C3V10 Oberbroeckling Corrosion Erosion in Sulfur Recovery

Corrosion/Erosion in Sulfur Recovery
(Real-Life Examples) September 16, 2010

(Real-Life Examples)
September 16, 2010

2010 Sulfur Recovery Symposium
Sonnenalp Resort, Vail, Colorado
By: Philip J. Oberbroeckling, P.E.
Consulting Engineer
Process Design & Technology
Houston Refining LP
lyondellbasell.com 2010 Sulfur Recovery Symposium, Vail Colorado September 13-17, 2010 1
2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 1 of 49

Corrosion – Definition
(Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary)
• Cor·ro·sion \k㯆-Ɏr㮃-zh㯆n\
• noun
• 1 : the action, process, or effect of corroding
2 : a product of corroding
• Cor·rode \k㯆-Ɏr㮃d\
• Inflected Form(s): cor·rod·ed; cor·rod·ing
• transitive verb
• 1 : to eat away by degrees as if by gnawing; especially : to wear
away gradually usually by chemical action <the metal was
corroded beyond repair>
2 : to weaken or destroy gradually

Erosion – Definition
(Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary)
• Ero·sion \i-Ɏr㮃-zh㯆n\
• noun
• 1 a : the action or process of eroding b : the state of being eroded
2 : an instance or product of erosion
• Erode \i-Ɏr㮃d\
• verb
• Inflected Form(s): erod·ed; erod·ing
• 1 : to diminish or destroy by degrees: a : to eat into or away by slow
destruction of substance (as by acid, infection, or cancer) b : to wear
away by the action of water, wind, or glacial ice <flooding eroded the
hillside> c : to cause to deteriorate or disappear as if by eating or
wearing away <inflation eroding buying power>
2 : to produce or form by eroding <glaciers erode U-shaped
valleys>intransitive verb

Under Insulation Corrosion:

Reflux Return – Valve Body Failure
Insulated carbon steel lines are very susceptible to corrosion activity at

transitional pieces and elbows where water collects. These areas must be
part of a proper periodic monitoring program.

Condenser/Steam Reheater Leaks:

Signs of Failure – Water in Sulfur Run Down
Finding free-standing water in the sulfur rundown is a sure sign of a leak in

either the corresponding condenser or steam reheater.

Condenser/Steam Reheater Leaks:

Signs of Failure – Water in SulTrap™
In this example, significant amounts of water were present in the SulTrap™

after being lined up during a restart of the unit from an unscheduled
shutdown as a result of loss of plant load. Upon inspection, the
corresponding condenser was found to have a significant leak.

Wet H2S Corrosion:

550# Steam Claus Reheater - Tube Failure
Slide 1 of 3: No.1 Reheater was found to have significant metal loss at the
tubesheet and numerous tube to tubesheet leaks after cleaning. Suspected
failure mechanism is wet H2S attack that may have started with the tube
crack shown in the upper right, or a cracked weld at the tube sheet as shown
in the lower left. It is suspected that the cracks may have resulted from
excess thermal expansion resulting from out of step startup sequencing,
where the tubes were being heated up before steam was introduced to the
shell side.

Wet H2S Corrosion:

Slide 2 of 3: A few of the extracted tubes were found to have excessive deep
pitting on the inlet side, most likely due to under deposit corrosion where
sulfur impregnated into the metal matrix.

Wet H2S Corrosion:

Slide 3 of 3: One of the extracted tubes had through-wall leak at one of the
pits. Outer tube corrosion most likely occurred during the unit clearing after
the steam was shut off.

Erosive Power of Steam:

550# Steam Claus Reheater – Tubesheet Weld Failure
Initial Leak
Corresponding
Weld
Erosion
This set of photos illustrates the erosive power of steam. This 550# Steam
Reheater on a Claus Unit started with a pin hole leak in the tube to
tubesheet weld. While leaking, the force of the steam near completely
washed out the bottom quarter of the tube/tubeshet weld just below the leak.
This illustrates what happens on high-pressure Thermal Reactor WHBs as
well. Once a leak starts, it is only a matter of time before a significant leak
presents itself, forcing a unit shutdown for repair.

