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Skillful 2 - Audio Script

Listening - Speaking 1 (Trường Đại học Sư phạm Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh)

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Unit 1: Society LI: I’m not sure I know what you mean. would feel happier. All the participants had
PROFESSOR: You can show you care about to do was spend all their money as asked by
Track 1.1 someone by helping them, maybe even that evening.
PROFESSOR: Hi, Li. What can I do for you? someone you don’t know, just because The groups did as they were told and then
LI: I need some advice. I’m taking a few you want to. To illustrate, giving up a day they had to write down how spending their
classes, but only part-time. I want to use to help build a house for a less fortunate money that day made them feel. Well, what
the rest of my time well. Do you have any family that you may never even meet. It do you think happened? The students who
recommendations? has nothing to do with you, but rather it’s spent the money on helping other people felt
all about someone else. Other than feeling happier than the ones who spent the money
PROFESSOR: That’s a great idea. If it were
good, you, the volunteer, don’t benefit; only on themselves. It didn’t matter what amount
me, I’d consider doing some community
others benefit. It’s been an area of interest of money was spent or what it was spent on.
service. It looks very good on your
for psychologists for many years. Helping others rather than themselves made
applications for college, graduate school, or
LI: That’s interesting. I’ve been thinking people happier.
employment, so take advantage of it.
about studying psychology. Maybe this is The experiment was also tested in Uganda to
LI: What is community service exactly?
something to research. see whether there would be any difference.
PROFESSOR: Basically, it’s giving time to It had the same results! The experiment
help other people who are less fortunate. Track 1.2 showed that students buying a cup of coffee
Usually these people don’t have enough 1 For example, some volunteers tutor for someone made them just as happy as
money or are in poor health. Service may children who need help in their studies in supporting their access to medical care,
be for individuals or for institutions. summer school programs. which is much more expensive. Very different
LI: Institutions? Such as …? 2 A lot of volunteers work in hospitals. For motivation. But the same general results. So
PROFESSOR: Such as schools or hospitals. instance, they donate time to visiting doing small things for someone can make
For example, some volunteers tutor patients who have no relatives, or help you feel just as happy as doing the big things.
children who need help in their studies busy doctors and nurses. The next step was to do a similar experiment
in summer school programs. A lot of 3 Sometimes volunteers do manual work in companies. The organizers visited a sales
volunteers work in hospitals. For instance, like helping build a house or planting company in New Zealand. Again, they gave
they donate time to visiting patients who trees in a local park. some people on the team money to spend
have no relatives or help busy doctors on themselves. To other people, they gave
4 It could also be something very simple,
and nurses. I’ve heard of some volunteers them money and asked them to spend it on
such as giving a ride to people who can’t
reading to the blind, or working with one of their colleagues. Many of them bought
drive.
children with disabilities. There are many something for the team. Specifically, one
other types of volunteering opportunities, Track 1.3 team combined their money and bought a
too. Sometimes volunteers do manual work piñata and then had fun hitting it together
Good morning, everyone. Our lecture today
like helping build a house or planting trees to get the candy. In general, the teams
will be about charity and happiness. People
in a local park. It could also be something that spent it on their teammates actually
are taught from a young age that money
very simple, such as giving a ride to people performed better in their jobs. In other
can’t buy happiness, but is that completely
who can’t drive. Everyone has a different words, they actually sold more stuff later!
true? Maybe giving makes people happier. I’d
cause, and it is a good way to make friends. So let’s go back to the original question.
like to talk about that today and answer this
LI: Hmm, I see. That sounds interesting. question: Can money make people happy? Can money buy happiness? Well, yes! Even
Do people do community service mostly to To answer this question, I will describe some though our parents told us no. When they
make their applications look good? experiments and tell you about the results. told us money can’t buy happiness, they
PROFESSOR: For some, I think it may Let’s find out. Can money buy happiness? were wrong. Money can buy happiness … if
start that way. But, in the end, and this is you spend it on other people.
There was an experiment recently where the
important, overall, I think it’s down to not organizers took a group of college students That’s it for now class. I’ll see you next time!
being selfish. from the U.S.A. and split them into two Track 1.4
LI: What do you mean? groups. They gave both groups an envelope
with money in it and asked the first group to 1 every
PROFESSOR: In general, I mean that you
should be concerned for others, and take spend money on themselves, and tell them 2 comparable
action to help them. In other words, it is how it made them feel. They then asked the 3 generally
the opposite of thinking of yourself. Many second group to be prosocial, which means
4 different
cultures consider caring for the welfare to use their money to help others, and tell
them how that made them feel. Each person 5 favorite
of others as a good characteristic. It’s
different from feeling that you “need” to in the experiment had different amounts of 6 reasonable
do something. You’re not simply doing money. They wanted to see which students 7 suppose
something because you have to. It’s not a 8 miserable
duty.

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Track 1.5
1 I give money to charity quite often.
2 Some people greet each other by shaking
hands.
3 It is customary to bring a present when
visiting someone.
4 Our project is based on a children’s
charity.
5 He regularly volunteers at the elderly
home.
6 Everyone should get involved in local
community projects.

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Unit 2: Food AMIRA: Yeah, didn’t he actually say that SOFIA: Yeah, he did. But, what I didn’t
landfills are the third largest source of know was how damaging methane is. I
Track 2.1 methane in the United States? knew it was a greenhouse gas. Overall,
JULIA: Why didn’t you get an apple with SOFIA: Yeah, he did. But, what I didn’t it stops the heat from escaping from the
your lunch today, Sofia? You always get an know was how damaging methane is. I atmosphere and causes the greenhouse
apple. knew it was a greenhouse gas. Overall, effect, which causes global warming, but
it stops the heat from escaping from the I didn’t know it was more damaging than
SOFIA: Well, after hearing Dr. Cray’s lecture
atmosphere and causes the greenhouse carbon dioxide.
today, I was thinking about the apples I buy
every day. I usually eat half and then throw effect, which causes global warming, but JULIA: I can’t believe that we waste about
the rest out. Now that I know more about it, I didn’t know it was more damaging than 1.6 billion tons of food per year. That
I am going to eat fewer apples. carbon dioxide. could cover the city of Madrid in Spain!
JULIA: I can’t believe that we waste about Which makes me think that damaging
JULIA: I know what you mean. I waste stuff
1.6 billion tons of food per year. That the environment is not the only problem
all the time. What about you, Amira?
could cover the city of Madrid in Spain! caused by wasted food. What about world
AMIRA: Me, too. I’m going to be a lot more hunger?
Which makes me think that damaging
careful when I choose things from the
the environment is not the only problem AMIRA: You’re right. That’s next week’s
buffet in the future. I feel like we need to do
caused by wasted food. What about world lecture. It’s on world hunger, so we should
something. But, it’s not going to really solve
hunger? definitely attend it now because that’s also
the problem on a global scale. What do you
AMIRA: You’re right. That’s next week’s linked to food waste and global warming.
think, Julia?
lecture. It’s on world hunger, so we should Track 2.4
JULIA: I’m worried about the amount of
definitely attend it now because that’s also
food that some supermarkets waste. I can’t HOST: Good morning everyone. Today
linked to food waste and global warming.
believe they throw out fruit and vegetables we’re talking to Dr. Nathan Williams. Dr.
that are imperfect … you know … that Track 2.3 Williams is a food expert who is going to
have some bad qualities. In other words, talk about a different way to stay healthy:
SOFIA: It’s important to note that not all
just because it looks bad, they throw it out mentally healthy. Welcome Dr. Williams.
supermarkets are bad. I liked the part of the
rather than use it.
lecture when Dr. Cray talked about some DR. WILLIAMS: Thanks for having me.
SOFIA: It’s important to note that not all supermarkets having an “ugly” food HOST: So, what is brain food?
supermarkets are bad. I liked the part of the section—like where they put all the bad-
lecture when Dr. Cray talked about some DR. WILLIAMS: It is food that is believed to
looking fruit.
supermarkets having an “ugly” food be good for the brain. I know a lot of your
I would buy from that section.
section—like where they put all the bad- listeners are students who might like coffee
AMIRA: Well, what really annoyed me was in the morning or look forward to snacking
looking fruit.
the fact that some supermarkets focus too on chocolate candy in the afternoon.
I would buy from that section.
much on money. I understand that fresh Well, coffee contains caffeine, which is
AMIRA: Well, what really annoyed me was fruit and vegetables result in 15% of their a substance that makes us more active.
the fact that some supermarkets focus too profits, but what is more important? Profit Caffeine can be considered a brain food
much on money. I understand that fresh or the environment? because it helps you wake up. Researchers
fruit and vegetables result in 15% of their
JULIA: In general, I think we need to focus have also found out that caffeine can help
profits, but what is more important? Profit
on a bigger problem: the environment. Dr. to improve your concentration. Chocolate
or the environment?
Cray said that the amount of food waste contains sugar and can help you to focus.
JULIA: In general, I think we need to focus from stores and consumers, the people Although we hear a lot about the bad
on a bigger problem: the environment. Dr. who shop at those stores, equaled a loss of effects of sugar, something sugary might
Cray said that the amount of food waste 133 billion dollars! improve your memory. Like all foods,
from stores and consumers, the people however, it’s temporary and the effects of
SOFIA: It just shocked me that food waste
who shop at those stores, equaled a loss of caffeine and sugar decrease over time.
is the largest part of the trash in landfill
133 billion dollars!
sites—larger even than paper or other HOST: If our brains react to sugar and
SOFIA: It just shocked me that food waste household trash. We just throw it all in chocolate, and it helps us pay attention, do
is the largest part of the trash in landfill an enormous hole in the ground—such a you suggest we all eat more?
sites—larger even than paper or other waste. And the real problem with that? The DR. WILLIAMS: Well, the kind of sugar that
household trash. We just throw it all in wasted food turns into methane, which is the brain really wants isn’t regular sugar.
an enormous hole in the ground—such a bad for the environment. It’s really the type of sugar that comes after
waste. And the real problem with that? The
AMIRA: Yeah, didn’t he actually say that we eat foods like bread. It’s a sugar that
wasted food turns into methane, which is
landfills are the third largest source of the body makes from certain foods. A good
bad for the environment.
methane in the United States? source is fruit, and sadly not chocolate. If
it were me, I’d avoid too much chocolate

