CHEMISTRY 1012A

CHAPTER 1
Prof A. Swarts (A diag)
Ms M.G. Meirim (B / E diagonals)

2024

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Please remember to use your textbook regularly to improve your
understanding of the material covered. Complete the revision questions at
the end of chapter 1 as well as Tutorial 1 from your student manual - answers
will only be provided later online. You will have access to the e-text once you
join Mastering Chemistry-Pearson- see MODULE 10 (students)

Strongly
recommended
textbook

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NOTE:
You have to attend lectures to annotate this set
of notes. Note taking is a skill- learn it!

Aim to recap your lectures daily- the more you

read and engage, the easier it will be to
understand the material.

Examples will be done in class, but you need

to retry them on your own.

“You need to know, what you do not know”.

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 Chapter 1

Introduction: Matter and

Measurement

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 Why does one study chemistry?
◼ When you start your car do you think
about chemistry?
➢ (lead storage battery-electrochemistry)

◼ Are you able to read and understand the

sentences written on the screen?
➢ (chemical reactions occur in the brain;
food you eat is converted through
chemical reactions.)
◼ Chemistry is an integral part of life!5
Chemistry is an experimental science.

▪ It relies on observation
▪ What reacted?
▪ How much substance reacted?
▪ Why did something react?
▪ How did it react?

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 THE STUDY OF CHEMISTRY
▪ Chemistry is the study of the properties and
behaviour of matter.
▪ Matter is anything that has mass and occupies
space.
▪ Generally, in chemistry we understand the
properties and behaviour of matter in terms of
atoms.
▪ Thus, chemistry is important in almost all
aspects of our lives e.g. respiration,
pharmaceutical industry, advanced materials,
nuclear science, food processing, reproduction,
etc. 7
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Matter can be described:
• microscopically ‒ not readily observable (atoms, molecules)
• macroscopically – observable (elements, compounds)

Matter can also be classified according to its physical

state: solid, liquid and gas....(plasma...similar to gas but a certain
portion of the particles are ionized..)
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TRANSFORMATIONS BETWEEN STATES OF MATTER

Video:
What phase changes of matter were illustrated?

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 Transformations
between states of
matter
Plot of temperature versus heat
added is a heating curve

_________ (and vapour

pressure) increase as heat is
applied.
At the phase change temperature
(_______________) are constant.

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 PURE SUBSTANCES
Element
• Cannot be decomposed into simpler
substances.
• Composed of one kind of atom (eg. H2)
Compound
• Composed of two or more elements,
chemically combined in fixed ratios
(eg.______________)
(Law of constant composition or the Law of definite
proportions)
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 MIXTURES
• Combination of two or more substances.
• Each substance retains it’s own chemical
and physical properties.( 1 tsp sugar in
water)
• Homogeneous mixture: uniform
throughout.________________.
• Heterogeneous mixture: consists of
physically distinct parts with different
properties.
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 Elements Compound Mixture of
elements +
Atoms Molecules Molecules compound
He H2 NH3

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 Matter

Is it uniform throughout?
NO YES
Heterogeneous mixture Homogeneous mixture

Does it have variable composition?

NO YES
Pure Substance Homogeneous
mixture (solution)
Can it be separated into
simpler substance?
YES NO
Compound Element 15
If a sample of matter is not uniform
throughout, then it is called a
________________mixture.

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Petrograph of Lunar Rock
Polarized light is used to analyze a sample of lunar rock collected by the Apollo 1 moon
exploration. The different colours represent different minerals.

The rock is a _____________mixture.

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If a sample of matter has
uniform properties throughout,
it is homogeneous.

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 80 oC 25 oC -------------time---------------->

solution: mixture: a heterogeneous mixture of a

_______ solution and a solid.
_______
Solutions and mixtures 19
Air is a homogeneous mixture (____________)

Air _________________fixed chemical composition

20% O2 and 80% N2 or 20% O2, 79% N2 and 1% CO2
would both be called “air”.
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Examples

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 SEPARATION OF MIXTURES
• Involves ___________processes.
• Uses the __________ physical properties of
the constituents to achieve the separation
e.g. boiling points, density, size and shape of
molecules.

A magnet separates iron filling from

potassium dichromate crystals –
a heterogeneous mixture.
• Some separation methods include:
distillation, chromatography, filtration.
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Separation of Mixtures

Solids can be separated from liquids by means of

filtration. (Separation based on the size of the particles)

The solid is collected in filter

paper, and the solution, called
the filtrate, passes through the
filter paper and is collected in a
flask.