Wet Sulfur Corrosion:

Sulfur Condenser – Tube Failure (External View)
Slide 1 of 2: Post cleaning external view of extracted tubes from a leaking

No.1 Condenser. The tubes were found to have two through-wall leaks after
cleaning.

Wet Sulfur Corrosion:

Sulfur Condenser – Tube Failure (Internal View)
Slide 2 of 2: Post cleaning internal view of extracted tubes revealed

significant pitting. It was determined that the pitting resulted from cold acid
attack from wetted sulfur impregnated in the metal matrix. During
shutdowns, the condenser becomes cold enough for moisture to condense
in the tubes, which will cause the residual impregnated sulfur to become
acidic. The investigation found that during the last couple of shutdowns on
the unit, the condensers were left to go cold without soda ash neutralization
hydro-blasting, which is a critical maintenance activity necessary to prevent
this type of failure.

Wet Sulfur/Wet H2S Corrosion:

Sulfur Tank – Wall Coil/Tank Wall Failure
This is a wall coil inside a sulfur storage tank that developed a leak at the ~30 ft mark.
The acidity caused by the coil leak eventually resulted in a wall-plate failure at the ~25ft
mark. The wall surfaces at this level in the tank were not aluminized (only the top 15ft
and roof were aluminized. The tank was constructed and commissioned in late 1995. It
is not clear when the coil began leaking, however, the first signs of wall failure occurred in
early 1998. Resolution = 1) remove the wall coils – the Houston area climate and proper
insulation have deemed that the floor coils provide sufficient heat load; 2) aluminize the
wall surface all the way to the floor – aluminum is not susceptible to acid attack and
flame-spraying costs have become very economical.

Wet Sulfur/Wet H2S Corrosion:

Sulfur Rundown Look Box Failure
Severely corroded carbon steel sulfur look boxes showed signs of corrosion
after less than one year of operation. The look boxes were replaced with
316L stainless steel during the unit’s first turnaround and show no signs of
corrosion after nine years of service.

Wet H2S Corrosion:

Sulfur Pit Eductor Failure
The gun barrel and chamber of this steam ejector for a sulfur pit eductor
system fabricated of carbon steel illustrate the point that components in this
highly corrosive service must be fabricated of corrosion-resistant materials.
Note the gun tip that is fabricated with stainless steel showed no signs of
corrosion.

Wet H2S Corrosion:

Sulfur Tank – Roof Damage
These photos show significant roof damage on a sulfur tank that was
encountered during a turnaround. This tank prior to this shutdown did not
have aluminized coating on the walls and roof. Within its 27-year service, it
required major plate replacements every time it was taken out of service.
After full restoration for this outage, the walls and roof were flame sprayed
with aluminum to ~10 mils in thickness to prevent future corrosion.

Wet H2S Corrosion:

Acid Gas Feed Control Valve – Seat Loss
SWS Acid Gas feed control valve showing body corrosion/erosion on the
backside of the butterfly – note that the valve did not have any leak-by or
flow control problems because the seating surface had not yet been
damaged. This valve was in service for only five years.

Wet H2S Corrosion:

Claus Unit Rupture Disk – Premature Relief
Slide 1 of 2: This is a 316L stainless steel rupture disk installed on the No. 1
Condenser Outlet of a Claus Unit with the discharge routed to a sulfur pit.
This is a view of the outlet side (pit side) of the rupture disk. Because of
piping issues, the rupture disk seat sits in a section of pipe that does not free
drain; pooled liquid accumulates and sits up against the rupture disk;
creating a wet H2S environment which attacked the stainless steel. The
metallurgy of the rupture disk has been upgraded to Hastelloy.

Wet H2S Corrosion:

Claus Unit Rupture Disk – Premature Relief
Slide 2 of 2: Process side of the rupture disk was subject to sulfur pooling,
but it is believed that this had no cause in the premature failure.

