intelligence

• Example: Facial recognition technology used in USA have

been biased against people of colour and has wrongfully
matched different people of colour

• Excessive politicisation

• there is increasing public and political pressure

on honest officials and at the same time
‘yesmanship’ among politically aligned officials
• Example: Archaeological Survey of India
began gold hunting in Uttar Pradesh on the
order of a Union Minister who believed a seer
• Social media and fake news
• less emphasis on rationality and people
tend to jump to the conclusion
• Example: In Ryan international school case,
Gurugram, the police charged the bus driver
to show quick result, but he was later
released after CBI took over the case

• Online Games and Apps

• Example: ‘Blue Whale challenge’ has

motivated many kids to take extreme steps in their life.
• Tik Tok app which promoted people to make videos for
the publicity only.
• Virtual classes and activities in School

• hindering in the natural growth of EI among children

• Group events, games are not being organised which could
lead to suppression of values such as teamwork,
leadership, compassion

• Rigid laws

• Strict code of conduct, rules that abide the bureaucrats to

the decisions of ministers
 SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE

• Ability of a person to tune into

other people’s emotions

• read the subtle behavioural cues to

choose the most effective response
in a given situation

• aids people to successfully build relationships

• and navigate social environments
 KEY ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE
• Verbal fluency and conversational skills
• socially intelligent person can carry conversation with wide
variety of people and is tactful and appropriate in what is
said
• Example: Swami Vivekananda was tactful
in using “Sisters and brothers of America”
in his speech in Chicago

• Knowledge of social roles, rules and scripts

• Socially intelligent people can play various
social roles
• Example: Gandhiji was well aware about
the social roles prescribed for
women in pre-independence India and
therefore devised appropriate strategy for them to play
role in freedom struggle
• Effective listening skills
• Socially intelligent people are
good listeners and show a
positive attitude

• other person having interaction with them feels a good

‘connection’.

• Impression management skills:

• Socially intelligent people are good at making a balance
between managing and controlling their image and being
reasonably authentic

• Example: Chetan Singh Rathore, the

Deputy Commissioner of Bengaluru
spoke to protesters and sung
national anthem to pacify them
 HOW TO DEVELOP EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
AMONG CIVIL SERVANTS

1. Yoga Practice
2. Emotional literacy
3. Non-verbal communication
4. Training
5. Support
6. Learning transfer
7. Role plays
8. Learning from lives of great leader
Previous Year Question:

Ques. What is ‘emotional intelligence’ and how can it be developed in

people? How does it help an individual in taking ethical decisions? (150
words, 10 marks) (2013)
Ques. Anger is a harmful negative emotion. It is injurious to both personal
life and work life. (a) Discuss how it leads to negative emotions and
undesirable behaviours. (b) How can it be managed and controlled? (150
words, 10 marks) (2016)
Ques. "Emotional Intelligence is the ability to make your emotions work for
you instead of against you". Do you agree with this view? Discuss. (150
words, 10 marks) (2019)
Ques. What are the main components of emotional intelligence (EI)? Can
they be learned? Discuss. (150 words,
10 marks) (2020)
 Ethics
Lec – 11
(Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in
Public Administration)
Part-1
By: Siddharth Sir
 Syllabus
1. Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public Administration
2. Status and Problems
3. Ethical Concerns and Dilemmas in Government and Private
Institutions
4. Laws, Rules, Regulations and Conscience as Sources of Ethical
Guidance
5. Accountability and Ethical Governance
6. Strengthening of Ethical and Moral Values in Governance
7. Ethical Issues in International Relations and Funding
8. Corporate Governance
 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

• Consists of all those operations having for their purpose the

fulfillment or enforcement of public policy
• includes military as well as civil affairs, as much of the work of
courts
• Includes all the special fields of
government activity-police, education
health, construction of public works,
conservation, social security,
and many others
 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
• non-political public bureaucracy

• deals with the ends of the State, the sovereign will, the
public interests and laws

• policy-making as well as policy execution

 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

• Covers all three branches of the government

• However, concentrated in the executive
branch

• Regulatory and service functions

 Administrative Ethics

• Professional code of morality in civil services

• Regulate the conduct, behaviour and actions of administration

• Civil servants expected to set highest moral standards

• Codified in the form of code of conduct and code of ethics

 Code of ethics Code of Conduct
• Highest ethical standards that a • Minimum standards of ethical
civil servant is expected to behaviour expected from civil
display servant
• General • Specific
• Wide and subjective • Narrow and objective
• Governs the decision making • Actions
• Values and Principles • Compliance and rules
• Difficult to enforce • Violations can be punished
• Not in India but in other • Eg: All India Service (Conduct)
countries it exist Rules 1954
 Importance of Administrative Ethics

1. Check Arbitrary activities

2. Promote Accountability and responsibility
3. Make governance citizen centric
4. Public welfare and social good
5. Increase trust of people
6. 2nd ARC report → Code of ethics more important where laws
are silent or not applicable
7. Promoting non-partisanship and impartiality
8. To inculcate high moral standards in public servants
9. Fulfill constitutional mandates
 Political
commitment
Active civil
society Effective legal
framework

Coordinating
OECD: Ethical Accountability
body
framework Mechanism

Support public Workable code

service of conduct
conditions
Professional
socialization
mechanism
Lal bahadur shastri Resign
as rail minister in 1956
PRINCIPLES DIFFERENTIATING PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION FROM
PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION
Following four principles that differentiate public from private administration

❑ Principle of uniformity
• Common and uniform laws and regulation

❑ Principle of external financial control

• Legislative body control government revenues and
expenditure
❑ Principle of ministerial responsibility
• Accountable to its political masters and through them to
people

❑ Principle of marginal return

• Main objective of business venture is profit; however,
the objectives of public administration cannot be
measured in money terms
 NEED OF ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

• Public resource utilization

• Social Justice

• Resolve dilemma

• Decision making
• Public trust

• Social capital

• Sarvodaya/antyodaya

S. R. Sankaran (1934–2010) was an Indian civil servant, social

worker and the Chief Secretary of the State of Tripura, known for
his contributions for the enforcement of Abolition of Bonded
Labour Act of 1976 which abolished bonded labor in India.
STATUS AND PROBLEMS OF ETHICS IN INDIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
PROVISIONS FOR INCULCATING ETHICS IN INDIAN ADMINISTRATION
• Central Services Conduct Rules, 1964

• All India Service Conduct Rules, 1968

• Code of ethics, 1997: not issued for

public servants

• Draft Public Service Bill, 2007

ETHICAL ISSUES IN INDIAN ADMINISTRATION

• Misuse of discretionary powers

• Undue importance to rules and regulations

• Poor reward and punishment mechanism

• Lack of communication
• Negligence:

• Corruption:

• Evasive tendency

• Patronage

• Lobbying:
• Excessive Security

• Nepotism

• Ill-conceived goals

• Lack of compassion

• Overvaluing outcomes
• Example: Certifying a drug developed by a drug company,
even if it has used unethical means
PROBLEMS OF ETHICS IN INDIAN ADMINISTRATION

• Secrecy
• information sought under RTI Act is
denied on the context of official
secrecy

• Lack of grievance redressal mechanism

• Overvaluing outcomes
• Example: Certifying a drug developed
by a drug company, even if it has
used unethical means
• Information leaks

• Lack of whistleblower protection

 Observations of Second Administrative Reforms Commission with
respect to Ethical Issues in Indian Administration

1. Corruption is a matter of concern particularly at the cutting-edge

levels of bureaucracy.
2. Perceptible lack of commitment in public servants towards
redressal of citizens' grievance
3. Red-tapism and unnecessary complex procedures add to
hardship of citizens.
4. Government servants are rarely held to account and complaints
to higher authorities usually go unheeded
5. Attitude of many public functionaries is one of arrogance and
indifference
6. Frequent transfer of officers reduces their effectiveness and also
dilutes their accountability
ETHICAL DILEMMA IN
GOVERNMENT AND
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS
• Dilemma:
• situation in which a problem is offering two solutions
• neither of which is practically acceptable

• Ethical dilemma:
• situation that necessitates a choice between competing
set of principles
• neither of which is absolutely ethical
• Three essential conditions for a situation to be ethical
dilemma
 ETHICAL DILEMMA IN GOVERNMENT
These dilemmas include are caused by the following relationships of Civil Servants