Filtrate
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 Filtration
Figure 01.12

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 Distillation
Figure
(separation on the 01.13 boiling points)
basis of different

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 Methanol n-Butanol
Distillation bp. _____ bp. _____
(Red) (Black)

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 Chromatography
(Based on the ability of substances to adsorb to a surface/ polarity)

_______________ __________ phase

Paper chromatography (TLC) (paper)
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Paper Chromatography another example:

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Gas-Liquid chromatography (GLC) to separate a mixture
The greater the affinity the component has for the stationary
phase (liquid layer) the ___________it moves.

The greater affinity the component has for the mobile phase
(carrier gas) the ____________ it moves.

liquid layer
eg C18 hydrocarbon

Detector

blue yellow
Red
Chromatogram:

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 PROPERTIES OF MATTER
• Every substance has unique physical and
chemical properties.
• Intensive properties are those that do not
depend on the amount of sample (e.g. Colour,
temperature, hardness, density,
concentration, etc). mass
Density =
volume
kg g
ρ= or ρ =
m3 cm3

• Extensive properties are those that do depend

on the amount of sample (e.g.____________).
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Physical and Chemical Change
• Physical change: When the appearance but
not the composition of the substance is
changed (e.g. the change from solid to
liquid such as ice → liq water)

• Chemical change: The substance changes

its composition (bonds are broken and
reformed).
e.g. _________________________

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 Chemical Reaction (Chemical change)

Write the
equation:

32c
 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
• Matter can be described in two ways:

• Qualitative: what is the substance like, i.e.

descriptive. e.g. sweet, sour, heavy, acidic, etc.

• Quantitative: numerical value can be assigned

to the property. e.g. 2 litres of acid, 10 g of salt.

• Note that when we give quantitative

descriptions of matter we use units e.g. litres,
grams, etc.
• S.I. units are preferred (not inches, pounds,
etc). 33
 SI Units
• Systeme international d’unites

• There are two types of units:

–7 fundamental (or base) units (see
table)
–derived units: Hundreds of derived units are
derived from these base units

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 S.I. Prefixes
Fundamental
units:
Note: a non SI unit
commonly used:
1 ångström (Å)
= 10-10 metres
= 0.1 nanometres
=_________--
1 km = 1000m
but 1 km2 = 1 000 000 m2
= 10 6 m2
Why?
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S.I. Prefixes
Non SI units commonly used in chemistry

• 1 Ångström (Å) = 10-10 m = 0.1 nm = 100 pm

• Unit of volume: Litre. 1 L = 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3 = 1000 mL

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Derived units are obtained from the 7 base SI units.
Example:
units of distance
Units of velocity =
units of time
meters
=
seconds
= m/s

units of force
Units of pressure =
units of area 1 N =__________
N
= 2 F = Mass x Acceleration
m 1 Pa= ___________
= Pa 38
 TEMPERATURE
• Macroscopically – how hot or cold the
substance is (i.e. determines ___________of
heat flow).
• Microscopically – the average kinetic
energy, KE, of the particles (considers the
______________of the particles).

• Celsius scale (°C): minimum of -273.15°C

• Kelvin scale (K): an absolute scale, always
positive or zero.
T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15
• Fahrenheit scale (not really important) 39
Temperature conversion:
Figure 01.18

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Examples
Convert the following T to Kelvin:
(try these yourself first)

• Room temperature , 25.00°C = _______

• Temperature at which water

freezes, 0.00 °C = _______

• Water at - 20.00 °C = _______

( T(K) = T(°C) + 273.15 )

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 DERIVED SI UNITS
(i.e. base units that are used to define other quantities)
Area (A) = length x breadth
=mxm
= m2 (SI unit for area)

Volume (V) = length x breadth x height

=mxmxm
= m3 (SI unit for volume)
• Note: 1 dm3 = __________________
• What is 1 mL in cm3? 1 mL = 1 cm3
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Density () = mass per unit volume
= mass/volume
= kg m-3 (the SI unit ) or g cm-3
Example:
If the density of water is 0.999 g cm-3, what is
its density in kg m-3? (try it yourself first)

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Some standard laboratory equipment for measuring
volume:

Variable vol Specific vol 44

UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT
• In all experimental sciences we must make
use of measurements.
• But all these measurements have inherent
degrees of precision and accuracy.
• Precision: How closely measurements agree
with each other.
• Accuracy: How closely measurements agree
with the true value.
• NB If a true value is not given or known, we can
make no comment on accuracy.
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Analogy Figure Precision
01.24 and
accuracy