Wet H2S Corrosion and Possible Chloride Attack:

Sour Water Stripper – Top Tray Loss
This is what is left from a top section (above the chimney tray) 316L Stainless
Steel tray in a Sour Water Stripper designed with an internal reflux system.
The top five trays all fabricated of 316L SS suffered 80% metal loss after nine
years of operation. Additionally, the tower vessel wall with 316L SS cladding
will require weld overlay repair during its next turnaround. Analysis of the
sour water did detect trace levels of chlorides. The internal reflux design
makes for a very wet acid gas environment in the top section of the tower,
which is corrosive even to stainless steel. Adding trace chlorides significantly
increases the difficulty of maintaining mechanical integrity of these trays and
this section of the tower. Ironically, the SWS did not suffer any stripping
performance problems even up to the last days of operation before this
turnaround occurred.

Effect of Heat Stable Salts and Acid Gas Loading

of Rich Amine on Carbon Steel Corrosion Rates
45.0
40.0
C orrosion R ate (mpy)
35.0 HSAS < 1 wt.%

30.0
HSAS < 2 wt.%
25.0
20.0
HSAS < 3 wt.%
15.0 HSAS < 4 wt.%
10.0
5.0
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Acid Gas Loading (mol/mol)
For velocities >5 fps multiply corrosion rate by 2.0
For operating temps >220º F multiply corrosion rates by 2.0
Corrosion impact of elevated HSS in amine.

High HSS Aggravated Corrosion:

Amine Regenerator Kettle Reboiler
Slide 1 of 2: This leak was experienced on a carbon steel kettle reboiler shell
for a TGU amine regenerator. The leak occurred just past the baffle plate
which keeps the tubes liquid covered (spill back section).

High HSS Aggravated Corrosion:

Amine Regenerator Kettle Reboiler
Slide 2 of 2: The failure occurred just past the weir on the drain side of the kettle. As
can be seen in the left photo, the “washed” out area was quite large and concentrated
near the bottom, indicating that the corrosion many have been aggravated by an
erosion accelerating factor. The accelerated corrosion mechanism was determined to
be from a high heat stable salts (6-8%) event resulting from a significant tail gas unit
upset.

Excessive H2S Flashing:

Amine Regenerator Thermal-siphon Reboiler
Tail Gas Unit Regenerator thermal siphon reboiler. This reboiler was retubed and
returned to service in June 2000. The reboiler was in service for 16 months then
required shutdown due to excessive leaking - 193 tubes (6.4%) were leaking.
Numerous other tubes in addition to the leaking ones had extensive metal loss at the
tube sheet, as shown in the upper left photo. Root cause is attributed to extensive H2S
flashing. Long-term resolution = 316SS tubes that are strength welded to a carbon steel
tube sheet in a carbon steel shell. Keeping the shell and tube sheet in carbon steel
avoids significant reboiler modifications that would be required for a different grow factor
associated with an all stainless steel reboiler.

Wet Steam:
Claus Unit Air Blower – 550# Steam Turbine Driver
Slide 1 of 7: This Claus Unit air blower driver is a steam turbine of the Curtis design
type. It consists of two rotating rows of blades with a stationary reversing section
between the rows. As steam enters the turbine it passes across a nozzle block. The
nozzle block directs the steam on the first row of rotating blades. The steam then
passes across the reversing section to the second row of rotating blades. Steam
entering the turbine at design conditions will exit the turbine above the saturation point
(no moisture). The design conditions for the steam supply to the turbine are 520 psi at
700 F (218 F of superheat). The design exhaust condition is 55 psi. Local
instrumentation indicates that the steam supply to the turbine is entering at saturated
conditions at 560 psi. As the steam passes across the first row of blades, it is
reaching a lower energy state and condensing. The water droplets in the inlet steam
and the condensate are carried through the turbine, impacting the lower alloy
components and causing corrosion/erosion.
This blower is one of three, where two are always in operation. During this turbine’s
last inspection in 2007, some erosion of the wheels were observed. The turbine was
shut down on May 26, 2009 due to excessive vibration. A few weeks weeks prior to
the failure, vibration in the bearings were checked and determined to be within
acceptable limits.
Wet Steam:
Turbine Failure – Blade Erosion
Slide 2 of 7: This is showing the wheel erosion that was observed. As the
erosion creates clearance between blades and spacers, these parts wear
against each other.