• Civil Servants and Political Office holders

• Civil Servants and Citizens

• Intra – Civil Service (Ministries, Departments

and Agencies, that make up the Country’s or
State’s Civil Service)
 ETHICAL DILEMMAS FACED BY PUBLIC SERVANTS

• Conflict of interest

Arun Jaitley did not handle vodafone

case because he had conflict of interest
as he was advisor to vodafone earlier.
• Conflict between personal values
and values of public administration
Example: A public servant might be against the use of Aadhar
because of high regard for right to privacy, but might have to use
it for public distribution system
• Conflict between professional ethics and unjustified demand
by superiors
• Example: A Public servant might be against loan waivers
but because of orders of seniors will have to abide by the
order

• Various aspects of code of conduct, such as motivation versus

not accepting rewards for performance of duty
• Example: A Public servant might be of the opinion that
small gifts act as a motivation to perform his/her duty but
that is against code of conduct.
• Professional commitment versus public welfare
• Example: A public servant denying government
entitlements to a destitute due to lack of documentary
proofs

• Some other dilemmas:

The Principle of Double Effect: This principle aims to provide
specific guidelines for determining when it is morally permissible to
perform an action in pursuit of a good end in full knowledge that
the action will also bring about bad results.
 RESOLVING ETHICAL DILEMMA IN GOVERNMENT

❑ Prioritising public interest

❑ Comprehensive evaluation:
• taking decision that gives ‘maximum
welfare to maximum people’.

❑ Value neutrality
❑ Fusion
• fusion of individual, organisational
and social goals mitigate ethical dilemma

❑ The rule of law

❑ Principle of legality
HOW TO RESOLVE ETHICAL DILEMMA
 ETHICAL CONCERNS IN PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS

❑ Conflict of interest
• Example: BCCI Ethics officer served a notice on Conflict of
interest to Rupa Gurunath as she is President of Tamil
Nadu Cricket Association as well as Director of India
Cements Ltd. the parent company of Chennai Super Kings

❑ Insider trading and manipulation

of share prices

❑ Nepotism, favouritism
❑ Integrity of audit process
• Example: Yes Bank scandal

❑ Monopolistic tendencies
• Example: Price war in the telecom sector
❑ Lobbying with the government for favourable policies

❑ Cartelisation and manipulation of market

Question:

Q. Distinguish between Code of ethics and code of conduct with

suitable examples. (2018)
Q. What does ethics seek to promote in human life? Why is it all the
more important in Public Administration? (2014)
Q. Explain the process of resolving ethical dilemmas in Public
Administration. (150 words, 10 marks) (2018)
 Ethics
Lec – 12
(Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in
Public Administration)
Part-2
By: Siddharth Sir
 LAWS, RULES,
REGULATIONS AND
CONSCIENCE AS SOURCE
OF ETHICAL GUIDANCE
 Rules:
• based on an ethical framework and aim to bring social order
• while controlling the immoral and unethical behaviour of
individuals in the society

 Laws:
• elaborated framework that are usually framed with an aim to
bring simplification, facilitation, convenience
• The legal version of rules
• Laws must be passed through due process in order to take effect
• Enforced by a higher governmental office, usually the police and
the prosecutor’s office
 RULES LAWS
Generally focused on or related to individual good. The legal version of rules.
• When you are a child, a parent sets rules to be • When you are in a society, the government sets laws
followed. to be followed.
• When a rule is broken, the consequences tend to be
uncomfortable but mild in comparison to the breaking
of a law.
Rules are more flexible and carry low end consequences. Enforced by a higher governmental office, usually the
Can be set by individuals, or by organizations, or by the police and the prosecutor's office.
head of a family. • Laws are written in specific code so that they can be
• You can set up rules for games, rules for the home etc. interpreted as needed. When you break a law there is
• Rules are often adjusted as per the conditions and legal action that follows, provided that you are caught.
circumstances.
Rules are merely set and adjusted as the need arises, and Laws must be passed through due process in order to
should be followed out of respect for those setting the take effect.
rules. • In India, a law starts off as a bill, and go through a
series of checks, balances, and votes in order to
become a law.
Help us learn to prepare for living in society. Laws are not meant to set teaching boundaries, but are
there to be enforced, and are punishable by
imprisonment and even death if they are broken.
HOW LAWS, RULES AND REGULATIONS ARE SOURCE OF ETHICAL GUIDANCE

 Regulating discretionary powers

• Example: Central Civil Services Conduct
Rules, 1964 provides dos and don’ts for
civil servant
 Commanding action and inaction
• Example: Prevention of Corruption Act
prevents corruption and Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee
Act enables social audit
 Fostering social justice
• Prevention of Civil Rights Act 1955
prohibit untouchability

 Human rights protection

• Motor Vehicle Amendment Act,
2019 provides for good Samaritan
 LIMITATIONS OF LAWS, RULES AND REGULATIONS ARE SOURCE OF
ETHICAL GUIDANCE
 Lack of enforcement
• Laws, rules and regulations demand official
machinery for their enforcement, lack of which
might lead to unethical behaviour by
individuals or organisations

 Evasive tendency

 Finding loopholes
 Negative perception:
• Corporate Social Responsibility is
perceived as additional tax by some
corporates

 Lack of social maturity

• Opposition to Triple Talaq law,
opposition to the Supreme Court
verdict in Sabrimala case

 Cultural evils
CONSCIENCE AS SOURCE
OF ETHICAL GUIDANCE
 Conscience :
• Subjective awareness of a person’s moral sense of right and wrong
• acts as a guide to a person’s behaviour
• Conscience acts within human beings and checks the morality of
human actions
• provides practical rule for specific action and applies law and rules to
that specific action
• An analogy can be created that “conscience to law what paint is to a
brush”.
 Antecedent conscience and Consequent conscience

 Antecedent conscience
• guide to future actions
• prompting to do them or avoid them
• Example : A person stops at red signal because of
prospective remorse

 Consequent conscience
• acting as a judge of our past actions
• acts as a source of our self-approval or remorse of the past
actions
• E.g. A person jumps red signal and then feels guilty
 HOW CONSCIENCE IS A SOURCE OF ETHICAL GUIDANCE

• Conscience is linked with morality and comes into picture

when dealing with practical situations guide to future actions

1. Resolving ethical dilemma

2. Avoiding conflict of interest

3. Guilt consciousness
 A biker breaking traffic rules might feel guilt after sometime
because of his/her conscience and might not break traffic rule
next time

4. Repulsive behaviour against unethical act

 A police officer might lack motivation to do lathi-charge on a
peaceful protest
 CRISIS OF CONSCIENCE

• Crisis of conscience is a situation when conscience fails to provide

moral guidance to an individual in any specific situation

 Example: During Covid-19, Crisis of Conscience situation emerged.

Doctors were in dilemma of what to do with patients needing critical
care
• Anti- Encroachment drive, Muncipality officials
have been ordered to forcefully evict illegal
shelters constructed by squatters on government
land

• Kevin Carter, a photojournalist, committed suicide due to repentance

and grief for feeling he has done something ethically wrong
• Wrong training of conscience
 Example: A person who has always lied will not be guided by
his/her conscience to tell the truth

• Impact of morals/cultures
 Example: person’s conscience towards his behaviour towards
females would not provide ethical guidance if he has been brought
up in a patriarchal environment

• Impact of societal pressure Conscience can be overtaken by societal or

professional pressure
ACCOUNTABILITY AND
ETHICAL GOVERNANCE
 ACCOUNTABILITY
• Accountability of public officials refers to the mechanism by which
their actions and decisions are scrutinized

• to ensure fulfillment of their duties, obligations and job roles

• Accountability includes :

 Answerability
 Enforcement
 Roles and responsibilities
 WHY IS IT NEEDED ?