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 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
• Definition: The digits of a measured number
that include all certain digits plus the final
one which has some uncertainty.
• Significant figures indicate how precisely a
quantity is known.
• Examples:
➢ 2.53 g (3 sig) is less precise than 2.5271 g
(_________sig).
➢ 4.0 g means 4.0 ± 0.1g (______sig)
4.00 g means 4.00 ± 0.01g (____ sig)
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 Significant Figures
• Significant figures reflect uncertainty in
measurement.
• All the figures known with certainty plus one extra
figure are called ________________

Example Manufacturer guarantees balance to

± 0.01 g

This measurement has three significant

figures
So, a poorly calibrated balance will lead to inaccurate
(not close to true value), but precise results.
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Any measurement consists Remember,
of 3 interlinked concepts: specifying exact
units is
- a measured number important!!!
- a unit
- a measure of uncertainty

If you repeat a particular

measurement, you usually do
not obtain precisely the same
result, because each
measurement is subject to
experimental error.
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 RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
• Non-zero digits are always significant.
• Zeros between nonzero digits are always
significant.
• Zeros that fall both at the end of a number
and after the decimal point are always
significant.
• When a number ends in zeros but contains no
decimal point the zeros may or may not be
significant. (100 = 1x102, 1.0x102, 1.00 x102 )
(To avoid ambiguity use exponential notation.)
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 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES IN
CALCULATIONS
• In multiplication and division one respects
the least number of significant figures.
• In addition and subtraction one respects the
least number of decimal places.
• Exact number: numbers that arise from
counting items or per definition. They are
therefore absolute values. (1 chicken, not
1.00000 chickens; 1dozen eggs = 12 eggs)

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 Examples
1) How many significant figures do the following
have? (try it yourself first)
4 ( ____ sig fig)
4.1 ( ___sig fig)
154.003 ( ___ sig fig)
1.0000 ( ____ sig fig)
0.0567 ( ____ sig fig)

2) How do 1x102 g, 1.0x102 g, 1.00 x102 g

(i.e. 100 g) differ?
Ans:______________________
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In equations such as
2
Ek = 1
2 mv
V = 3 πr
4 3

and
d = 2πr
the numbers 1/2, 4/3 and 2 and π are exact
numbers; they are known with infinite precision
and hence have an infinite number of significant
figures.
Therefore, look at the other numbers for the
precision estimate 53
 Dimensional analysis
◼ Carry units through all calculations.
◼ Units should indicate if there is an error
in calculation.
◼ Conversion factor is used (ratio and
proportion):

Given unit x Desired unit = desired unit

Given unit

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Example:

Convert 23 cm to meters:

1cm = 10-2 m or 1m = 100cm

Hence: _?__cm x 10-2 m = 23 x 10-2 m

1cm

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Example:

Convert 8.00 m to inches:

◼ Convert m to cm and cm to inches

◼ ( given: 1 in = 2.54 cm)

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Example: (Try it yourself first, without looking at the suggested method)
What length of copper wire (diameter 0.500 mm)
can be produced from a pure copper ingot (block)
of mass 50.0 kg? Cu = 8.94 g cm-3.
Try it yourself!

Answer l = 28 470 m (or 2.85 x 10 4 m)

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 END OF SECTION 1
Do revision exercises for Chapter 1
and Tutorial 1 of your student manual

“Failure is the key to

success. Each mistake
teaches us something.”

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 REVISION - CHAPTER 1
Please attempt all these questions yourself
We will do some in class at the end of the first 4 chapters, depending on how
much time we have.

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8) In analyzing a sample of polluted
water, a chemist measured out a
25.00mL sample with a pipette and
then another 25 mL of water
samusing a measuring cylinder.
What is the difference between the
measurements 25.00mL and 25 mL?

9) What is the number 2 in the

definition of a circumference of a
circle ,2πr, called?
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10) Indicate which of the following is/are
pure substance/s: iron, petrol,
sodium chloride. Explain.

11) Classify each of the following as a

mixture or as a pure substance: water,
iron, wine, sodium bicarbonate, air. Of the
pure substances which are elements and
which are compounds?

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12) Is the boiling of water a chemical or a
physical change? Explain.

13) Which of the following is not an intensive

property ? Density, temperature, melting
point, mass and pressure?

14) What decimal power does the

abbreviation Milli represent?
1x103; 1x106; 1x109; 1x10-3; 1x10-6

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