Cambridge International AS & A Level: Sociology 9699/12 October/November 2021

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Cambridge International AS & A Level
SOCIOLOGY 9699/12
Paper 1 October/November 2021
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 50
Published
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.
Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.
Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.
Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2021 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level
components.
This document consists of 17 printed pages.
© UCLES 2021 [Turn over

9699/12 www.dynamicpapers.com
Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2021
Generic Marking Principles
These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.
GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:
Marks must be awarded in line with:
• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.
Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).
Marks must be awarded positively:
• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.
Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.
Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).
Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.
© UCLES 2021 Page 2 of 17

PUBLISHED 2021
Social Science-Specific Marking Principles

(for point-based marking)
1 Components using point-based marking:

• Point marking is often used to reward knowledge, understanding and application of skills.
We give credit where the candidate’s answer shows relevant knowledge, understanding
and application of skills in answering the question. We do not give credit where the answer
shows confusion.
From this it follows that we:
a DO credit answers which are worded differently from the mark scheme if they clearly
convey the same meaning (unless the mark scheme requires a specific term)
b DO credit alternative answers/examples which are not written in the mark scheme if they
are correct
c DO credit answers where candidates give more than one correct answer in one
prompt/numbered/scaffolded space where extended writing is required rather than list-type
answers. For example, questions that require n reasons (e.g. State two reasons …).
d DO NOT credit answers simply for using a ‘key term’ unless that is all that is required.
(Check for evidence it is understood and not used wrongly.)
e DO NOT credit answers which are obviously self-contradicting or trying to cover all
possibilities
f DO NOT give further credit for what is effectively repetition of a correct point already
credited unless the language itself is being tested. This applies equally to ‘mirror
statements’ (i.e. polluted/not polluted).
g DO NOT require spellings to be correct, unless this is part of the test. However spellings of
syllabus terms must allow for clear and unambiguous separation from other syllabus terms
with which they may be confused (e.g. Corrasion/Corrosion)
2 Presentation of mark scheme:

• Slashes (/) or the word ‘or’ separate alternative ways of making the same point.
• Semi colons (;) bullet points (•) or figures in brackets (1) separate different points.
• Content in the answer column in brackets is for examiner information/context to clarify the
marking but is not required to earn the mark (except Accounting syllabuses where they
indicate negative numbers).
3 Calculation questions:
• The mark scheme will show the steps in the most likely correct method(s), the mark for
each step, the correct answer(s) and the mark for each answer
• If working/explanation is considered essential for full credit, this will be indicated in the
question paper and in the mark scheme. In all other instances, the correct answer to a
calculation should be given full credit, even if no supporting working is shown.
• Where the candidate uses a valid method which is not covered by the mark scheme,
award equivalent marks for reaching equivalent stages.
• Where an answer makes use of a candidate’s own incorrect figure from previous working,
the ‘own figure rule’ applies: full marks will be given if a correct and complete method is
used. Further guidance will be included in the mark scheme where necessary and any
exceptions to this general principle will be noted.

PUBLISHED 2021
4 Annotation:
• For point marking, ticks can be used to indicate correct answers and crosses can be used
to indicate wrong answers. There is no direct relationship between ticks and marks. Ticks
have no defined meaning for levels of response marking.
• For levels of response marking, the level awarded should be annotated on the script.
• Other annotations will be used by examiners as agreed during standardisation, and the
meaning will be understood by all examiners who marked that paper.

PUBLISHED 2021
Question Annotation Meaning
1 Identification of a point
DEV Development / description of the point.
2a Point that has been credited
E1 Explanation of the point
M Material used to support the point
E2 Explanation of how the material supports the point
2b Strength / weakness that has been credited
E1 Explanation of why the method has that strength/weakness
E2 Explanation of why it is a strength/weakness
3a Point that has been credited
EXP Some explanation but underdeveloped rather than developed
DEV Developed point
GEN Point on the general topic area rather than specific question
3b Point that has been credited
DEV Developed point

PUBLISHED 2021
Question Annotation Meaning
4/5 Point that has been credited
DEV Developed point
EVAL Evaluation point
Other SEEN This material receives no credit

annotations
BOD Benefit of the doubt given
Vertical wavy Irrelevant material

line

PUBLISHED 2021
Question Answer Marks
1 Describe two types of femininity 4
Indicative content
• Normative / traditional / hegemonic / passive / emphasised / contingent /

submissive / ‘toxic’
• Assertive / modernised / independent / ’Laddette’/ ’girl power’
• Autonomous
Reward a maximum of two femininities. For each femininity, up to 2 marks are

available:
1 mark for identifying a femininity

1 mark for describing the identified femininity

PUBLISHED 2021
2(a) Explain two reasons why a researcher might use more than one method. 8
Indicative content
• To overcome the limitations of one method by the strengths of other