• prevents the public services from turning into tyrant

• Avoids conflict of interests

• act in interest of public and they are

answerable for their actions
• Promotes justice, equality, and egalitarianism

• brings legitimacy to public services

 METHOD TO ENSURE ACCOUNTABILITY

1. Capacity building of Stakeholders

• For example, the concept of Social Audit under MGNREGA

2. By promoting transparency

3. independence and effective role of

judiciary
• periodic elections

• electoral reforms

• democratic maturity of people

INSTITUTIONS AND MECHANISMS THAT PROMOTE ACCOUNTABILITY

• Right to information act, 2005

• Citizen’s Charters

• Whistle Blower Act

• Parliament, Judiciary, Lokayukta, CAG, CVC

• CBI/Police

• E- Governance mechanisms
 TYPES OF ACCOUNTABILITY

 Horizontal accountability
• capacity of state institutions to check exploitations by other
public agencies and branches of the government
 External (Outside the Executive)
• Parliament, Judiciary, Lokpal, Comptroller and Auditor
General, Central Vigilance Commission
 Internal (Within the Executive)
• Superior Officers , Internal audit Grievance redressal
mechanism
 Vertical accountability
• standards of good governance are enforced by the citizens,
mass media and civil society

 Political accountability

 Social accountability
• society driven horizontal accountability that relies on civic
engagement and ordinary citizens and civil society organisation
participate directly or indirectly to enforce accountability of
officials
 SIGNIFICANCE OF ACCOUNTABILITY IN GOVERNANCE

• Democratic governance

• Public trust

• Clarity

• Administrative irregularities

• Remedial measures

• Transparency

• Feedback mechanism
 RESPONSIBILITY
• It means accountability to oneself, i.e. when the accountability
turns inward
• moral concept, where a person feels the answerable to oneself for
all his actions, even if it is not covered by any law
• It is more enduring than accountability, because it is based on
ethical reasoning
• the person would always do the right thing, even if nobody is there
to watch his action
• person takes ownership of one’s actions and decisions
 Basic Authority Responsibility Accountability
Meaning Right to Command Obligation to Answerability for
perform an outcome of the assigned
assigned task. task.

Delegation Can be Delegated Cannot be entirely Cannot be delegated at

Delegated all.

Origin Arises from formal Arises from Arises from

position delegated responsibility.
authority
Flow Flows downward Flows upward Flows upward from
from superior to from subordinate subordinate to Superior
subordinate to Superior
Question:

Q. What do you understand by the term ‘voice of conscience’? How do

you prepare yourself to heed to the voice of conscience? (10 marks,
150 words) (2013)
Q. What is meant by 'crisis of conscience'? How does it manifest itself
in the public domain? (150 words, 10 marks) (2019)
Q. What does ‘accountability’ mean in the context of public service?
What measures can be adopted to ensure individual and collective
accountability of public servants? (150 Words, 10 marks) (2014)
 Ethics
Lec – 13
(Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in
Public Administration)
Part-3
By: Siddharth Sir
 Syllabus
1. Governance, good governance and Ethical governance
2. Ethical issues in international relations and funding
• Significance of International Ethics
• Ethical issues
3. Corporate governance
• Importance and issues of corporate governance
• Existing measures to ensure Ethical Corporate Governance in India
• Committees related to Corporate Governance in India
• Corporate social responsibility
• Significance and issues w.r.t to CSR
 Governance, good
governance and Ethical
governance
 GOVERNANCE
 According to UNDP:
• Governance is the exercise of political, economic and administrative
authority to manage a country’s affairs.

• Process of interactions through

the laws, norms, power or language
of an organized society over a social
system
 According to World Bank
• Good Governance refers to the manner in which power is
exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social
resources for development
• assures that corruption is minimized,
• the views of minorities are taken into account
• and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in
decision-making
 Eight Principles of Good Governance by United Nations
1. Participation
• Voice their opinion and become part of governance
2. Follow Rule of Law
• Impartial enforcement of legal framework
• protection to human rights

3. Consensus oriented

4. Transparent
5. Responsive
• redressal of citizen grievances,
• citizen orientation, timely delivery of services

6. Effective and Efficient

• optimum utilisation of resources

5. Equitable and inclusive

6. Accountable
 Ethical governance
• formulating, implementing and complying with the policies, rules,
laws
• in such a manner that it does not merely concentrate on
administrative efficiency
• but uphold universal values such as truth, honesty, integrity,
dedication to duty
 IMPORTANCE OF ETHICAL GOVERNANCE

 Social Justice

 Confidence of public
• ensures that people’s trust is upheld
along with cooperation and coordination

 Upholding basic human rights

• Example: National Food Security Act
ensures that poor section of the society
gets their right to food
 Upholding universal value system

 Efficiency
• public money is spent for the purpose that
it is laid out for and thus reduces the
chances of corruption.

 Compassion
• Example: Affordable rental housing
scheme by government ensures housing
for migrant workers at affordable cost
 Challenges to Ethical Governance:
• Excessive security under Article 311

• Ill-conceived goals promoting negative behaviour

• Overvaluing outcomes and not the process

• Giving into political pressure for short-term benefits

 ETHICAL ISSUES IN
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS AND FUNDING
 International Ethics

 International Ethics
• set of standards, universal values
• that guide, govern the behaviours and actions of the countries
in their international affairs
 Example: Basic human rights are the set of principles that are
protected by most of the countries .
 SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERNATIONAL ETHICS
 Responsibility:
• ensure that the rich and developed countries contribute to the
development of Least Developed Countries
 Example: Paris Climate Change Agreement

 Humanitarian ethics:
 Example: Countries putting restrictions on end use of weapons
through MTCR, Australia Group, Nuclear Suppliers Group

 Compassion:

 COVAX Programme for COVID-19

vaccination in poor countries
 Peace and harmony
 Example: United Nations was established
for maintenance of peace in the world.

 Legitimacy
 Example: Taliban in Afghanistan is lacking international
legitimacy due to violation of human rights

 Human rights protection

 Solution to global problems
 Example: Countries cooperating on terrorism

 Business ethics
• ensures multinational companies pay their due share of taxes
in the countries of their operation and do not park their profit
in tax havens
 Example: Global Minimum Tax deal, Base Erosion and Profit
Shifting

 Racism
 Example: South Africa was forced to
end apartheid
 ETHICAL CONCERNS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
 Lack of responsibility and equity
• Example: Developed countries are
not willing to take responsibility
for climate change and are
against CBDR

 Global poverty
 Apathy towards third world
• Example: Russia’s attack on Ukrain and China’s aggression
towards Taiwan for self-strategic interest are disturbing supply
chain. As a result, There are increase in price of commodities
like Crude oil

 Lack of accountability
• Example: Chinese expansionism
and refusing to abide by the
award of Permanent Court of
Arbitration on South China dispute
 Terrorism
• challenge for humanity, especially in the age of social media but
countries around the world have not been able to agree on basic
definition of terrorism
 Selfishness:

 Lack of universal standards

 Example: China supporting Pakistan in United Nations listing of
Masood Azhar
 Racism:

 Weakening global institutions

• WHO was criticised over the issue of tackling of COVID-19 in
the initial period
 ETHICAL ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL FUNDING
International funding refers to the aid given by richer and advanced countries
to poorer countries for developmental, security and other purposes.

 Subverting sovereignty of nations

• Example: IMF conditions on loans
given to India during 1991 financial
crisis

 Exploiting compulsion
• Example: China’s debt-trap diplomacy
exploits infrastructure requirement of
poorer countries
 Funding to NGOs
• Example: Greenpeace protesting
in India against Nuclear Powerplants

 Clinical trials
• Violation of human rights
in poorer countries.
 Neo-colonialism:
• Example: Multinational companies are alleged for promotion of
western culture.

 Terror financing:
MEASURES AT GLOBAL LEVEL TO DEAL ETHICAL ISSUES AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
Human rights violation issue
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR):

• Human Rights Council and

the Office of the
High Commissioner for
Human Rights

• Amnesty International
• brings out independent reports
on the violation of human rights
all over the world
• United Nations Peace Keeping Army

• Efforts of Countries like India and

Bangladesh to provide shelters and aids for
Rohingya Refugees.
 Climate change issue

• Polluter Pay Principle, Carbon Tax, Energy Saving Certificates,

green Bonds etc

• Mission Innovation
• Clean Development Mechanism

• International Solar Alliance

• Increasing Green Cover to create

more Carbon sinks.
 Global commons

• Panel set up by WHO to monitor Zoonotic diseases

• International Cooperation for the development of

Vaccines

• Patent waiver on medicines, vaccines and other

Medical devices related to Zoonotic diseases
such as Covid-19
• Guidelines set up by WTO regarding enforcement of IPRs

• Invoking of Compulsory Licencing clauses in the case of emergency

• Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty

• Treaty on prohibition of nuclear weapons

Question:
Q. What do you understand by the terms ‘governance’, ‘good governance’
and ‘ethical governance’? (150 words, 10 marks) (2016)