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because the temporary good effects aren’t HOST: So what would your advice be to Track 2.7
worth the permanent bad effects on the our listeners who want to improve their
body. brain nourishment? 1 The instructor moved on from the small
talk and focused on the lecture about
HOST: Well, I’m sad. I have to give up DR. WILLIAMS: I’d recommend eating wasted food.
chocolate. fewer of the negative foods and adding
more positive brain foods into your diet. 2 The substitute is going to take over while
DR. WILLIAMS: Well, it’s fine to eat the instructor is away at a conference on
chocolate occasionally. I would HOST: Thank you for the food for thought, food waste.
recommend dark chocolate—it’s known Dr. Williams. You’ve given us a lot to think
to be healthier than milk chocolate. If I about. 3 Juan Pablo never runs away from a
were you, I’d choose a dark chocolate with challenge and he is going to find a
nuts, like peanuts, or almonds. Just a small Track 2.5 solution for all the food waste in the
amount of chocolate and nuts gives your cafeteria.
1 DR. WILLIAMS: Chocolate contains
brain food to keep it going. sugar and can help you to focus. Although 4 Angelina tried to get ahead of the food
HOST: Great. Now, moving on from we hear a lot about the bad effects of waste problem by looking for a solution
chocolate, I’ve always heard that fish is a sugar, something sugary might improve before the university declared it an issue.
brain food. Is it? your memory. Like all foods, however, it’s
Track 2.8
temporary, and the effects of caffeine and
DR. WILLIAMS: It is. And this is a food 1 clue
sugar decrease over time.
that has a more positive impact because
it has effects that last longer. Fish provides 2 DR. WILLIAMS: A popular breakfast fruit 2 braise
protein and other good things that feed the like blueberries can improve how much 3 flame
brain. It is also good for your heart, so your you learn. And on the subject of breakfast, 4 fly
body and your mind feel great. I’d like to point out that cereals aren’t just
good for your mental health. According 5 free from
HOST: That’s interesting. I often eat fish for
to statistics, they’re also good for your 6 green glasses
dinner. I’m wondering when is the best time
physical health. 7 clean room
to eat brain food? Is dinner a good time?
3 HOST: Great. Now, moving on from 8 brew tea
DR. WILLIAMS: Actually, I recommend
chocolate, I’ve always heard that fish is a
mornings. I think the key is having a
brain food. Is it?
good breakfast when you wake up. It’s
important to eat well after a long sleep. I DR. WILLIAMS: It is. And this is a food
would suggest including cereal, milk, and that has a more positive impact because
fruits, which are good brain foods. You it has effects that last longer. Fish provides
can remember more and remember it for protein and other good things that feed
a longer time after a healthy breakfast. A the brain. It is also good for your heart, so
popular breakfast fruit like blueberries can your body and your mind feel great.
improve how much you learn. And on the
Track 2.6
subject of breakfast, I’d like to point out
that cereals aren’t just good for your mental 1 I’d like to point out that cereals aren’t just
health. According to statistics, they’re also good for your mental health.
good for your physical health. 2 I know a lot of your listeners look forward
HOST: The idea of brain foods is certainly to snacking on chocolate candy in the
becoming more popular, but Dr. Williams, afternoon.
is there any evidence that brain foods can 3 Researchers have also found out that
make you smarter? caffeine can help to improve your
DR. WILLIAMS: There is always some concentration.
debate about whether or not these foods 4 Now, moving on from chocolate, I’ve
really do make you smarter, but if you ask always heard that fish is a brain food.
me, no food, or drink can really raise your 5 Caffeine can be considered a brain food
IQ. Intelligence depends on many factors, because it helps you wake up.
and eating good food is just one way of
6 I can’t believe they throw out fruit and
helping your brain work to its potential. So,
vegetables that are imperfect.
brain foods on their own won’t make you
a more intelligent person, but feeding your 7 I was thinking about the apples I buy
brain can help in other ways. every day.