methods.
• To provide a check on the accuracy of findings of different types of
method/data.
• The use of different methods or data to check the validity and reliability of
the approach taken.
• To generate hypotheses from one type of data that can be checked via
the other.
• Methods that produce the best fit (most suitable, practical) for the subject
being studied whether they be quantitative or qualitative, i.e.
methodological pluralism.
• To build up a fuller picture of the study group, e.g. Barker’s study of the
Moonies.
• Theoretical position taken (e.g. realist).
• Use one method to inform the application of a different method (e.g.
unstructured interview to develop categories for a questionnaire).
• Any other appropriate reason.
For this question, use of sociological material is likely to be demonstrated

through reference to methodological concepts or use of examples related to
specific methods.
Reward a maximum of two reasons. Up to 4 marks are available for each

reason:
1 mark for making a point / giving a reason (e.g. by overcoming the limitations
of one method by the strengths of other methods.)
1 mark for explaining that point (e.g. one method may produce valid results
that are not necessarily reliable)
1 mark for selecting relevant sociological material (e.g. using a questionnaire

alongside an unstructured interview)
1 mark for explaining how the material supports the point (e.g. gain both the
reliability of the questionnaire and the validity of the unstructured interview)
(2 × 4 marks)

PUBLISHED 2021
2(b) Explain one strength and one limitation of using a covert approach to 6
participant observation.
Indicative content
Strengths
• Avoids the Hawthorne effect to the extent that the researcher is incognito.
• Ability to study groups that wouldn’t otherwise give access to a
researcher, e.g. some deviant groups.
• Ability to participate in activities that may otherwise be denied to an overt
researcher, e.g. dangerous activities.
• Easier to gain trust and acceptance than if the researcher’s identity is
known.
• Any other appropriate strength.
Limitations
• Practical issues – hard to record data / have to rely on memory; have to

devote a lot of time to gain access.
• Lacks objectivity – deep personal involvement [‘going native’] can lead to
invalid data.
• Can be dangerous – group members will not provide outsider protection
to the researcher.
• Can be hard to negotiate withdrawal from the group.
• Potentially unethical – privacy, lack of informed consent.
• Reliability
• Any other appropriate limitation.
Reward a maximum of one strength and one limitation. For each, up to

3 marks are available:
1 mark for identifying a strength (e.g. avoids Hawthorne effect)
1 mark for explaining why this method has this strength (e.g. because the
participants do not know you are researching them they are less likely to
change their behaviour)
1 mark for explaining why it is a strength (e.g. this increases the validity of the
data)
1 mark for identifying a limitation (e.g. hard to record data)
1 mark for explaining why this method has this limitation (e.g. because you
are pretending not to be a researcher you can’t take notes openly)
1 mark for explaining why it is a limitation (e.g. have to rely on memory which
may not be accurate)
(2 × 3 marks)

PUBLISHED 2021
3(a) ‘Cultural deprivation is the main reason that individuals act in deviant 10
ways.’
Explain this view.
Indicative content
• Cultural deprivation is the idea that some social groups experience

inadequate socialisation which can negatively impact on their behaviour.
• Failings in early socialisation and family background ill-equip individuals
in terms of failings in pre-school learning, language skills and appropriate
norms, values and attitudes (most often linked to social class.)
• This explanation accounts for the likelihood of such groups/individuals to
transgress and act in deviant ways.
Levels of response
Level 3: 8–10 marks

• Good knowledge and understanding of the view that cultural deprivation
is the main reason that individuals act in deviant ways. The response
contains two clear and developed points.
• Sociological materials such as concepts, theories and evidence, will be
used to support both points. The material selected is appropriate and
focused on the question with its relevance made clear.

• Some knowledge and understanding of the view that cultural deprivation
contains one clear and developed point and one relevant but
underdeveloped point.
• Sociological material is used to support at least one point. The material
selected is appropriate but not clearly focused on the question or its
relevance is not made clear.

• Limited knowledge and understanding of the view that cultural deprivation
contains one relevant but underdeveloped point and one (or more) points
related to the general topic rather than the specific question.
• Any supporting material lacks focus on the specific question.
Level 0: 0 marks
• No response worthy of credit.

PUBLISHED 2021
3(b) ‘Cultural deprivation is the main reason that individuals act in deviant 6
ways.’
Using sociological material, give one argument against this view.
Indicative content
• Critique of the explanation in terms of differences in culture rather than
deprivation (subcultural)
• social resistance
• marginalisation – approaches that view the relationships between
different groups as shaped by power leads to some marginalised/resistant
groups (e.g. the young) being ‘labelled’ as deviant etc
• biological / psychological explanations for deviant behaviour focusing on
deficient personalities more prone to deviance
• Evidence of the persistence of social pressure promoting conformity
(social exchange theory)
• Structural approaches that focus on socio-economic factors that give rise
to deviant/ criminal behaviour
Levels of response

• One clear and developed argument against the view that cultural
deprivation is the main reason that individuals act in deviant ways.
• Sociological material, such as concepts, theories and evidence, is used to
support the argument. The material selected is appropriate and focused
on the question with its relevance made clear.