Q. At the international level, bilateral relations between most nations are

governed on the policy of promoting one’s own national interest without
any regard for the interest of other nations. This lead to conflicts and
tension between the nations. How can ethical consideration help resolve
such tensions? Discuss with specific examples. (150 words, 10 marks)
(2015)

Q. Strength, peace and security are considered to be the pillars of

international relations. Elucidate. (150 Words, 10 marks) (2017)

Q. “The will to power exists, but it can be tamed and be guided by rationality
and principles of moral duty.’ Examine this statement in the context of
international relations. (150 words, 10 marks) (2020)
 Ethics
Lec – 14
(Corporate Governance & CSR)

By: Siddharth Sir

 Syllabus
1. Governance, good governance and Ethical governance
2. Ethical issues in international relations and funding
• Significance of International Ethics
• Ethical issues
3. Corporate governance
• Importance and issues of corporate governance
• Existing measures to ensure Ethical Corporate Governance
in India
• Committees related to Corporate Governance in India
• Corporate social responsibility
• Significance and issues w.r.t to CSR
 CORPORATE
GOVERNANCE
 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
• According to Cadbury Committee
• corporate governance is the “system by which companies are
directed and controlled.”
• set of systems, processes and principles
• ensure that a company is governed in the best interest of all
stakeholders
• Promotes fairness, transparency and accountability
IMPORTANCE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
• Premium:
• Well governed companies across the world command a
premium of anywhere between 10 to 40 percent more than
their not so well governed counterparts

• Foreign investment

• Cover up weaknesses of country’s corporate laws

• Regulate risks and opportunities
for corruption

• Corporate sustainability
• Curbing nepotism

• Internal checks and balances

 Caux Round table principles for Moral Capitalism

1. Respect stakeholders beyond shareholders

2. Contribute to economic and social development
3. Build trust by going beyond law
4. Respect rules and conventions
5. Support responsible globalization
6. Respect the environment
7. Avoid illicit activities
 ISSUES OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN INDIA
• Collusion

• Huge risks

• Promoter-led Board
• makes the board to serve at the wish and command of the
promoter-chairman
• Example: Naresh Goyal in case of Jet Airways
• Lack of oversight
• enforcement mechanism has not followed with statutory
changes which leads to poor oversight

• Favoritism:
• Example: ICICI Bank, Chanda Kochar case

• Lack of independence
• Tata-Mistry case
• Crony capitalism
• closed ones receive mutually advantageous treatment
• Example: Captive coal block allocation in Coal scams in early
2010s

• Credit rating issues

• Example: Recent IL&FS crisis
EXISTING MEASURES TO ENSURE ETHICAL CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN INDIA
• Companies Act, 2013
• regulates incorporation, formulation and functioning
• comprehensive provisions to govern all listed and unlisted
companies in India
• empowers shareholders

• The Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956

• prevent undesirable transactions in securities by regulating the
business dealings
• Competition Commission of India
• promote and sustain competition
culture
• inspire businesses to be fair,
competitive and innovative
• curb monopolistic tendencies

• National Company Law Tribunal:

• deals with the corporate disputes of
civil nature.
• It is also the adjudicating authority
under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code
• Accounting standards issued by the Institute of Chartered
Accountants of India
• Bring structure to the financial reporting
• mandates disclosure of accounting policies, cash-flow
statements, construction contracts, borrowing cost, related-
party disclosures

• Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Guidelines

• Secretarial Standards issued by the Institute of Company

Secretaries of India (ICSI)
COMMITTEES RELATED TO CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN INDIA:
• KUMAR MANGALAM BIRLA COMMITTEE REPORT (2000):
• Mandatory recommendations for listed companies with paid
up share capital of 3 crore and above
• Composition of Board of directors to be optimum of executive
and non-executive directors
• Audit committee
• remuneration committee
• At least 4 meetings of Board in a year
• Sharing of information with shareholders in regards to
investment
• NARESH CHANDRA COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS (2002):
• covered auditor-company relationship, rotation of statutory
audit firms/partners, procedure for appointment of auditors
and determination of audit fees.
• Prohibited non-audit services
• Compulsory rotation of auditors
• Auditor’s annual certification of independence
• Disqualification for audit assignments
• Appointment of auditors
• NARAYAN MURTHI COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS (2003):

• Strengthening the responsibilities of audit committees

• Quality of financial disclosures
• Proceeds from initial public offerings
• Companies raising money through an IPO should disclose to
the Audit Committee, the uses / applications of funds
• Requiring corporate executive boards
• The position of nominee directors
• Nominee of the Government on public sector companies
shall be similarly elected and shall be subject to the same
responsibilities and liabilities as other directors
• Improved disclosures relating to compensation paid to non-
executive directors
• UDAY KOTAK COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS

• Separation of office of chairperson and CEO/MD of top 500

listed companies
• Capping the maximum number of directorships for a person to
eight
• At least half of board members to be independent directors in
listed companies
• Mandate minimum qualification for independent.
• SEBI should have powers to grant immunity to whistle-blowers
• Public sector companies should be governed by listing
regulations, not by the nodal ministries.
• Enhanced disclosure.
 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
• According to World Business Council for Sustainable Development
• CSR is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically
and contribute to economic development
• while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their
families as well as of the local community and society at large
Provision of Corporate Social Responsibility under Companies Act, 2013:

• Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013 which contains CSR

provisions is applicable to companies
1. With an annual turnover of INR 1,000 crore and more, or
2. A net worth of INR 500 crore and more, or
3. A net profit of 5 crore INR and more.
• The Act mandates companies to spend at least 2% of their average
net profit in the previous three years on CSR activities.
 Activities that can be taken up as CSR
• Promotion of Education
• Eradication of extreme hunger and poverty
• Gender equity and women empowerment
• Reducing child mortality and improving maternal health
• Combating HIV-AIDS, malaria and other diseases
• Environment sustainability
• Social Business projects
• Employment enhancing vocational skills
• Research across fields such as science, technology, medicine.
• Incubators funded by the Centre or State or any state-owned
companies.
SIGNIFICANCE FOR CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

1. Moral appeal

2. Public image

3. Satisfaction

4. Boost morale of employees

5. Attracts customers
ISSUES WITH CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
• Lack of implementation
• larger goal of CSR is not understood, companies view it as only
a charitable endeavour

• There is lack of long-term robust CSR policy

• Ease of implementation
• E.g. Combating diseases and education account for 44% of total
CSR expenditure

• Duplication of activities
• results in competitive approach rather than collaborative
approach
• Viewed as additional corporate tax
• viewed as a 2% tax, albeit spent by the firms rather than given
to the government

• Skewed pattern of expenditure

• Around 65% of CSR fund is utilised for education and health
only while eradication of hunger, rural development etc.
receive very low expenditure
 Injeti Srinivas Committee recommendations on CSR
• Make CSR expenditure tax deductible.
• Allowing companies to carry forward unspent fund for three to five years.
• Aligning Schedule 7 of Companies Act, 2013 with the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs)
• Balancing local area preferences with national priorities
• Introducing impact assessment studies for CSR obligation of 5 cr or more
• Registration of implementation agencies on MCA Portal.
• Developing a CSR exchange portal to connect contributors, beneficiaries
and agencies
• Allowing CSR in social benefit bonds,
• Promoting social impact companies
Previous Year Questions:

Q. Corporate social responsibility makes companies more profitable and

sustainable. Analyse. (2017)
 Ethics
Lec – 15
Probity in Governance
Part-1
By: Siddharth Sir
 Syllabus
Probity in governance
• Concept of public service
• The philosophical basis of governance and probity
• Information sharing and transparency in government
• Right to Information
• Codes of ethics
• Codes of Conduct
• Citizen’s Charters
• Work culture
• Quality of service delivery
• Utilization of public funds
• Challenges of corruption
 Topics Covered
1. Public Service
2. Probity in governance
3. Philosophical basis of Governance and Probity
4. Objective of Probity in Governance
5. Approaches in Public Administration to improve quality of
service delivery
6. Mechanism to ensure probity in India
1. Transparency
2. RTI act
3. Whistle blowing
4. Citizen’s charter
5. Work culture
 Public service

• Process of supplying goods and services to

the members of the society usually by a
various govt. entity.
• “Publicness” of a service can be decided on
the basis of link between decision makers
and beneficiaries. Joseph stiglitz
 Attributes of Public service

• Moral

• Obligatory

• Citizen centric

• Collective goal

• Ensures equality

• Sovereignty
 Public servant

• Under the Prevention of Corruption Act,1988, ‘a person who

holds an office by virtue of which he is authorized or required
to perform any public duty’
 INDIVIDUALS