Wet Steam:
Turbine Failure – Blade Wear
Slide 3 of 7: This photo shows the blade wear that was experienced in this
turbine. As the erosion creates clearance between blades and spacers,
these parts wear against each other. Significant wear is on the blade anchor
due to this relative movement.

Wet Steam:
Turbine Failure – Blade and Shroud Band Damage
Slide 4 of 7: This is a top view of an area with a section of the shroud band
and a blade missing. The blade is supported at the end opposite of the root
by a tenon connection. As the root area loosens, it contributes to the tenon
connection loosening.
As the blades pass the steam nozzles, they vibrate in the slot and the blades
are subject to high-cycle fatigue. After many cycles of operation, the blades
lose the fit in the wheel and shroud band. Eventually the shroud band and
blade break.

Wet Steam:
Turbine Failure – Blade Anchor Fracturing
Slide 5 of 7: This shows one of the blades with complete anchor failure.

Wet Steam:
Turbine Failure – Blade Anchor Fracturing
Slide 6 of 7: Further investigation revealed that the blade anchors were

undergoing a stress cracking failure mechanism in addition to the standard
water droplet erosion that would normally be expected with this quality of
steam.

Wet Steam:
Turbine Failure – Blade Anchor Crack (380X Magnification)
Slide 7 of 7: High-level magnification of the stress cracks revealed that

residue was present in the crack structures. Definitive analysis of the
deposits was not possible due the small quantity available, but it was
determined that the material was basic and had caustic characteristics
possibly from the BFW treatment chemicals. This clearly indicated that
corrosion stress cracking played a significant role in the failure mechanism
for this critical turbine driver.

High Temperature Sulfide Attack:

Claus Waste Heat Boiler Tubesheet Leaks
The metal loss on the tube to tubesheet welds observed on this Claus Unit
Thermal Reactor WHB tubesheet are caused high temperature sulfide
corrosion. This resulted from poor hot-gas protection from the casted-ferrule
tubesheet insulating wall due to shrinkage separation of the casted material
from the ferrules. The shrinkage led to gaps around the ferrules and ferrule
breakage as shown in the upper right photo. This tubesheet insulation wall
has since been upgraded to the two-piece hex-head insertable ferrules,
which provide far greater insulating and hot-gas by-pass protection.

Types of Hydrogen Damage in Carbon Steel
These Illustrate the various failure mechanisms of hydrogen, with the fourth
illustration showing the difference of sulfide-stress cracking.

Hydrogen Permeation Mechanism
This diagram shows how atomic hydrogen penetrates into the metal matrix.

Hydrogen Blister Formation
H2
Atomic hydrogen that penetrates through the metal wall into a micro-void
area can result in the atoms recombined to H2. The resultant build-up of
hydrogen gas in the metal matrix forms a gas pocket by separating the
metal, resulting in a “hydrogen blister”.

Automated Ultrasonic (A-UT) Scans
• Automated ultrasonic scans detect and document defects in the

base material by providing a 3-D image of the defect:
– A-Scan = Single dimension
detection of a defect
– B-Scan = cross-sectional,
longitudinal view of the
defect
– C-Scan = topographical
image showing the position
and depth of the defect
– D-Scan = cross-sectional
axial view of the defect
Illustration of the automated ultrasonic scanning process and the scan

information that can be obtained.

Hydrogen Blistering:
HDS Recycle Hydrogen Amine Contactor (725 psig)
Significant Blister
Area of Blistering
Slide 1 of 3: Scan of this HDS recycle hydrogen amine contactor that operates at
735 psig showed metal hydrogen blistering near the bottom of the contactor.

Slide 2 of 3: Detailed scan information highlighting the large 15” X 12” metal
hydrogen blister near the bottom of the contactor that was found.

Resultant blister delaminated the metal of

the vessel wall
Slide 3 of 3: The resultant large blister in the carbon steel amine contactor
was an area 15” X 12” in size in the bottom section of the tower. Along with
large amounts of smaller blistering, this warranted a complete replacement
of an 8’ segment of the tower shell and the tower bottom head.

Cavitation Erosion:
800 psig BFW Control Valve (let down to 50 psig)
High Pressure (800 psi+) Boiler Feed Water minimum flow Control Valve
that let down to ~50 psi system suffered significant cavitation erosion.