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Unit 3: Business in sharing their ideas. Therefore, they are now it has stores in over 72 countries! So
better communicators. And the result is what did Starbucks do to keep their business
Track 3.1 them working better together. successful after it grew?
ALEX: Hey Dan. Did you finish your DAN: I read some background information A company that big has to have a lot of
research on the most useful workspace in on closed offices. It seems that they are workers. The main office in Seattle has
offices? always changing. For example, the height of over 3,500 employees. How do you make
DAN: Hi Alex. I did look at different ways cubicle walls has changed a lot over time. sure employees are happy? In the case of
offices are set up for work. Do you want to I guess shorter walls make the workspace Starbucks, they believe employees come
share ideas? more like an open-plan office. It seems a lot first. The company cares about its workers.
of workers in American offices like to have One of the presidents of Starbucks started
ALEX: Sure, what type of workspace did
lunch together, but they don’t want to share this idea. He believed that if the company
you focus on?
office space. That seems strange, doesn’t it? cared about its workers, then the workers
DAN: I mostly looked at closed office would care about the customers, and that
ALEX: Not really. You’d think people
spaces. The reason is that I read a lot about this would result in the company’s success.
working together would want to discuss
cubicles. I’ve never had a cubicle, have you?
things. What if you have a question? Open- Starbucks also believes that workers
ALEX: No. I’m from Japan. In Japan, more plan spaces are better because you can ask should be friends. Many of the workers form
offices are open-plan. So that’s what I right away. friendships with each other. This usually
decided to research. It seems they work results in workers being friendly towards
DAN: Maybe. But, think about the issues
well for big companies that have a lot customers, too. Consequently, the customers
a manager might have to discuss. A lot of
of employees. I guess you can fit more are happy, and the company is popular.
those issues are secret. Because of this, I
people into an open workspace. Smaller
think closed offices are the better option. Another thing Starbucks does for its
companies don’t need to worry as much.
But maybe there’s a compromise. Perhaps employees is encourage communication. A
Having said that, closed offices are more
a manager should “earn” a private office, group of people work together to deliver your
expensive, so maybe smaller businesses
while lower-grade employees work in the order. Good communication between them
looking to save money should consider
open space. leads to good customer service and should
them …
ALEX: Ah, I see what you mean. You’re increase sales.
DAN: More expensive … I didn’t know
suggesting a combination of open and Starbucks is also known for its openness.
that. In the United States, a lot of offices
closed office space within the same office. What do I mean by that? A lot of workers
are closed. Workers have their own space.
That could be quite successful—some are afraid to talk to their bosses and would
Most employers and employees seem to
spaces could be shared for meetings or never argue with the boss. One of Starbucks’
like the effect on how much work they get
conferences while other spaces can be presidents introduced something called an
done. It’s supposed to be easier to have
used for independent work or higher-level “open forum.” In these sessions, workers are
ideas since it’s quieter. Most research shows
employees. allowed to ask questions to the bosses. The
that too much noise, you know, made by
DAN: Yes, that’s a really good idea. OK, I workers take advantage of this. Because of
colleagues, keeps workers from their jobs.
think we have enough to discuss in class this, employees feel that they work at an
ALEX: According to my research, closed open and friendly place.
tomorrow.
offices aren’t as good because people
Lastly, Starbucks has a policy that includes
can’t work together as easily. As a result, Track 3.2 everyone. It doesn’t matter who you are
it has a negative impact on the amount
Good morning, class. I know many of you or where you’re from. Anyone can work at
of work that is done. Although it might be
are probably in this class because you Starbucks! Again, this makes the workers very
quieter and easier to get on with work, if
want to start your own business. Starting happy which results in happy customers.
workers don’t talk to each other, then there
a business is a lot of hard work, but a lot Of course, Starbucks offers its employees
probably aren’t as many new ideas, or
of big businesses today all started as little some good benefits, too. For example, they
sales, or results! Open-plan offices, where
businesses. provide healthcare benefits to both their
everyone is in the same room, are better.
Open-plan offices are really just one large Today, we will talk about Starbucks. This part-time and full-time workers. One thing
room with a lot of desks. In Japanese open- may surprise you, but Starbucks started as a you may all appreciate is that Starbucks
plan offices, for example, even the manager small company. The first Starbucks opened offers full tuition reimbursement through its
works in the same room. As a result, in Seattle, Washington, in the United States College Achievement Plan. Employees are
everyone is working together as a team to before a lot of you were even born … 1971. also able to own shares in the company and
improve the company’s goals. The good news is that it was started by save in retirement plans.
students. Students just like you. The three To conclude, let’s look at Starbucks’ values.
DAN: Why?
went to college together at the University The first value listed is “creating a culture
ALEX: Since everyone, no matter what of San Francisco. The company had to do a of warmth and belonging, where everyone
level they are, works in the same space, lot of things to become a big business, but is welcome.” When you think about it,
and in fact, research shows that employees
Starbucks has very loyal customers. I have
in open-plan offices are more confident
friends who go to Starbucks every day and I

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know some of my students go to Starbucks

every night to study. It seems to live up to
this value by making its employees and its
customers very happy. Because of these
values, a small company grew into a very
successful big company. Other companies
can learn from Starbucks.

Track 3.4
1 Have you ever been to a Starbucks?
2 Good communication between them
leads to good customer service, and
should increase sales.
3 Because of this, employees feel that they
work at an open and friendly place.
4 It doesn’t matter who you are.

Track 3.5
My presentation today is about how Julio
and Marcus can improve things at work so
that they can start making more money for
the business.
Julio has said that the reason why he is
having problems at work is because he has
a family. A lot of people have babies and
families and they still have to work.
People need to be able to balance their work
lives with their family lives. Julio and Marcus
need to establish ways to overcome this. One
suggestion is that they have a split schedule.
In other words, Marcus could work earlier in
the morning because Julio needs to come
in later. Then Julio could work later in the
evening.
They would then work the same number
of hours, and Marcus would not be doing
double the work. Julio has to take the
late shift so that he can sleep later in the
morning. I think if they do this, they will both
do the same amount of work. They should
also specify a time to meet in the middle of
each day so that they can make sure they are
getting everything done.
In conclusion, communicating and changing
the schedule would be an easy way to make
both of them happy, and help increase
company profits. Profits could be checked
on a bi-annual basis to make sure this new
policy works.

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Unit 4: Trends MOSHE: Next is airbags. The first car inspiration is lost in the suburbs. Not only
produced with an airbag was in 1981. At are there more houses, but they all look
Track 4.1 first, only the driver’s side included an the same. Even the malls and stores look
ALI: I like our history class. I thought airbag. Now, I think a lot of cars have them similar.
studying history would be boring, but it’s on both sides. That trend really took off. STUDENT 2: When did this happen? It
not. JUANITA: Good point, Moshe. I think we must be recent. We haven’t always had
JUANITA: Me too, Ali. I didn’t think we should include one more safety item. How suburbs, right?
would get to talk about inventions. about learning what happens when a car PROFESSOR: Most people think urban
crashes? That is a topic many people won’t sprawl is a relatively new concept. Others
MOSHE: I’m glad our project is going to be
think about. This test is called a crash test. think it began in the 1950s. However,
about cars, Juanita. Our topic is car safety.
The first crash tests happened in 1994 in that’s not actually the case. While many
Let’s get started.
Europe. of our modern cities have been designed
ALI: What should we start with, Moshe?
ALI: They’re important. I can’t remember to reduce urban sprawl, it’s actually a
Seat belts?
which car it was, but when it was first concept that has been around for many
MOSHE: That’s a good idea, Ali. Everyone tested in 1996, it didn’t do well and people centuries. In fact, urban sprawl has existed
will be familiar with seat belts. And most thought it was very unsafe. This proves that as long as cities have existed. Rome is
research says these benefit drivers the people do take safety seriously. one of the oldest cities in history and was
most. one of the most crowded. At the time of
MOSHE: I can’t remember the name of the
JUANITA: According to my research, seat car either, but I know what you’re talking early Rome, almost 3,000 years ago, the
belts were introduced in 1958. I had no idea about. That car only got one star on the population started to spread outward. And
they have been around for so long. Euro NCAP five-star rating system. it wasn’t just Rome. Even before that, in
MOSHE: In the U.S., seat belts have been a more ancient history, Babylon and China
JUANITA: Does anyone know if any cars
required safety feature since 1968. also saw considerable urban sprawl. In
ever got a five-star rating?
more recent times, London experienced
JUANITA: Well, since we are on the topic MOSHE: Yes, there was one in 2001. its share of urban sprawl—in the 17th and
of seat belts, we should mention rear seat
ALI: That seems like a great place to 18th centuries. During that time, the richer
belts. That is, seat belts in the back seats
conclude our presentation… citizens started moving away from the city
of cars. I read that the first seat belt law in
center into the suburbs.
the United States required that all vehicles, Track 4.2
except buses, have seat belts in all places STUDENT 3: So, where else has urban
PROFESSOR: Good morning, class. Today, sprawl been an issue?
where a passenger could sit.
I want to focus on a trend called urban
ALI: However, most states didn’t introduce PROFESSOR: Well, in the early 1900s,
sprawl. I want to begin by discussing some
the law to say you had to wear a seat belt urban sprawl began affecting North
background information about urban
until the 1980s, or 1990s … 20, or 30 years America, the United States, in particular.
sprawl and how it developed in the United
later. Later, in 1918, a rapid increase in
States. Essentially, urban sprawl happens
immigration after World War I resulted in
MOSHE: I read that, too. It was in 1968. when the population of a city spreads to
greater urban growth. Around the same
But, even though the seat belts were there, the surrounding areas, known as suburbs,
time, the number of affordable cars meant
passengers were not required to wear which are outside the city center. The
that middle-class people could live further
them. That didn’t happen until … New York suburbs get bigger and bigger as people
away, but still travel to work in the city
required it in 1984. move into them. Because of the large
center. As a result, suburbs started growing
ALI: OK, great. What else should we talk number of people, many houses are built in
around large cities. This meant that millions
about? … How about brakes? We should these areas as well as other developments
of new homes were built, and cities grew
definitely mention anti-lock brakes. They like malls and stores.
more, increasing the amount of urban
were first introduced on airplanes. Then STUDENT 1: How can someone tell where sprawl.
cars started using them in 1966. the suburbs start and the city ends? The
STUDENT 4: What about more recently?
JUANITA: What are anti-lock brakes new areas look like the city, don’t they?
It seems we are still seeing urban sprawl
exactly, Ali? PROFESSOR: Good question. It depends today.
ALI: They prevent the wheels from locking. on the design. There might be similarities
PROFESSOR: You’re right. Later, in the
So when the driver presses the brake, between the outer parts of the city and
1970s, the sprawl continued—by this point
the wheels keep turning automatically the suburbs, for example, in terms of the
it was becoming a social phenomenon
and then the car doesn’t slide across the layout of the buildings. But in most cases,
that had an impact on how our living
ground. they don’t look the same. You will find that
and working spaces changed. Some
there are lots of different styles of building
JUANITA: Hmm. OK. Definitely very cities doubled in land size, but city center
within a city, but the suburbs are more
important, especially in countries where populations decreased. Furthermore, cities
likely to have the same style of buildings
there is a lot of rain or ice. saw more and more suburbs spreading
throughout. In fact, some argue that design
further and further away from the center.