OTHERS
(Judiciary, MEDIA
Military)

PUBLIC SERVANTS

CIVIL
POLITICIANS
SERVANTS

CIVIL
SOCIETY
 Civil servants different from public servants

1. Professional

2. Career

3. Appointed

4. Values adhere (Impartiality,

Anonymity, Neutrality)
 Changing nature of public service

1. Privatization and Marketization

2. Increasing role of state

3. Quality of service delivery

4. Third sector
5. Multi-stakeholders collaboration

6. Increased digital penetrations

 Ethical concerns of public service

1. Self aggrandizing

2. Opacity

3. Corruption

4. Lack of Accountability

5. Authoritarianism

6. Inefficiency and effectiveness

Probity in Governance
 PROBITY

• (Satyanishtha in Hindi) literally means a complete and confirmed

integrity
• “the quality of having strong moral principles; honesty and
decency.”
• adherence to ethical and moral values like honesty, Integrity,
rectitude, uprightness etc
• It is more than avoiding corrupt or dishonest conduct, for it implies
values such as impartiality, accountability and transparency
• strict adherence to code of ethics .
• In a democracy, probity espouses the principles of equality before
law
• respect for the rights of the citizens
• duties of leaders towards their citizens
 PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE
• It is concerned with procedures, processes and systems rather
than outcomes
• essential for efficient and effective
system of governance and
for socio-economic development

• Important requisites for ensuring probity

• Effective laws, rules and regulations
• Effective and fair implementation
of these laws
• Absence of corruption
PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OF
GOVERNANCE AND
PROBITY
 PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OF GOVERNANCE AND PROBITY

• Indian scriptures

• Chinese philosophers

Confucius Lao Tse

• Western philosophy
• According to Aristotle, virtues like justice, generosity etc
benefits the holder of the virtues as well as the society
• Immanuel Kant makes the concept of
duty central to morality

• The utilitarian viewpoint is based on the greatest happiness of

the greatest number

• According to Max Weber, there should be complete separation

between the property of the office and personal property of
the officer
• concept of Good Governance as illustrated by World Bank
 OBJECTIVE OF PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE

• governance accountability.

• Maintaining highest level of integrity

• To ensure compliance with the process

• To maintain public trust

in the government's
decision-making process
• avoid the potential for fraud, misconduct and corruption

• Equitable and sustainable development

• To serve the constitutional cause

• Reduced politicization of bureaucracy

CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE

• Lack of fair and effective implementation of laws

• It is the implementation of the law that tests its effectiveness in
addressing problems on the ground

• Colonial legacy

• Historical and social asymmetries of powers in society

 Nearly 85% of the people work in the unorganized sector
 Two thirds of the remaining work in the organized sector
having job security and regular monthly wages and are
employees of the state either directly or indirectly
• Erosion of Values and Institutions
• Gross perversion of the Constitution and democratic
institutions
• wilful violation of the oath of office
• Most people regard corruption as inevitable

• Culture of Corruption ingrained in society

• Lack of Transparency in the working of Institutions

Question:
Q. What do you understand by the terms ‘public servants’? Reflect on the
expected role of public servant. (2019)

Q. “The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others” –
Mahatma Gandhi (2020)

Q. What to do you understand by probity in governance? Based on your

understanding of the term, suggest measures for ensuring probity in
government. (2019)
 Ethics
Lec – 16
Probity in Governance
Part-2
By: Siddharth Sir
 Syllabus
Probity in governance
• Concept of public service
• The philosophical basis of governance and probity
• Information sharing and transparency in government
• Right to Information
• Codes of ethics
• Codes of Conduct
• Citizen’s Charters
• Work culture
• Quality of service delivery
• Utilization of public funds
• Challenges of corruption
 Topics Covered
1. Importance of civil services to Governance

2. Social contract

3. Mechanism to ensure probity in India

a. Transparency
b. RTI act
c. Whistle blowing
 IMPORTANCE OF CIVIL SERVICES TO GOVERNANCE

• Unifying nature of the service

• Policy making

• Coordination between
government institutions
• Leadership

• Service delivery at the cutting-edge level

• Continuity
• Provides continuity and change to the administration
• Store house of knowledge

• Strengthens ethos of democracy

• Fulfils constitutional mandate

• of implementing social and economic
development programs, ensuring law and order etc
 SOCIAL CONTRACT
• Philosophical basis of Social Contract finds mention in the writings
of Hugo Grotius, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacques
Rousseau and John Rawls

• people surrender some of their rights to a state or authority

for protection of remaining rights

• additional rights is always associated with bearing additional

responsibilities

• idea of self-government emanates from this concept

MECHANISMS TO ENSURE
PROBITY IN INDIA
 TRANSPARENCY

• Openness of decision-making process

• Freedom of information to the public and media

• Resolution 59 of UN General assembly

of 1946 recognised freedom of
information as integral part of
freedom of expression

• International Covenant on
civil and political right has
also recognised right to information
 TRANSPARENCY: A PILLAR OF ETHICAL GOVERNANCE

• Transparency and accountability is the

fundamental requirement for
preventing the abuse of power

• imperative prerequisite for community oriented public service

delivery

• Transparency is not just a means

to fulfill certain functions but an end in itself
Institutional means to achieve transparency in administration

• Parliamentary controls
• question hour, adjournment motion etc

• Legislative framework- RTI

• Ombudsman scheme- Lokpal and Lokayukta

• Independent judiciary

• E-Governance , Free Press, etc

 ISSUES WITH RESPECT TO TRANSPARENCY IN INDIA

• Official Secrets Act (OSA)

• presence of abundant discretion converts every legal matter
into confidential matter
• broadly deals with two aspects
• Spying or Espionage
• disclosure of secret information of the government

• However, the OSA does not define the secret information

• It states that actions which involve helping an enemy state

against India are strongly condemned.

• one cannot approach, inspect, or even pass over a prohibited

government site
• Right to Information (RTI) act:

• Reluctance to fill vacancies

• High backlog of cases

• Political parties are still

outside the purview of RTI Act

• Lack of performance audit of implementation of RTI

 RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT
• genesis in Rajasthan led by the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan
• MKSS forced the state government to
pass the right to information Act in 1997
• RTI was thus passed in 2005
• creates elaborate machinery for the supply of information
 consists of Public Information Officers (PIOs), Asst. PIOs,
Departmental Appellate Authorities, State and Central
Information Commissions
 Time period
 Appellate authority
 penalties
 PROBLEMS WITH WORKING OF THE ACT

• Section 4 of the RTI Act

• Exemptions: Section 8 (1)

• Frivolous RTI applications

• Huge pendency of cases

• more than 2.2 lakh cases are pending at the Central and State
Information Commissions
• Incompatible laws
 Indian Evidence Act (Sections 123, 124, and 162)
 Atomic Energy Act, 1912
 Central Civil Services Act
 Official Secrets Act, 1923

• Poor record-keeping

• Low awareness of people.

• The recent amendments which have changed the tenure and

terms of service of CICs are seen as dilution in the independence
of CICs
 RECENT RTI AMENDMENT

• Appointment
 Earlier: The appointment was made by a three-member
committee comprising of Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition
in the Lok Sabha and a minister appointed by the Prime
Minister
 Now: These powers have been delegated to the Central
government
 RTI AND THE JUDICIARY
• RTI Act conferred powers on the chief justice of the Supreme Court
and of High Courts
• So the SC framed their own rules and made them RTI friendly
• But several HCs framed unfriendly rules
• RTI Act makes the information commissions the final appellate
authorities in their respective jurisdictions
• But some orders passed by the CIC had eventually reached the
Supreme Court
• In most of the cases, the Court’s interpretation of the exemption
provisions of the RTI was contentious . For e.g. Girish Deshpande
case
 SUBHASH AGARWAL CASE

• SC declared the office of the Chief Justice of India as a public

authority under the RTI Act
• Right to Privacy is an important aspect and has to be balanced
with transparency
• RTI cannot be used as a tool of surveillance
• Judicial independence has to be
kept in mind while dealing with transparency
 RTI AND THE POLITICAL PARTIES
• Central Information Commission in 2013 brought the national
political parties under the ambit of the RTI act

• However, all the political parties refused to comply with the ruling
WHY THE POLITICAL PARTIES NEED TO BE BROUGHT UNDER THE RTI ACT?
• Ensuring accountability

• Financial transparency

• Informed citizenry
• Provisions of safeguard
• Section 8(1) of the act has provisions for exemptions which can
be utilised by the political parties to safeguard their strategies

• Law Commission of India

• 170th report on Reforms of electoral laws in 1999 had
recommended transparency in the functioning of RTI
ARGUMENTS AGAINST BRINGING POLITICAL PARTIES UNDER RTI
• Neither constitutional nor statutory
• Political parties are created through Representation of People’s
Act
• so they do not come under the definition of public authority

• Impediment in strategizing

• Presence of provisions
• Income Tax act, 1961
• Representation of People’s act, 1951
 IMPACT OF THE RTI ACT
• improved the life of the poor and the marginalised

• For eg., Revat Ram and his friends (in Himmatsar village in Bikaner
district of Rajasthan) used the RTI Act to get all records of their
ration shop in and by exposing how grains meant for the poor were
being black-marketed at a ration shop.