Signs of Failure – Catalyst in Sulfur Rundown
Slide 1 of 2: This photo shows a failure sign that something has gone very
wrong in the Converter Bed that corresponds to this SulTrap™. A unit
shutdown is soon and certain (if not immediate) when this failure sign
appears.

Claus Unit Converter “Fillet” Failure and

Catalyst Bed Erosion
1 2
3 4
Slide 2 of 2: Photos 1-3 show the failure of the screen edge seal (“fillet”) that
resulted in the collapse of the catalyst bed in this Claus Unit converter. It is
suspected that the “fillet” experienced heat-related expansion that caused it
to crack and separate from the wall; then erosion forced catalyst behind it
where the grating was open to the converter bottom. As catalyst continued
to move past the grating and screen and fill the converter bottom, it
eventually made its way through the converter outlet into the condenser and
out to the sulfur run down.
Photo 4 shows the significantly reinforced new “fillet” that was installed to
resolve this issue. As each of the Refinery’s Claus Units enter into their next
turnarounds, the new converter “fillet” design will be installed.

Corrosion/Erosion:
High Pressure Rich Amine Pipe (1300 psig)
This is a pipe section fabricated of carbon steel from the rich amine release
line off of a recycle hydrogen contactor operating at 1300 psig. The mole
loading of the rich amine is typically 0.4 to 0.45 mol/mol and the line velocity
is typically 6.7 ft/s. This line is experiencing corrosion/erosion rates 4 times
greater than accepted normal loss rate of 10 MPY. The line was upgraded
to 316L stainless steel.

Ammonium Salts
• Heavier and more sour crudes tend to have higher
concentrations of bound nitrogen
• Bound nitrogen is removed during hydrotreating:
– Producing ammonia
– Higher severities to produce low sulfur gasoline and ULSD are
typically ensuring removal of the bound nitrogen
– Denitrification of FCCU feeds to improve cracking yields has
been a growing trend
– Disposition of the bound nitrogen plays a large role in where
ammonium salt problems will occur
• Ammonia reacts with H2S to form ammonium salts which
are removed with wash water and processed in the SWS

Ammonium Salts
• Ammonium salt (ammonium bisulfide) readily forms in the
presents of H2S when below 160ºF (71ºC):
H2S(g) + NH3(g) 㹜 NH4SH(s)
• Ammonium salt is removed by adding wash water – the salts
have high solubility in water:
- +
NH4SH(s) 㹜 NH4(aq) + SH(aq)
• Ammonium salt solutions can cause sever corrosion
• Trace amounts of ammonia slip through the wash water
systems and are absorbed in the amine at the contactor
• Ammonia concentrates in the overhead system of the amine
regenerator leading to high ammonium salt concentrations in
the tower reflux and acid gas

Corrosion/Erosion (Ammonium Salts):

HDS Stripper OVHD Pipe (~100 psig)
Pipe Orientation
This is a pipe section fabricated of carbon steel from the down stream side
of an HDS stripper overhead condenser operating at ~100 psig and ~130ºF.
Amongst other contributing factors, ammonium salt concentration played a
large role in the corrosion/erosion mechanism that lead to this failure. When
high amounts of ammonium salt are present, particular attention needs to be
given to the flow velocities, materials of construction and water injection
rates to ensure piping reliability will be maintained.