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In fact, today, inner-city populations are

at an all-time low. Some reasons for this
include: you can buy more for your money
in the suburbs, there are more green open
spaces, and it’s generally a quieter area to
live.

Track 4.3
1 Others think it began in the 1960s.
2 In 1918, a rapid increase in immigration
after World
War I resulted in greater urban growth.
3 Later, in the 1970s, the sprawl continued.

Track 4.4
1 The process of buying a car isn’t usually
quick and easy.
2 There are positives and negatives to
owning a car; it’s not all good.
3 I like peace and quiet, so electric cars are
my favorite.
4 Pinar would not tell us where she is going
to college. We will have to wait and see.
5 She’s very talented; she gets top grades in
arts and sciences.

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Unit 5: Success are rewarded. You deserve to be noticed for successful than someone who didn’t run
your good work. I’ll try to put more effort in it? No—you can’t fail something if that
Track 5.1 next year so that my grades improve. something is not part of your plan. The
JUAN: I sure am glad it’s the last day of the ROBERTO: Thanks, Juan. What are you point is that every person decides what
semester. What about you, Roberto? guys doing over the summer break?… success is for him or herself. Sure, society
makes us feel that doctors are more
ROBERTO: Me, too, Juan. I had a really Track 5.2 successful than people who choose other
busy year. I had a full load of classes,
DANIEL: I didn’t study as much as you, career paths, but I disagree. In my opinion,
worked part-time at the bookstore, and I
Roberto, but I got excellent grades. It anyone is successful if they’re doing what
got sick. I’m glad this year is ending! Aren’t
sounds surprising, but it makes sense. To they planned to do. All of your answers: a
you, Daniel?
be honest, I’m very good at taking exams; I lot of money, a good job, finishing college:
DANIEL: I like going to school. I don’t want you’re all right. But what other answers
work well under pressure and I can predict
this semester to end! might we now have?
the kind of questions they’ll ask, so I only
JUAN: Well, I have to admit that I did not study those parts of the subjects. I really AUDIENCE MEMBER 4: A happy family?
study much at all, but I’m still ready to take enjoyed the exams I took, actually! PRESENTER: Yes!
some time off. Were you happy with your
ROBERTO: Wow, that’s an amazing skill to AUDIENCE MEMBER 5: A nice garden?
grades? I was. Even though I didn’t study
have, Daniel. Honestly, I feel really relieved.
much, I still did OK in the final exams, even PRESENTER: Yes, again! The specifics
I worked really hard in all of my classes
in math. might be different for everyone. How do
because I needed to do well so that I could
DANIEL: How did you do that? you define a lot of money? A CEO wants
apply for admission to college. My goal is to
to buy an expensive car. He needs a lot
JUAN: I think I just got lucky. The exams get into medical school one day, so I need
of money to do it. He works hard, makes
were pretty easy. My brother took the same good grades. All of my studying paid off.
enough money, gets a bonus, and buys
classes two years ago, so I knew a little
Track 5.3 the car. Success. To a student who works
about the courses already. I don’t think I
at the fast-food restaurant on the corner
will be this lucky next time. Besides, my PRESENTER: You’re all here because you
for minimum wage, who eventually saves
exam grades were good, but not as good want to know how to be successful. I think
enough money to pay for school. He is
as they could have been if I had studied the first thing we need to do is make sure
successful, too. Many people will say that
harder. I wish I had put a little effort in to we all know what success is. Does anyone
working hard, practicing, and focusing will
get even better scores. know? Yes, you have your hand up. What do
help you achieve your goals. Others claim
ROBERTO: I made a big effort to study. you think?
persisting through failure, having passion,
It was such a tiring year, but it paid off in AUDIENCE MEMBER 1: Having a lot of and taking small steps pave the way to
the end because I got the grades I wanted. money. success. I believe all of those are good
Except in science, but that’s a tough AUDIENCE MEMBER 2: A good job. things to do. What I want to stress is that
subject! the characteristics for achieving success
AUDIENCE MEMBER 3: Finishing college.
DANIEL: I didn’t study as much as you, but might be the same, but the difference is
PRESENTER: According to the dictionary,
I got excellent grades. It sounds surprising, the end goal. The man who plans to finish
success is “the achievement of something
but it makes sense. To be honest, I’m very college, and does so, is just as successful
that you planned to do, or attempted to
good at taking exams; I work well under as the man who plans to run a marathon
do”. If that’s the case, if you planned or
pressure and I can predict the kind of and does so. The CEO who plans to make
attempted to have a lot of money, then
questions they’ll ask, so I only study those a million dollars is just as successful as
you’re successful. If you have the job you
parts of the subjects. I really enjoyed the the man who works hard to earn enough
planned to have, then you’re successful.
exams I took, actually! money to pay for his groceries for the
The key is whether or not it is YOU that
ROBERTO: Wow, that’s an amazing skill to month. There is a famous saying that says,
planned or YOU that attempted. YOU.
have, Daniel. Honestly, I feel really relieved. “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.” I
Not someone else, YOU. It doesn’t matter
I worked really hard in all of my classes believe success is the same.
what society tells us. Success can only be
because I needed to do well so that I could determined by you. Would most of you Remember this: If you choose it, you plan
apply for admission to university. My goal agree that finishing college is a success? it, you attempt it, then you succeed.
is to get into medical school one day, so I Would most of you agree that Mark
need good grades. All of my studying paid Track 5.4
Zuckerberg and Bill Gates are successful?
off. Was Steve Jobs successful? I think so, too. 1 The strong wind blew the tree into the
DANIEL: Great! But none of them graduated from college. road.
JUAN: Congratulations to both of you! Does this now mean they’re not successful? 2 I had four classes, and then went to work,
I guess it is true what they say, Roberto. Bill Gates wanted to start a company, so and then had to study late at night.
Effort equals reward. If you work hard, you he attempted it. Therefore, he’s a success. 3 I believe all of those are good things to do.
Is someone who ran a marathon more

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4 Well, it seems my situation is the least

surprising.
5 The key is whether or not it is you that
planned, or you that attempted.

Track 5.5
1 There was a staggering difference in the
number of students that enrolled in the
class in 2017 compared to 2018.
2 The data showed a remarkable number
of students feel pressured to do well in
exams.
3 Only 3% of interviewees said that they
would like to do sports in their free time.
4 As much as 90% of respondents agreed
that they would like the university to open
a new science block.
5 A huge 98% of interviewees felt skill was
very important in exam performance.
6 An impressive 56% of respondents
actually said they would like to take a
different course next year.