• One clear but underdeveloped argument against the view cultural
deprivation is the main reason that individuals act in deviant ways.
• The material selected is appropriate but not clearly focused on the
question or its relevance to the argument is not made clear.

• One point disagreeing with the view that cultural deprivation is the main
reason that individuals act in deviant ways which is undeveloped or
lacking clarity.
• Any supporting material lacks focus on the specific question.
Level 0: 0 marks
• No response worthy of credit.

PUBLISHED 2021
4 Evaluate the view that an individual’s identity is largely shaped by their 26

social class.
Indicative content
In support of the view Against the view
Points • Evidence of diverse social • Evidence that (class)

characteristics between identity has fragmented
class groups, which can be if not disappeared.
linked to different • Social changes
socialisation experiences especially in relation to
for each. work and migration,
• Social class critical have led to a blurring
influence on attitudes and of boundaries with
values, e.g. education, identity much more
politics (voting), workplace, individualistic – ‘we’re
peer groups, cultural all middle class now.’
consumption etc • Class a dated and over-
• Survey evidence that deterministic concept
people identify themselves • Identity now linked to
in class terms. consumption, leisure
• Many sociologists point to and lifestyle choices
objective differences • Subjective view.
between class groups • Alternative approach
linked to work and income would be to compare
• Structural differences the relative importance
persist i.e. life chances still of class to other sources
class, based. of identity, e.g. gender,
• Even those rejecting class ethnicity, etc
labels recognise that class
is an important ‘structural’
force in theirs and other
people’s lives (Savage).
Research BSA, Savage Pakulski, Clarke and

evidence Saunders
Additional Objective, subjective, life Decentred identities;

concepts chances, centred identities oversocialised,
deterministic
The above content is indicative and other relevant approaches to the question
should be rewarded appropriately.
References to sociological theories such as functionalism, feminism, or

interactionism may be present but are not necessary even for full marks.

PUBLISHED 2021
4 Levels of response

• Very good knowledge and understanding of the view that an individual’s
identity is largely shaped by their social class. The response contains a
wide range of detailed points with very good use of concepts and
theory/research evidence.
• The material selected will be accurately interpreted, well developed and
consistently applied to answering the question.
• Clear, explicit and sustained analysis/evaluation of the view that an
individual’s identity is largely shaped by their social class.

• Good knowledge and understanding of the view that an individual’s
range of detailed points with good use of concepts and theory/research
evidence.
• The material selected will be accurate and relevant but not always
• Good analysis/evaluation of the view that an individual’s identity is largely
shaped by their social class. The evaluation may be explicit and direct but
not sustained or a more descriptive account of evidence and arguments
suggesting that identity is shaped by factors other than class.

• Reasonable knowledge and understanding of the view that an individual’s
narrow range of detailed points or a wider range of underdeveloped
points, with some use of concepts or theory or research evidence.
• The material selected will be largely appropriate but its relevance to the
question may be unclear or confused at times.
• Some analysis/evaluation of the view that quantitative research methods
have more strengths than limitations. The evaluation may be a simple
juxtaposition of different arguments and theories which are not clearly
focused on the question or a few simple points suggesting that identity is
shaped by factors other than class

• Basic knowledge and understanding of the view that an individual’s
narrow range of underdeveloped points and may include basic references
to concepts or theories or research evidence.
• The material selected is relevant to the topic but lacks focus on or
relevance to the specific question.
• Any analysis or evaluation is likely to be incidental, confused or simply
assertive.

PUBLISHED 2021
4 Level 1: 1–5 marks

• Limited knowledge and understanding of the view that an individual’s
identity is largely shaped by their social class. The response contains
only assertive points or common-sense observations.
• There is little or no application of sociological material.
• Little or no relevant analysis or evaluation.
Level 0: 0 marks
No response worthy of credit.