• exposing some of the biggest scams like the Adarsh Society scam,
Commonwealth games scam
 WHISTLE BLOWING

• done by an employee where he finds that ethical rules are broken

• and there exists an imminent danger to the company, consumers

or the public

• It creates conflicts of interests

between personal, societal
and organisational spheres
 ARGUMENTS AGAINST WHISTLE BLOWING

• Violation of organisational culture

• Break down of trust between the employer and the employee

• Unethical
• if it is done solely to grab the attention

• Endanger the existence of organisation or institution

 ARGUMENTS IN SUPPORT OF WHISTLE BLOWING

• Fosters accountability

• Ethical
• for the greater good of the company, consumers or the public

• Moral commitment

• Exposes corruption and wrong doings

 Ethics
Lec – 17
Probity in Governance
Part-3
By: Siddharth Sir
 Topics Covered
1. Mechanism to ensure probity in India
1. Citizen’s charter
2. Work culture
2. Corruption
3. How to bring probity in governance
4. Controlling administration
5. E-Governance
 CITIZEN’S CHARTER

• undertaking by a public institution to provide

certain level of service

• contains specific provisions and sets out specific obligations for

public services

• means of solving day to day problems

• places the citizens at the centre of administration

Principles of citizen’s charter
 SIGNIFICANCE OF CITIZEN’S CHARTER
• Citizens now have clear understanding
of service delivery standards
• which has helped in ensuring accountability

• minimized the opportunities for corruption

• makes the citizens aware of the intent of service providers
• incorporates citizen’s feedback
• better service quality
• grievance redressal mechanism
 CHALLENGES WITH CITIZEN CHARTER
• Lack of legal status

• Lack of awareness among the citizens

• Limitation of resources

• One size fits all approach

• Lack of flexibility to change

• Issues with the standards

Sevottam model of service delivery
 WORK CULTURE
• practices, values and shared beliefs within an organisation and in
its employees

• way employees interact with each other

• how the organisation functions

• organisation’s history, traditions, values and vision

 CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTHY WORK CULTURE
• respect for fellow workers

• Conflicts are minimum

• Impartiality in treatment of employees

• An employee is judged only by his work

and nothing else
• those who didn’t perform well are not criticized but asked to pull
up socks for the next time

• Employee’s participation in decision making process

• Existing skills of the employees are

enhanced through workshops, seminars
 WORK ETHICS
• commitment to fulfil the official responsibilities with dedication,
involvement and sincerity

• work is appreciated and not taken as burden

 Characteristics of Ethical work

1. Values

2. Effective leadership

3. Balancing of stakeholders

4. Integrity in the process

5. Long term perspective

 SERVICE DELIVERY
• most important aspect of good governance
• touches lives of millions of people

• inclusive and sustainable socio-economic development

• achieving equity based governance

 CHALLENGES OF SERVICE DELIVERY
• E—governance index (low)
• India has been ranked 100th UN E-government survey 2020

• Focus on service providers

• Complex regulations
• India has been ranked 85th in the Corruption Perception Index

• Inefficiencies at the grassroot level

CORRUPTION
 CORRUPTION
• use of one’s position, status or resources directly or indirectly for
personal benefits

• World Bank have identified corruption as

“the single greatest obstacle to
economic and social development”

• As per 2nd ARC report: There are two facets to corruption

• the institution which is highly corrupt;
• individuals who are highly corrupt
 TYPES OF CORRUPTION
• Coercive corruption
• citizen is compelled to pay a bribe
• Citizens ends up loosing much more when they try to resist
corruption
• can be in the form like delays, harassment, lost opportunity,
loss or precious time and wages, at times even potential
danger of loss of life or limb
• Collusive corruption:
• collusion between the bribe giver and the public servant

• Both of them benefit at the

cost of the society

• For example, in awarding contracts for public works and

procurement of goods & services, recruitment of employees
etc
 CORRUPTION, ETHICS AND VALUES
• Corruption is failure of ethics

• Corruption is regarded inevitable

• Some people attribute it to decline of values

• Others believe that most humans are honest

but there are some aberrations which manifest in the form of
corruption
• However, both values and institutions are important

• Values serve as guiding stars

• Values need to be sustained by institutions to be durable

 CHALLENGES POSED BY CORRUPTION
• People benefitting from corruption tries to maintain status quo
and resist any reform.

• Corruption discourages capital inflows

• lowers productivity and reduces effectiveness

• leads to inequality among the masses

• Corruption in the social sectors like

PDS, health and education schemes
lead to demographic disadvantage

• Undermines ease of doing business

• denies the poor a chance to
improve their status

• The loss of exchequer by the big scams are always recovered by

higher taxes

• Corruption leads to the loss of legitimacy

of the political systems and
gives free hand to non-state actors
 CAUSES OF CORRUPTION
• Administrative
• Criminalisation of Politics and
Politicisation of bureaucracy

• Colonial bureaucracy

• Failed Administrative Reforms

• Low wages of Public servant and lack of Career growth
opportunities

• Judicial failure - Delays and Pendencies

• Lack of effective grievance redress mechanisms

• Social and Ethical
• Increasing Individualization
and materialism

• Social discrimination

• Failure of Education system

• Economic
• High share of informal sector

• Lack of Ease of Doing business

• High Inequalities
• Political
• Use of black money in elections

• Criminalisation of Politics

• Crony Capitalism
• Other Reasons
• weak legal framework

• Bureaucratic Red-Tapism and Abetting Corruption

• MNC’s and Lobbying

• Rise of the Elites and the

post liberalization Corruption
 WAYS TO TACKLE CORRUPTION:
• Strict adherence of Code of Conduct and Code of Ethics

• Effective implementation of Institutional measures

• Strict and evolved implementation of the accountability
mechanisms be it effective laws, mechanisms, procedures and
tools in accordance with the changing dynamics of the
requirements of the society

• Use of Technology
• For example: The Indian Government’s Unique Identification
Number AADHAR initiative of gathering biometric and
demographic data
• Act globally and locally:
• Eg: UN Anti-corruption working group,
• WB anticorruption initiative
• Chile’s e-commerce public procurement system

• Power of the people

• need to undergo attitudinal change and must refrain from
bribing officials through ‘speed money’ to get their work done
faster

• Ingrain ethical organizational culture through regular ethical

training
 CORRUPTION LAWS IN INDIA
• INDIAN PENAL CODE, 1860

• THE BENAMI TRANSACTIONS (PROHIBITION) ACT, 1988

• THE BENAMI TRANSACTIONS (PROHIBITION) AMENDMENT ACT,

2016

• PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION ACT,1988

• PREVENTION OF MONEY LAUNDERING ACT, 2002

• THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013

 INSTITUTIONS FOR DEALING WITH CORRUPTION
• LOKPAL AND LOKAYUKTA

• CHIEF VIGILANCE COMMISSION

• CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

HOW TO BRING PROBITY
IN GOVERNANCE?
 HOW TO BRING PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE?

• Bringing accountability and transparency in governance through

RTI and digitizing the process

• Strengthening Panchayati Raj Institutions

• Making grievance redressal mandatory

• public participation in service delivery through PPP model

• Privatization of certain sectors

where private firms have proven efficiency

• Imparting values-based training to officials

• Electoral reforms and strict adherence to guidelines and rules

• Strengthening of ombudsman system for independent scrutiny

• Effective implementation of Citizen Charter

• Removing human to human contact with e-governance

• Regularising social audit.