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Unit 6: Pressure LAILA: So … which is worse? SUSAN: Let me explain. If my friends get
SUSAN: Direct pressure is definitely worse. good grades, I’ll try and do the same. I’ll
Track 6.1 want to do the same thing as my friends.
LAILA: Why is that?
LAILA: OK Susan, let’s look at question one. LAILA: Yeah, I see what you mean.
SUSAN: It’s just terrible when your peers
What is peer pressure?
don’t include you. Don’t you agree? Track 6.2
… the pressure you get from your friends.
LAILA: Um, let me think …. No, I don’t think 1
For example, my friends sometimes try and
direct pressure is so bad. Indirect pressure
get me to do things I shouldn’t. LAILA: OK Susan, let’s look at question one.
seems worse.
LAILA: But it’s not just pressure from What is peer pressure?
SUSAN: Why is that?
friends, but from anyone your own age. SUSAN: Let’s see … I think peer pressure is
Those are your peers. So, peer pressure is LAILA: Well, I think it’s easier to deal with … the pressure you get from your friends.
from people your own age. direct pressure, and be … you know … I For example, my friends sometimes try and
can’t think of the exact word. It’s, uh, similar get me to do things I shouldn’t.
SUSAN: Right.
to “reasonable.”
LAILA: OK, so question 2. When do most LAILA: But it’s not just pressure from
SUSAN: You mean logical? friends, but from anyone your own age.
peer pressure situations occur?
LAILA: Yeah, in my opinion it’s easy to be Those are your peers. So, peer pressure is
SUSAN: Um, I think … most peer pressure
logical with people. Let me just add that I from people your own age.
situations occur … at school. This is
have some experience with people like that. 2
because at school you’re with your peers all
day. You have to deal with lots of different SUSAN: I don’t see it that way at all. LAILA: OK, so question 2. When do most
types of people. LAILA: Let’s go onto the next question. peer pressure situations occur?
LAILA: I think it’s after school. SUSAN: OK. What’s the best way to avoid SUSAN: Um, I think … most peer pressure
SUSAN: Really? peer pressure? situations occur … at school. This is
LAILA: I think the best way is to make because at school you’re with your peers all
LAILA: Yeah. I think there is a lot of pressure
friends with people who behave like you. day. You have to deal with lots of different
to get the right kind of job once you leave
The reason for this is you’ll be less likely to types of people.
school and to buy your own house.
get in trouble. LAILA: I think it’s after school.
SUSAN: Interesting … OK, I’m happy
to revise my answer to that. OK, so next SUSAN: That’s a good idea, but I think the 3
question, which I think relates to that. best thing to do, if you’re pressured to do LAILA: Well, I think it’s easier to deal with
Which type is worse, direct pressure or something you don’t want to do, is to walk direct pressure, and be … you know … I
pressure that is indirect? away. If you do this, they’ll easily get the can’t think of the exact word. It’s, uh, similar
message. to “reasonable.”
LAILA: What’s the difference?
LAILA: Um, maybe … Oh, this question is SUSAN: You mean logical?
SUSAN: Direct pressure is when a person
interesting. Who is the best person to talk to
asks you to do something. The person LAILA: Yeah, in my opinion it’s easy to be
if you feel peer pressure?
says things that push you toward a certain logical with people. Let me just add that I
choice. SUSAN: Um … I suppose … a teacher. have some experience with people like that.
LAILA: Uh, Susan, I’m not sure I LAILA: Well, I think the best person to talk SUSAN: I don’t see it that way at all.
understand. to is a parent. If your parents know about
4
the pressure, they’ll get behind you.
SUSAN: Think of it this way. Someone says SUSAN: OK. What’s the best way to avoid
they won’t be friends with you if you don’t SUSAN: Imagine someone is pressuring
peer pressure?
do something. Another instance would be you to do something you know is wrong.
What would your parents do if you told LAILA: I think the best way is to make
when someone calls you a name to make
them? friends with people who behave like you.
you feel bad.
The reason for this is you’ll be less likely to
LAILA: Uh, I see. So when the pressure is LAILA: They’d support me. They wouldn’t
get in trouble.
indirect, it means nothing is actually said get angry or upset. They’d be happy I told
them. SUSAN: That’s a good idea, but I think the
to you. So, when you see others doing
best thing to do, if you’re pressured to do
something, you feel pressure to do the SUSAN: OK, so, last question. Can peer
something you don’t want to do, is to walk
same? Like when your friends all get a job, pressure be a positive thing?
away. If you do this, they’ll easily get the
you feel like you should get a job? LAILA: In my opinion … no. message.
SUSAN: Exactly, or like when a group SUSAN: I think it definitely can. 5
stands apart from others and talks and
LAILA: I can’t see how. SUSAN: OK, so last question. Can peer
laughs. They don’t include you and you feel
left out. Or when they think they’re really pressure be a positive thing?
cool and look at you like you’re not. LAILA: In my opinion … no.

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SUSAN: I think it definitely can. stressed most of the time. Forty percent said They can easily develop a low sense of self-
LAILA: I can’t see how. they often feel stressed. A quarter of students esteem. A lack of motivation to even continue
experience stress every day. And it doesn’t with their studies is often due to the pressures
SUSAN: Let me explain. If my friends get
matter the sex of the person—males and of exams. And, of course, exam pressure can
good grades, I’ll try and do the same. I’ll
females both experience exam stress. Many result in the disappointment of parents. This
want to do the same thing as my friends.
have financial worries, such as college fees, then just adds to the pressure.
Track 6.3 or worry about making new friends, or fitting How can students deal with the pressure?
in. But academic pressure, or to be more Many experts agree there are steps to take to
1 Listening to music is, you know, um, a
specific, the pressure to do well in exams, is reduce the pressure. For example, if you are
great way to relax.
what’s worrying parents and teachers more well prepared for an exam, you shouldn’t feel
2 Many students try to find creative ways to and more. So, let’s look at some of the causes much pressure during the exam. So, develop
deal with exam stress. of exam pressure. good study habits, and don’t wait until the last
3 Peer pressure is, uh, something many One of the biggest factors causing exam minute to prepare for exams. And while good
students have to deal with. pressure is the lack of preparation for study habits are important, so are good test-
4 There is a TV show on teen pressure at … an exam. The more prepared you are for taking habits. Do things like read directions
let’s see … 10:00 p.m. an exam, the more confident—and less carefully, answer questions you know first, and
5 Doing things like exercising with friends is stressed—you will likely be. But students outline an essay before writing. These help
a good example of positive peer pressure. have many demands on their time—jobs, save time and give you confidence.
other classes, friends. What many students You could try relaxation techniques. You
6 I wonder why so many people worry
do is study as much as possible just before an could try breathing slower and deeper during
about what others think.
exam. In other words, they cram, which just an exam. Or you might close your eyes and
Track 6.4 adds to the pressure. relax your body before you start the exam. If
1 Let’s see. I think peer pressure is the Another factor is the pressure students feel nothing works, you could try talking to another
pressure you get from your friends. from their parents. Most parents have high person—a friend, a teacher, or a counselor—
expectations of their children and children to get advice on how best to deal with the
2 Um, I think most peer pressure situations don’t want to disappoint them. Exam pressure pressures you face. But remember, it’s normal
occur at school. can also come from a student’s peers. During to be a little nervous about an exam. And a
3 I think it’s after school. exams, students compete for high grades. little stress can be a good thing—it may help
4 So, which is worse? Other people in the exam can also add stress. you perform better. It’s when the pressure
5 Um, I suppose a teacher. Other students may make noise, and even becomes a problem that you may need to get
cheat. Teachers or others in the room might help.
6 In my opinion, no.
distract test-takers by making noise. The Track 6.7
Track 6.5 temperature may be too high or too low. The
lighting may be poor. The desk or chair may be One of the biggest factors causing exam
SUSAN: It’s just terrible when your peers pressure is the lack of preparation for
uncomfortable.
don’t include you. Don’t you agree? an exam. The more prepared you are for
When the test is scheduled can also be a factor.
LAILA: Um, let me think. … No, I don’t an exam the more confident—and less
There may be too many tests at the same time,
think direct pressure is so bad. Indirect stressed—you will likely be. But students
like when students have mid-terms or finals.
pressure seems worse. have many demands on their time—jobs,
Finally, the test itself can cause stress. A other classes, friends. What many students
SUSAN: Why is that?
test that has difficult or unknown content, do is study as much as possible just before
LAILA: Well, I think it’s easier to deal with surprise questions, or tricky instructions can all an exam. In other words, they cram, which
direct pressure, and be … you know … I contribute to exam pressure. just adds to the pressure.
can’t think of the exact word. It’s, uh, similar
What effect does all this have on the test- Another factor is the pressure students feel
to “reasonable”.
taker? For many, the effects aren’t so serious. from their parents. Most parents have high
Track 6.6 They may feel anxious during a test, but they expectations of their children and children
continue to perform well. For others, the don’t want to disappoint them. Exam
Good morning. Welcome back to Modern
effects are more serious. A person may feel pressure can also come from a student’s
Psychology. Please take your seats, so we can
pressure during an exam. As a result, this peers. During exams, students compete for
get started.
person may get a headache, feel sick to their high grades.
Today I’m going to talk about a topic I think stomach, have difficulty breathing, or have an
many of you have experienced—exam Other people in the exam can also add stress.
increased heartbeat. They may not get enough
pressure. How many of you have experienced Other students may make noise and even
sleep and develop poor, or dangerous eating
exam pressure? … I thought so. Many cheat. Teachers or others in the room might
habits because of the pressure. But it’s not
college students experience some sort of distract test-takers by making noise. The
just physical effects; it’s also psychological.
stress. According to a recent survey in the A student may develop feelings of anger or
United States, 20% of students said they feel depression. They may feel hopeless and lost.