Thank you for your attention

Disclaimer:
The information, practices and techniques

discussed in this presentation are specific to
the Houston Refining, LP’s Houston, Texas
Refinery or other unspecified facilities.
Houston Refining, LP does not claim that this
information, practices and techniques will be
successful in their use at other sulfur recovery
facilities. Houston Refining, LP is not
responsible for the successful or unsuccessful
application of the information in this
presentation. The use of the information is
done so at the user’s own risk.
47
References:
1. “Sour Water Stripper Case Study: Tray and Reboiler
Corrosion”, 2005 Sulfur Recovery Symposium, Matt
Gunn and Philip Oberbroeckling, 9/15/2005.
2. “Hydrogen Induced Cracking in Amine Systems”,
Lyondell-Citgo Refining LP, Chris Bookout and Renée
Downie, August 25, 2004.
3. “Turnaround Management (For the Sulfur Recovery
Industry)”, 2004 Sulfur Recovery Symposium, Philip J.
Oberbroeckling, September 15, 2004.
4. “Practical Design Considerations for New Construction
and Revamps”, 2002 Sulfur Recovery Symposium,
Philip Oberbroeckling, September 11, 2002.
5. Go Misawa, Matrix Inspection & Engineering Inc.,
February, 7 2003.
6. The Hendrix Group, Inc., July 19, 2010.
7. Alan McQueen/Glen Fangmann, Fike Corporation,
5/3/2010.
8. Paul Maier, LyondellBasell, 7/30/2009.
48
About the Author

Philip Oberbroeckling, P.E. is a Consulting Engineer in Houston Refining, LP’s
Process Engineering Group. Phil is the Lead Process Engineer for all sulfur recovery
capital projects at Houston. Philip has been with Houston Refining and its
predecessors for over fifteen years at the Houston, Texas Refinery location. Over
Philip’s 20 years of service in the Refining Industry, he has had held numerous
engineering and management positions in Process, HSSE and Operations including a
5-year tenure as the Operations Superintendent of the Houston Refinery’s 1000 LT/D
Sulfur Recovery Facility. Philip holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemical
Engineering from Iowa State University and is a registered Professional Engineer in the
states of Montana and Texas. Philip worked for Conoco in Ponca City, OK and Billings,
MT prior to joining the Houston Refinery. Philip has authored over 30 technical papers
and presentations on topics related to the Sulfur Recovery and the Refining Industries.
Philip is a member of the Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Technical Advisory
Committee and the Founder and Chairman of the Environmental and Safety
Committee.
Special Thanks to:
Deserea Paisley, Machinery Engineering

Darrell DeBlanc, Fix Equipment Engineering
Gerry Dsouza, Corrosion Engineering
for their assistance with the topical research for this effort.
49

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Corrosion/Erosion in Sulfur Recovery

(Real-Life Examples) September 16, 2010

Corrosion/Erosion in Sulfur Recovery

September 16, 2010

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 1 of 49

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 2 of 49

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 3 of 49

Under Insulation Corrosion:

Insulated carbon steel lines are very susceptible to corrosion activity at

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 4 of 49

Condenser/Steam Reheater Leaks:

Finding free-standing water in the sulfur rundown is a sure sign of a leak in

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 5 of 49

Condenser/Steam Reheater Leaks:

In this example, significant amounts of water were present in the SulTrap™

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 6 of 49

Wet H2S Corrosion:

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 7 of 49

Wet H2S Corrosion:

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 8 of 49

Wet H2S Corrosion:

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 9 of 49

Erosive Power of Steam:

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 10 of 49

Wet Sulfur Corrosion:

Slide 1 of 2: Post cleaning external view of extracted tubes from a leaking

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 11 of 49

Wet Sulfur Corrosion:

Slide 2 of 2: Post cleaning internal view of extracted tubes revealed

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 12 of 49

Wet Sulfur/Wet H2S Corrosion:

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 13 of 49

Wet Sulfur/Wet H2S Corrosion:

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 14 of 49

Wet H2S Corrosion:

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 15 of 49

Wet H2S Corrosion:

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 16 of 49

Wet H2S Corrosion:

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 17 of 49

Wet H2S Corrosion:

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 18 of 49

Wet H2S Corrosion:

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 19 of 49

Wet H2S Corrosion and Possible Chloride Attack:

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 20 of 49

Effect of Heat Stable Salts and Acid Gas Loading

35.0 HSAS < 1 wt.%

Acid Gas Loading (mol/mol)

For velocities >5 fps multiply corrosion rate by 2.0

For operating temps >220º F multiply corrosion rates by 2.0

Corrosion impact of elevated HSS in amine.

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 21 of 49

High HSS Aggravated Corrosion:

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 22 of 49

High HSS Aggravated Corrosion:

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 23 of 49

Excessive H2S Flashing:

2010 Brimstone Sulfur Recovery Symposium Page 24 of 49