 SOCIAL AUDIT

• process in which details of the resources

used by the public agencies for the
development work are shared with the people

• provides the beneficiaries an opportunity

to scrutinize the development initiatives

• instrument of social accountability

• gained significance after the 73rd amendment act

• tool to assess the performance in

terms of social, environmental
and community goals

• Meghalaya became the first state

to pass social audit legislation
• Second ARC recommended that operational guidelines of all
developmental schemes and citizen centric programmes should
provide for a social audit mechanism

• In MGNREGA, social audits led to

proper entries in job cards,
increased knowledge about
the wage payment slips
Previous Year Questions

Q. Explain the basic principles of Citizen charter movement and ring out its
importance. (2019)
Q. “Non-performance of duty by a public servant is a form of corruption” Do
you agree with this view? Justify your answer (2019)
Q. It is often said that poverty leads to corruption. However, there is no
dearth of instances where affluent and powerful people indulge in
corruption in a big way. What are the basic causes of corruption among
people? Support your answer with examples. (2014)
 Ethics
Lec – 18
INDIAN THINKERS AND PHILOSOPHERS

By: Siddharth Sir

 Syllabus
1. INDIAN ETHICS 10. DR. BR AMBEDKAR
2. INDIAN SCHOOLS OF 11. VALLABHBHAI PATEL
PHILOSOPHY
3. ESSENCE OF RAMAYANA 12. RAJA RAM MOHAN ROY
AND MAHABHARATA 13. ISHWAR CHANDRA VIDYASAGAR
4. ESSENCE OF
BHAGVADGITA 14. DR. APJ ABDUL KALAM
5. BUDDHISM 15. SIKHISM
6. JAINISM 16. SUFISM
7. KAUTILYA 17. TULASIDAS
8. SWAMI VIVEKANANDA
9. RABINDRANATH TAGORE
 INDIAN ETHICS

• oldest moral philosophy in the

history of civilization

• suggest some practical means of attaining a life of perfection in

this world

• synthesis of theory and practice,

of intellectual understanding and
direct experience of
ultimate reality (Kaivalya, Nirvana etc.)

• absolutistic and spiritualistic.

• It aims at the realization of supreme reality

• Humanistic: It seeks a balance between
an individual’s inner and outer life;
individual and social life

• non-violence, love, compassion and goodwill for all living beings

• believe in the “Law of Karma”.

 INDIAN SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY
Samkhya: (founder: sage Kapila)

• Sankhya - enumerating number

• Eliminate physical and mental pains and receive liberations

• preaches the philosophy of “Dvaitavada” or dualism.

• The theory highlights the inner conscience or soul that guides

one's ethical conduct
 YOGA:
• union or yoking.

• Practised meditation and samadhi for renunciation

• deals with values that help one with mental and physical abilities
• It suggests Ashtanga-Yoga considering following steps
NYAYA:

• Founded by Gautama

• Nyaya signifies Rule

• Logical quest for god and phases of creation

• logic and epistemology:

• It promotes the gain of knowledge through inference, and
true knowledge leading to the liberation of the soul
 Vaisheshika:
• Founded by sage Kanada
• Main theme:
• Science of logic
• futility of Maya

• significant for its naturalism

• attempts to identify, inventory, and classify the entities and their
relations that present themselves to human perceptions

• The Vaisheshika system

holds that the smallest,
indivisible, indestructible part
of the world is an atom (anu).
All physical things are a
combination of the atoms
of earth, water, fire, and air.
 Mimamsa:
• Founded by Rishi Jaimini

• Mimamsa means critical reflection.

• Vedas are eternal and divine

• earliest Hindu school of philosophy that interprets Vedas and also

provides philosophical justification

• one can attain salvation through Karma-Kanda (Ritualism)

 Vedanta :
• means conclusion, specifically the end of Vedas

• Vedas are the true source of knowledge and one can

attain salvation by seeking true knowledge

• path of Jnana (knowledge) for Moksha

• Vivekananda’s interpretation of Vedanta philosophy:

• Ethics: It is a code of conduct for a man to be good. So, the
emphasis was laid on the intrinsic purity of atman (soul).
• Religion: Religion offered a pathway to the eternal supreme i.e.
Atman merging with Paramatman.
• Education: He advocated education for the character building
of an individual and was in complete agreement with the
methods and results of modern science.
 ESSENCE OF RAMAYANA AND MAHABHARATA
• Ram
• Governance: Public is of prime
importance over family and
social welfare should be the
main role of government.

• Friendship: Hanuman was treated

as a friend rather than a subordinate.

• Marriage is an institution: Loyalty towards his wife.

• He is a major proponent of the

social contractarianism approach
due to his relationship with the public/ subjects.
• Sita

• Self-respect: She showed self-respect when her purity was

questioned by the public and Lord Ram himself.

• Sita upholds the values and courage thus can be included in

proponent of virtue ethics.
• Dasharatha and Kaikeyi:

• Madhyam marga: Never take decisions when one is happy or

sad. This can be termed in today’s term as Emotional
Intelligence.

• Social influence: The influence of the maid Manthara on

Kaikeyi led to Lord Ram moving to the forest signifies the
importance of bad and good social influence.
• Ravana:

• Greed: Despite Ravana being an intellect the greed for power

and other women overshadowed his wisdom and could not
differentiate between ethical and unethical acts.

• True Knowledge and Wisdom are important for happiness, his

ignorance symbolizes the absence of ethical intellectualism.
• Bhishma :

• Dharma: One has to abide by his dharma. It applies to

contemporary civil servants who often complain of unhealthy
working conditions.

• He can also be considered as Deontologist for whom means

are important than ends.
• Arjun and Krishna:
• Positive thinking: Krishna was the epitome of positive thinking
who found solutions and positivity in every situation.

• Contractarianism: Arjun broke the words given to Yudhishthira

and yet forgiven by him, took the punishment of a one-year
pilgrimage.

• Krishna can be considered as the propagator of the Teleological

approach where ends or consequences of action decide the act
is ethical or not.
 ESSENCE OF BHAGVADGITA
• Pleasure and Work:
• Do not let the fruit be the purpose of your actions, and
therefore, you won’t be attached to not doing your duty

• Emotional intelligence:
• The awakened sages call a person wise when all his
undertakings are free from anxiety about results.
• Focus:

• Selflessness:

• Truth alone triumphs:

• There always will be bigger power
watches and truth can never be hidden.
 BUDDHISM
• Four noble truths:
• The Ashtanga Marg Of Buddha:
 JAINISM
• believe that ignorance is the root cause of bondage

• prescribe the threefold path of right faith, right knowledge and

right conduct for liberation
• essential stage of Right conduct is to take five vows (Vratas)

• Jainism. In the case of the monk, it is

extremely strict, rigid and puritanical.
The vows prescribed for the ascetic
are called Mahavratas (the great vows).
The great vows lead the monk
towards absolute renunciation
 KAUTILYA
• Science of wealth:
• explained the science of wealth in his book
“Arthashashtra” where he elaborated
upon the political economy of the nation

• Governance:
• He said corruption is natural in government as being selfish is
human nature. One has to control corruption as follows:

• Saam-Niti:
• Educating citizens and also public officials.

• Daam-Niti:
• Incentivising the hard work of the officials.

• Dandh-Niti:
• Punishments for deterrence.

• Bedh-Niti:
• Vigilance and spy system.
 SWAMI VIVEKANANDA
• a disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, was a pioneer of the
rationalist movement in India

• His version of Vedanta is called “Practical Vedanta”

based on Adi Shankar’s Advaita Philosophy
• He desired Indian spiritualism plus western materialism for a
happier life of a man

• Education and Social service

through RK Mission

• Brotherhood

• Rationality and
Scientific temper:
• Materialism & Spiritualism:
• The West appeared to him as the land of material civilization.
The spirit of that civilization to him was essential for Indian
progress

• Religion:
• He distinguishes institutional religion
from personal religion. According to him.
true religion is one who follows their
conscience and personal religion.

• Empowerment: His birth anniversary

is celebrated as National Youth Day.
He believed that Youth energy
can change the shape of the country
 RABINDRANATH TAGORE
• envisioned a novel blending of the ideas
of the East and West

• Tagore was a naturalist

• Tagore established a new mile-stone

by rejecting book centred
education for students.
• teaching should be practical and real but not artificial and
theoretical.