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temperature may be too high or too low. The

lighting may be poor. The desk or chair may
be uncomfortable.
When the test is scheduled can also be a
factor. There may be too many tests at the
same time, like when students have mid-
terms or finals.
Finally, the test itself can cause stress. A
test that has difficult, or unknown content,
surprise questions, or tricky instructions can
all contribute to exam pressure.

Track 6.8
What effect does all this have on the test-
taker? For many, the effects aren’t so serious.
They may feel anxious during a test, but
they continue to perform well. For others,
the effects are more serious. A person may
feel pressure during an exam. As a result,
this person may get a headache, feel sick
to their stomach, have difficulty breathing,
or have an increased heartbeat. They may
not get enough sleep and develop poor,
or dangerous eating habits because of the
pressure. But it’s not just physical effects;
it’s also psychological. A student may
develop feelings of anger or depression.
They may feel hopeless and lost. They can
easily develop a low sense of self-esteem.
A lack of motivation to even continue with
their studies is often due to the pressures of
exams. And, of course, exam pressure can
result in the disappointment of parents. This
then just adds to the pressure.

Track 6.9
SHIRA: Anna, we can’t go to the library
today as it’s closed.
ANNA: Oh no, I wanted to get some books.
I have an exam Monday, and I really need to
study. Do you know when it reopens?
SHIRA: I think it’s open again tomorrow.
You could try the library on the other side of
town if you need the books today.
ANNA: Good idea! Do you want to come
with me?
SHIRA: Yes, I’ll be ready in an hour. I need
to drop off some books. My exams finished
yesterday.
ANNA: Oh wow, lucky you. I still have three
more to take.

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Unit 7: Fear SPEAKER: I think it’s kind of boring for STUDENT 2: So, like, how small should the
the audience. It also shows you aren’t group be?
Track 7.1 confident. Remembering the main points SPEAKER: Experts say the size of the
SPEAKER: Hello everyone. Today I’m going and examples is enough. audience makes no difference. When you
to talk about the fear of public speaking. Four—reduce stress. You see, for many, the actually do speak in public, just imagine the
First, I’ll discuss three interesting facts minute just before you speak is the most group is small.
about public speaking. Then I’ll provide fearful. Find what works for you. Close your 3
five tips for facing this fear. At the end of eyes. Laugh. Try what some athletes do.
SPEAKER: Don’t memorize everything. No
my talk, I’ll tell you where you can get more They imagine a positive result and breathe
one wants to hear a memorized speech.
information on this topic. Let’s get started. If deeply to reduce their stress.
you have any questions, feel free to ask. STUDENT 3: Sorry, but what is wrong with
Five—involve the audience.
memorizing?
So, here are three facts about the fear STUDENT 4: And, uh, how do you do that?
of public speaking. The first one is that, SPEAKER: I think it’s kind of boring for
SPEAKER: Well, for example, before you the audience. It also shows you aren’t
according to some surveys, it is the biggest
begin your presentation, talk to a few confident. Remembering the main points
fear people have. It’s even more common
people in the audience. This shows you are and examples is enough.
than the fear of dying. In fact, about 75% of
friendly and relaxed. You might want to take
people say they have this fear. 4
questions from the audience during your
STUDENT 1: Have you ever had this fear? presentation too, like I’m doing now. SPEAKER: Involve the audience.
SPEAKER: Well, yes, I have. I gave a talk Let me conclude by providing you with STUDENT 4: And, uh, how do you do that?
last year before a large group and I felt some additional information. There are a SPEAKER: Well, for example, before you
very nervous, but I’m not nervous today, lot of resources out there for this kind of begin your presentation, talk to a few
you know. The second fact is that men and thing; you can find books on facing your people in the audience. This shows you are
women are affected equally. That may not fears in the local library or at any bookstore. friendly and relaxed. You might want to take
be surprising, but what may be surprising I would recommend a book called Be questions from the audience during your
is that men are more likely than women to Prepared, Be Confident by Dr. Ricardo presentation too, like I’m doing now.
find ways to deal with their fear. And third, Lopez. 5
having this fear can have a negative effect
STUDENT 5: Do you know when that book STUDENT 5: Do you know when that book
on your career if you don’t do anything
was published? was published?
about it. It can even affect other aspects of
your life. But there is good news. You can do SPEAKER: I’m sorry, but I don’t have the SPEAKER: I’m sorry, but I don’t have the
something about it. Let’s now look at some answer to that. I’ll try and find out. Now, answer to that. I’ll try and find out.
tips for facing this fear. There are several does anyone else have any questions. Yes?
6
things you can do. STUDENT 6: Yes. Why shouldn’t someone
SPEAKER: Now, does anyone else have any
One—start small. Find a few friends to memorize a presentation?
questions? Yes?
practice with and then practice again with SPEAKER: I think I’ve already answered
a larger group. If you start small, you will STUDENT 6: Yes. Why shouldn’t someone
that. No one wants to hear a memorized
begin to feel more confident. memorize a presentation?
speech, because it’s frankly, boring. It’s OK
STUDENT 2: So, like, how small should the to memorize the key points but … PRESENTER: I think I’ve already answered
group be? that. No one wants to hear a memorized
Track 7.2 speech, because it’s frankly, boring.
SPEAKER: Experts say the size of the
1
audience makes no difference. When you Track 7.3
actually do speak in public, just imagine the SPEAKER: It’s even more common than the
1 A: So, like how did you find the lecture?
group is small. fear of dying. In fact, about 75% of people
say they have this fear. B: It was pretty interesting.
Two—be prepared. Knowing your material
will reduce your fear. If you don’t know your STUDENT 1: Have you ever had this fear? 2 A: How can I get over my fear of public
material, you will be anxious and possibly speaking?
SPEAKER: Well, yes. I have. I gave a talk
get lost. Practice your presentation and last year before a large group and I felt very B: Why don’t you practice your
time yourself. Also, have more material in nervous, but I’m not nervous today, you presentation in front a mirror, or
case you finish early—I mean, not a lot, just know … something?
a little extra. 2 3 A: I’ve always been terrified of snakes.
Three—don’t memorize everything. No one SPEAKER: Find a few friends to practice B: And, um, what do you think causes
wants to hear a memorized speech. with and then practice again with a larger that?
STUDENT 3: Sorry, but what is wrong with group. If you start small, you will begin to 4 A: What are your fears? I mean, what are
memorizing? feel more confident. you afraid of?