PUBLISHED 2021
5 Evaluate the use of secondary data in sociological research. 26
Indicative content
In support of secondary data Against the use of secondary

data
Points Distinctions between quantitative and qualitative secondary
data may be used to shape and inform the argument
presented.
Quantitative forms Quantitative forms
• Cost/time effective. • Survey design is not by
• Access to information researcher
from the past. • Concepts used not
• Sometimes the only operationalised by the
available source of data researcher, e.g. poverty.
in a particular area. • Researchers have to
• Adds depth and support decide what the data
to primary data. means.
• In the case of official • Official statistics may be
statistics they are often prone to government
comprehensive and manipulation, especially in
therefore more likely to areas such as crime or
be representative. employment.
• Can be used to exam • Partial picture because
trends over time – they only provided data on
historical. recorded events, i.e. they
• Can be used as a source don’t show unrecorded
of investigation, e.g. crime.
content analysis. • Interpretivist critique of
• Theoretical angle validity – don’t reveal much
of the reasons why
behaviour takes place
• General point: as
compared to primary data,
research based on
secondary sources may
assessed from a range of
angles
Qualitative forms Qualitative forms

• Authentic accounts • Positivist critique:
providing detailed in- unreliable,
depth material unrepresentative
• High in validity • Highly subjective
Research Official statistics, e.g. Social Trends, examples of studies using
evidence forms of quantitative and qualitative secondary data.
Additional Positivism, interpretivism
concepts
The above content is indicative and other relevant approaches to the question
should be rewarded appropriately.

PUBLISHED 2021
5 Levels of response

• Very good knowledge and understanding of the use of secondary data in
sociological research. The response contains a wide range of detailed
points with very good use of concepts and theory/research evidence.
• The material selected will be accurately interpreted, well developed and
consistently applied to answering the question. Clear, explicit and
sustained analysis/evaluation of the use of secondary data in sociological
research

• Good knowledge and understanding of the use of secondary data in
sociological research. The response contains a range of detailed points
with good use of concepts and theory/research evidence.
• The material selected will be accurate and relevant but not always
• Good analysis/evaluation of the use of secondary data in sociological
research. The evaluation may be explicit and direct but not sustained or a
more descriptive account of evidence and arguments against the use of
secondary data in sociological research.

• Reasonable knowledge and understanding of the use of secondary data
in sociological research. The response contains a narrow range of
detailed points or a wider range of underdeveloped points, with some use
of concepts or theory or research evidence.
• The material selected will be largely appropriate but its relevance to the
question may be unclear or confused at times.
• Some analysis/evaluation of the use of secondary data in sociological
research. The evaluation may be a simple juxtaposition of
arguments/evidence about the use of different methods/types of data
which are not clearly focused on the question or a few simple points
arguing against the use of secondary data in sociological research.

• Basic knowledge and understanding of the use of secondary data in
sociological research. The response contains a narrow range of
underdeveloped points and may include basic references to concepts or
theories or research evidence.
• The material selected is relevant to the topic but lacks focus on or
relevance to the specific question.
• Any analysis or evaluation is likely to be incidental, confused or simply
assertive.

PUBLISHED 2021
5 Level 1: 1–5 marks

• Limited knowledge and understanding of the use of secondary data in
sociological research. The response contains only assertive points or
common sense observations.
• There is little or no application of sociological material.
• Little or no relevant analysis or evaluation.
Level 0: 0 marks
No response worthy of credit.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level

This document consists of 17 printed pages.

© UCLES 2021 [Turn over

Generic Marking Principles

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

© UCLES 2021 Page 2 of 17

Social Science-Specific Marking Principles

1 Components using point-based marking:

From this it follows that we:

2 Presentation of mark scheme:

© UCLES 2021 Page 3 of 17

© UCLES 2021 Page 4 of 17

Question Annotation Meaning

DEV Development / description of the point.

2a Point that has been credited

E1 Explanation of the point

M Material used to support the point

E2 Explanation of how the material supports the point

2b Strength / weakness that has been credited

E1 Explanation of why the method has that strength/weakness

E2 Explanation of why it is a strength/weakness

3a Point that has been credited

EXP Some explanation but underdeveloped rather than developed

DEV Developed point

M Material used to support the point

3b Point that has been credited

EXP Some explanation but underdeveloped rather than developed

DEV Developed point

M Material used to support the point

© UCLES 2021 Page 5 of 17

Question Annotation Meaning

4/5 Point that has been credited

EXP Some explanation but underdeveloped rather than developed

DEV Developed point

M Material used to support the point

EVAL Evaluation point

Other SEEN This material receives no credit

BOD Benefit of the doubt given

Vertical wavy Irrelevant material

© UCLES 2021 Page 6 of 17

Question Answer Marks

1 Describe two types of femininity 4

• Normative / traditional / hegemonic / passive / emphasised / contingent /

Reward a maximum of two femininities. For each femininity, up to 2 marks are

1 mark for identifying a femininity

© UCLES 2021 Page 7 of 17

Question Answer Marks

• To overcome the limitations of one method by the strengths of other

For this question, use of sociological material is likely to be demonstrated

Reward a maximum of two reasons. Up to 4 marks are available for each