• Education should increase the creative skill

• laid great importance on the fine arts in his educational

curriculum

• he wanted to eradicate poverty

through education.
• Tagore was a national poet and a patriot. His writings were filled
with patriotic values

• He had joined the freedom struggle

to make the country free from foreign yoke

• Sense of national service, patriotic feeling, dedication etc. was

fostered through his writings

• “Jana Gana Mana Adhi Nayak Jai Hai” expresses a strong sense of
integration.
 DR. B. R. AMBEDKAR
• was one of the principle architects of the
Indian Constitution

• aimed to get justice for the 'last, the lost and the least’

• aimed for their equality and seek improved living conditions for
them and spread education among them and get adequate
representation.
• Ambedkar in his work Who Were the Shudras? questioned the
whole Hindu social order and tried to create a theory that the
“Shudras not a separate varna or caste but were originally
Kshatriyas who in a struggle with Brahmins were manipulated out
of the Kshatriya caste by the Brahmins and were deprived of the
sacred thread”

• root of all lack of social justice in India

was the caste system
• no democracy is possible in India without first establishing social
justice by the annihilation of caste

• economic exploitative basis of the caste system was so tied to the

benefit of upper castes they would never be willing to change the
situation

• His most important works are

Annihilation of Caste (1936),
Who were the Shudras (1946)
The Untouchables (1948
What Congress and Gandhi have done to the Untouchables.
 VALLABHBHAI PATEL
• dominated the Indian political scene from 1917 to 1950

• After Independence, he managed sensitive

portfolios such as Home and the States

• restructured the bureaucracy and

• integrated the princely States.

• laid the foundation of political democracy by being an important
member in the drafting of the Indian Constitution

• ‘Iron Man’ and a founder of modern India.

• fiery champion of fundamental rights and liberty

• insisted on guarded regulations on

land reforms and the
nationalisation of key industries

• political value system was a fine synthesis of liberalism,

conservatism and welfarism

• He saw a nation as ‘democratic in structure, nationalistic in

foundation and welfarist in spirit and function

• worked extensively against alcohol consumption, untouchability,

caste discrimination and for women emancipation in Gujarat and
outside
RAJA RAM MOHAN ROY: MORNING STAR OF INDIAN RENAISSANCE
• Monotheism

• Cosmopolitanism

• Rationalism and modernity

• reason and rationality as prime criteria for
deciding the right course of action
rather than tradition and superstition
• Roy is called the ‘Father of Modern India’
• Reformist
• Roy fought for women’s causes like widow remarriage, age of
consent, sati etc

• Vedantic philosophy:
• He promoted knowledge, enlightenment and spirituality as
chief tenets of the religion

• Humanism and human values

• peace, dignity, care, justice,etc.

• Roy was an educationist and even

encouraged the incorporation of
western technical education
into the traditional Indian curriculum
• Freedom of the press:

• Representative government and bureaucracy:

• Separation of judiciary from executive

• Liberty and freedom: He believed in

the sanctity of natural rights of life,
liberty, the pursuit of property and
so on
• Indigenous industrialization
• supported the native domestic industry
and urged the government to
provide tariff protection to
Indian industries

• Colonial destruction:
• idea of ‘drain of wealth’ can be traced back to Roy who
exposed the colonial economic destruction of India due to
British policies
 ISHWAR CHAND VIDYASAGAR
• Gender justice:
• He was a pioneering proponent of
social reforms for gender equality
• fought for widow remarriage,
girl education and
polygamy and child marriage

• Scholar and Educationist

• authored famous works like Borno Porichoy
• principal of Sanskrit college
• supported J.E.D. Bethune established
the Bethune school
• opened the doors of Sanskrit college
for the lower castes and poor
• Reformist

• Humanism and potential

• Leadership
• state should provide leadership to the society in pushing for
social reform when the society is trapped in orthodoxy and
rigidity

• Skill development and enterprise

• vocational learning and empowerment of women and
marginalized through skill development and remunerative
work
 DR. APJ ABDUL KALAM
• Indian aerospace scientist and statesman who
served as the 11th President of India (2002 to 2007).

• Ethical Views:
• He had a noble mind, strongly believed in simplicity and has
encouraged scores of Indians and people all of the world
through his dedication, empathy and integrity.

• upheld the virtues of a citizen and, as a scientist, always

combined ethics with science

• not swayed by power but used love and

peace as tools to be one among the masses.
• Educational Philosophy
• Education in its real sense is the pursuit of truth

• Education transforms a human being into a wholesome

whole, a noble soul and an asset to the universe
• Moral Education
• Moral education must be provided
to the children right from the school
stage so that they have a
strong moral value base
for the whole life

• Parents and teachers should work for the mission of value

inculcation among children

• Spirituality must be
integrated with education
and self-realization should be the focus
 DR. APJ ABDUL KALAM’S QUOTES
• You have to dream before your dreams can come true.
• Man needs his difficulties because they are necessary to enjoy
success.
• Great dreams of great dreamers are always transcended.
• Dreams are not those which comes while we are sleeping, but
dreams are those when u don’t sleep before fulfilling them.
• Don’t take rest after your first victory because if you fail in second,
more lips are waiting to say that your first victory was just luck.
• All Birds find shelter during a rain. But Eagle avoids rain by flying
above the Clouds. Problems are common,but attitude makes the
difference!!!
• It is very easy to defeat someone, but it is very hard to win
someone
 SIKHISM
• founded by Guru Nanak in the 16th century

• based on the teachings of Guru Nanak and those of the 9 Sikh

gurus who followed him

• Moral Standards:
• The major problem with morality is houmai (ego or I-am-ness).,
• houmai is a feeling of individualism.
• Guru Nanak uses sat (truth) as the principle of spiritual
progress.
• The journey to sachiara (self-realization) becomes easier if we
accept God’s hukam(will).
• Human Motives, Propensities and Praxis:
• Kaam (Lust), Karodh (Wrath), Lobh (Greed), Moh
(Attachment), and Ahankar (Ego or Pride) are known as 5
thieves or vices.
• The Gurus stress the need to control them
• These propensities keep a person in a state of restlessness.
• These propensities should be controlled voluntarily through
poise and balance and not through penance.

• Virtues: Virtues are qualities essential to endear the self to the

Divine. The Sikh Scriptures emphasize the following virtues –
wisdom, truthfulness, justice, temperance, courage, humility,
contentment, and love for humanity.
• Duties:
• Duties of the Sikhs are outlined in Rahitnamas (code of
conduct).
• A Sikh should perform all his duties to his/her best ability
depending upon the station of life he/she is in.
• The Moral duties are
 Right belief,
 Right livelihood,
 Chastity and fidelity.
• Organizational duties pertain to observing 5 K’s.
 SUFISM
• liberal reform movement within Islam

• origin in Persia and spread into India in the eleventh century.

• first Sufi saint Shaikh Ismail of Lahore started preaching his ideas

• The most famous of the Sufi saints of India

was Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti,
who settled in Ajmer which
became the centre of his activities
 Philosophy:
• Love and devotion: Sufism stressed the elements of love and
devotion as effective means of the realization of God. Love of God
meant love of humanity and so the Sufis believed service to
humanity was tantamount to service to God. They consider love
and devotion as the only means of attaining salvation.

• Self-discipline: It is considered an essential condition to gain

knowledge of God by sense of perception. While orthodox
Muslims emphasize external conduct, the Sufis lay stress on inner
purity.

• Spirit of tolerance: Sufism also inculcated a spirit of tolerance

among its followers.

• Other ideas emphasised by Sufism: meditation, good actions,

repentance for sins, performance of prayers and pilgrimages,
fasting, charity and suppression of passions by ascetic practices.
 TULASIDAS
• Tulasidas has composed the great work
Rāmacarita mānasā usually known as Rāmāyaṇa.

• According to him, the supreme fruit of

devotion is deliverance from sin and
purification of heart.

• Knowledge and devotion are the two paths for attaining God.

• In the whole creation, there is nothing in comparison to such

abiding value as saintliness of character. A saint has the
characteristics of deep wisdom and boundless love.
• A wise man sees unity in diversity and
identifies himself with the
whole of creation.

• The devotee radiates peace which is

active and exalted which silently and
gently communicates itself to others.

• Tulasidas says that man is responsible for his sorrows and joys in
life. He attaches great importance to the man associating with the
good and holy.

• This is said to be a recognized way prescribed for the ordinary

mortals to help themselves to progress on Godward path.