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B: I’m not afraid of much, but I don’t like many of us. But there are many other kinds HOST: So, how did Maggie get to the point
driving fast. of phobias, such as the fear of water and where she could take the elevator to work?
5 A: How do you deal with your fear of fear of spiders. DR. PATTERSON: First, she had to face
flying? HOST: Oh, I’ve always hated spiders! her fears. After talking about her fears,
B: I listen to music and … and just kind of DR. PATTERSON: You have? Does this and after learning to relax, she started to
try not to think about it. impair your day-to-day activities? watch the elevator. In the beginning, she
just watched people getting on, getting
6 A: I’m terrified of crowded places. What HOST: Uh, well, I once saw a spider in my
off, smiling, and talking with others. The
can I do? closet and didn’t open it for two weeks.
next day, she watched it again. But then we
B: Well, it’s not, you know, something you DR. PATTERSON: You know you may stepped in the elevator, together. It didn’t
can get over right away. have a phobia of spiders. We can work on go anywhere—we just let the doors open
how to overcome that a bit later. So, how and close automatically. She was nervous,
Track 7.4 do people react when they’re confronted but by breathing deeply and relaxing, she
1 It’s OK, you know, to have fears. with a phobia? Often a person’s heart will was in control. The next day, we repeated
2 I mean, everyone is afraid of something. beat faster. It may be difficult for them to the first two steps, and then finally took the
breathe. They might get a sick feeling. Other elevator up, but only one floor. We repeated
3 Talk about your fears with a friend, or
people with phobias may feel helpless and this over several days, adding one floor
something.
start to panic. each day.
4 So, like, don’t let your fears affect your
HOST: I see. HOST: So, did she get to her new office?
career.
DR. PATTERSON: I had a patient recently DR. PATTERSON: She did. I went to her
Track 7.5 that had a terrible phobia of elevators. Let’s office on the tenth floor and called her. I
HOST: Hello and welcome to this week’s call her Maggie. One problem Maggie faced asked her to go into the elevator. She went
episode of To Your Health. I’ve invited Dr. was that a recent job promotion required in, she pressed the tenth floor button, and
Kristin Patterson, an expert on phobias, to her to move her office from the first floor in two minutes later—do you know what
speak with us today. Good morning and her building up to the tenth floor. She was happened? She stepped out of the elevator.
welcome. certain that the elevator would break while By doing all of those things, she’s been able
she was inside, or she’d not have enough to overcome her phobia. It took just a few
DR. PATTERSON: It’s great to be here.
air to breathe, or the elevator would fall. days. Now, about that spider in your closet
HOST: Let’s start out with a definition. Her friends tried to tell her everything …
What is a phobia? Is it just a fear of would be fine, but it was pointless. She had
something? HOST: Um, oh, I’m afraid we’re about out
a strong fear of elevators.
of time. Join us on our next podcast when
DR. PATTERSON: A phobia is more than we talk about…
Track 7.6
just a fear. Everyone has certain fears. This
is normal and a good thing because a HOST: That’s awful! So, have you been able Track 7.7
reasonable fear of something dangerous to help Maggie with her problem? Were you
1
helps keep us safe. There’s a reason to be able to find a solution?
afraid of some snakes, for example. But PRESENTER: Let’s get started. If you have
DR. PATTERSON: We were successful but
this is not a phobia of snakes. A phobia is any questions, feel free to ask.
it took a long time. The first step was that
not reasonable. You fear a snake because Maggie needed to realize she needed help. 2
it may be harmful. A phobia of snakes, on Surprisingly, people sometimes don’t want STUDENT 5: Do you know when that book
the other hand, may mean that you can’t to seek help, or they don’t know where was published?
hike in the forest because you fear you to get help. Phobias may be painful but PRESENTER: I’m sorry, but I don’t have the
will see a snake. You become frightened we can almost always help people with answer to that. I’ll try and find out.
of seeing a snake on TV or at the zoo. It’s phobias. It’s much easier than people think.
difficult to even look at a photo of one. You 3
Maggie and I did some techniques together
feel without power because a phobia has a to help her relax. These techniques were STUDENT 6: Yes. Why shouldn’t someone
serious impact on your life. It can stop you useful because they helped her avoid the memorize a presentation?
from doing what you normally would do. physical symptoms. I taught her to take PRESENTER: I think I’ve already answered
HOST: Are phobias common? slow, deep breaths. Then she was able to that.
DR. PATTERSON: Yes. During their lifetime, think more clearly about the situation. We
then discussed each thought that scared Track 7.8
more than 10% of people will develop a
phobia. One of the most common phobias her. It was interesting that she never First, she had to face her fears. After talking
is the fear of public speaking. Speaking actually experienced a problem with an about her fears, and after learning to relax,
in front of others causes a lot of stress for elevator. And we talked about how it’s she started to watch the elevator. In the
always possible to breathe in an elevator. I beginning, she just watched people getting
was worried that she might also have a fear on, getting off, smiling, and talking with
of small places, but this wasn’t the case.

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others. The next day, she watched it again.

But then we stepped into the elevator,
together. It didn’t go anywhere—we just let
the doors open and close automatically. She
was nervous, but by breathing deeply and
relaxing, she was in control. The next day, we
repeated the first two steps, and then finally
took the elevator up, but only one floor. We
repeated this over several days, adding one
floor each day.

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Unit 8: Stories RACHID: Yeah, I didn’t know what to do. I felt confirmed my seat on the plane the night
so down! I couldn’t afford to buy a new ticket. before. I thought I had planned everything
Track 8.1 MICHAEL: So, … so well.
MICHAEL: Hey Rachid. I wanted to ask you RACHID: Well, I went to the help desk. A MICHAEL: Did something go wrong?
something. very friendly woman there helped me. She RACHID: Um, you could say that. My flight
RACHID: What’s that? checked my ticket and looked to see if there was at 11:30. But that morning it was
MICHAEL: I remember you went to London were other flights. There was only one other raining, so it was hard to get a cab. I finally
last year. I was curious how your trip went. flight to London. It left three hours later. reserved one, and the taxi driver said he’d
MICHAEL: And there were seats? be there soon. That’s when things really
RACHID: Well, huh, that’s a funny story. I
started to go wrong. At 8:15 the driver
almost didn’t make it to London at all. RACHID: Luckily, there was one seat.
called. He was running late. Then at 8:30 he
MICHAEL: What do you mean? MICHAEL: So, you got it? called again to say he was getting gas, and
RACHID: Well, a month before the trip, I RACHID: Yes. I only had to pay a small fee to would be there soon. After that he called
bought my plane ticket and reserved my change the time on my ticket. I was so happy. again—at 8:45—to say he couldn’t find my
accommodation. Then, I got my visa. I I got the ticket, went through immigration place. I gave him directions.
changed money into the local currency on the to get my passport stamped, and after a few MICHAEL: So what happened next?
day of my flight. I had already confirmed my hours got on the flight.
RACHID: Clearly, I was starting to get really
seat on the plane the night before. I thought I MICHAEL: That’s great. worried. Finally, at ten o’clock my taxi
had planned everything so well.
RACHID: But that’s not the end of the story. arrived. I put my luggage in the car and we
MICHAEL: Did something go wrong? It was a tiny middle seat. But that was fine. left. I relaxed as we drove—I thought I still
RACHID: Um, you could say that. My flight Then I realized there was no entertainment had enough time. Then, I decided to check
was at 11:30. But that morning it was raining, system—no movies, or TV to pass the time. a few things. I had my wallet. I had my
so it was hard to get a cab. I finally reserved Then, while I was getting comfortable, a man tickets. But I couldn’t find my passport.
one, and the taxi driver said he’d be there came up to me. He introduced himself and MICHAEL: No way!
soon. That’s when things really started to said his wife was sitting next to me. He asked
RACHID: Then I remembered. Before I
go wrong. At 8:15 the driver called. He was me to change seats with him, and I said,
booked the taxi, I was organizing my bag.
running late. Then at 8:30 he called again to “Sure!”
I took the passport out and put in on the
say he was getting gas, and would be there MICHAEL: Really? bed. I never put it back.
soon. After that he called again—at 8:45—to
RACHID: And get this! He had a seat in first MICHAEL: How awful! So, what did you do?
say he couldn’t find my place. I gave him
class, but he couldn’t get a seat for his wife
directions. RACHID: Obviously, I asked the driver to
there. He offered me his first-class seat.
MICHAEL: So what happened next? go back to my house. I ran inside, got the
MICHAEL: Did you take it? passport, and then we went to the airport.
RACHID: Clearly, I was starting to get really
RACHID: Of course! I would have changed The airport was busy that day, and the lines
worried. Finally, at ten o’clock my taxi arrived. I
seats with him anyway, but first class? It were long. I finally got to the airline check-
put my luggage in the car and we left. I relaxed
was wonderful. The seat was enormous! in counter. It was closed. I was too late. I
as we drove—I thought I still had enough time.
MICHAEL: And you made it to London in missed my flight.
Then, I decided to check a few things. I had
my wallet. I had my tickets. But I couldn’t find time for the conference? Track 8.3
my passport. RACHID: Thankfully, I did.
MICHAEL: Oh no!
MICHAEL: No way!
Track 8.2 RACHID: Yeah, I didn’t know what to do. I
RACHID: Then I remembered. Before I felt so down! I couldn’t afford to buy a new
MICHAEL: Hey Rachid. I wanted to ask you
booked the taxi, I was organizing my bag. I ticket.
something.
took the passport out and put it on the bed. I
RACHID: What’s that? MICHAEL: So, …
never put it back.
MICHAEL: I remember you went to London RACHID: Well, I went to the help desk. A
MICHAEL: How awful! So, what did you do?
last year. I was curious how your trip went. very friendly woman there helped me. She
RACHID: Obviously, I asked the driver to checked my ticket and looked to see if there
go back to my house. I ran inside, got the RACHID: Well, huh, that’s a funny story. I
were other flights. There was only one other
passport, and then we went to the airport. almost didn’t make it to London at all.
flight to London. It left three hours later.
The airport was busy that day, and the lines MICHAEL: What do you mean?
MICHAEL: And there were seats?
were long. I finally got to the airline check-in RACHID: Well, a month before the trip,
counter. It was closed. I was too late. I missed RACHID: Luckily, there was one seat.
I bought my plane ticket, and reserved
my flight. my accommodation. Then, I got my visa. MICHAEL: So, you got it?
MICHAEL: Oh no! I changed money into the local currency
on the day of my flight. I had already

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RACHID: Yes. I only had to pay a small parts, or five elements. And he developed Finally, we have the Resolution. We are very
fee to change the time on my ticket. I was something now called Freytag’s Pyramid. I will near the end of the story. There is less tension
so happy. I got the ticket, went through draw it on the board. Let’s look at each part in than before. There is no more conflict for
immigration to get my passport stamped, detail. our hero. All of our questions are answered.
and after a few hours got on the flight. Every story must have a beginning. This is The story may conclude with a happy or sad
MICHAEL: That’s great. called Exposition. ending. The characters have changed and
may be back in their original situation. The
RACHID: But that’s not the end of the story. STUDENT 2: Again, please? It’s called what?
main character may act differently, showing
It was a tiny middle seat. But that was fine. PROFESSOR: Exposition. In the introduction, the results of the story’s conflict.
Then, I realized there was no entertainment the speaker or writer needs to introduce the
system—no movies, or TV to pass the time. So, to summarize, according to Freytag, a
characters, and the relationships between
Then, while I was getting comfortable, a story should include all five of these elements
them. In addition to characters, the speaker
man came up to me. He introduced himself in the correct order: Exposition, Rising Action,
has to establish the setting—where the story
and said his wife was sitting next to me. He Climax, Falling Action, and Resolution. Now,
takes place. This background information
asked me to change seats with him, and I let’s look at and analyze one famous story,
is important so that the listener becomes
said, “Sure!” The Boy Who Cried Wolf. Work with the person
interested in the story and can follow it. Not
next to you and …
MICHAEL: Really? too much usually happens in the beginning.
RACHID: And get this! He had a seat in first There is the introduction of an initial conflict, Track 8.5
class, but he couldn’t get a seat for his wife or the main problem in the story. The real
NARRATOR: Part a
there. He offered me his first-class seat. action begins in the next part.
There was once a young boy who lived near
MICHAEL: Did you take it? The second part is known as the Rising Action. a dark forest. Every day he had to take care
Here, the “plot thickens.” Something happens of his sheep. The young boy was lonely and
RACHID: Of course! I would have changed
that starts a series of events. Here, the main bored.
seats with him anyway, but first class? It
character faces a conflict. The character’s
was wonderful. The seat was enormous! NARRATOR: Part b
conflict can be anything—nature, society,
MICHAEL: And you made it to London in Soon after that, a wolf really did come into
other people, or him, or herself. He or she
time for the conference? the village and began eyeing his sheep. He
tries to find a solution, so it is the part of the
was extremely frightened. He cried, “Wolf!
RACHID: Thankfully, I did. story that begins to get exciting as the tension
Help! This time, there really is a wolf!” The
builds and builds. Furthermore, it is usually
Track 8.4 wolf came closer and closer to his sheep.
the longest part of the story. A good story gets
PROFESSOR: Good afternoon, everyone, more and more exciting and interesting as the NARRATOR: Part c
please take your seats. Welcome to the third speaker builds to the next part. When the boy complained, a wise old man
day of our literature class. Today, we’re talking in the village said, “Never lie. Even when a
The third part is the Climax, or the high point
about the plot. First, we’ll define it. Then we’ll liar tells the truth, no one will believe him.”
of the story. The Climax …
examine this definition in more detail. Let’s NARRATOR: Part d
STUDENT 3: Excuse me. Can you spell that?
begin. Who can tell me what I mean by the He decided on a plan to relieve his
plot? PROFESSOR: Of course, C-L-I-M-A-X. The boredom. He ran into the village shouting,
Climax is the main event our character faces. “Wolf! Wolf!” People came to help, but there
STUDENT 1: It’s the events; what happens in
It’s definitely the most exciting part of the was no wolf. This amused the boy, so he
a story.
story. It’s the moment of greatest danger, did it again. Again, there was no wolf so the
PROFESSOR: OK. Yes, it’s what happens. greatest fear and/or emotion. There is so people walked away.
Star Wars filmmaker George Lucas once much drama. Will the hero fail? Will the hero
said, “Storytelling is about two things; it’s NARRATOR: Part e
be successful? It might be a huge fight. It
about character and plot.” It’s that important. The boy stood by as he watched the
might be a very exciting action scene, such as
Without a plot, there’s no story. wolf have a meal of his sheep. There was
a car chase. It might be when the character
nothing he could do but watch. No one
Now, you may be surprised that most learns something at last. For example, the
came to help him.
stories—old ones, new ones, even those hero’s death in Shakespeare’s Hamlet.
you may not be familiar with—have a lot After the Climax, comes the next part—the Track 8.6
in common with one another. There is Falling Action. Here, the character begins to There was once a young boy who lived near
something … ah, but before I get into that, deal with the conflict, perhaps to deal with a dark forest. Every day he had to take care
does anyone know who Gustav Freytag was? any problem the conflict created. Imagine if of his sheep. The young boy was lonely and
No? Gustav Freytag was a German writer after the Climax the story simply ended. How bored.
born in 1816. He looked at and studied many would we feel? We would not feel satisfied
different plots that were found in literary He decided on a plan to relieve his boredom.
as we know there is more to the story. Now
works. He looked at the structures of ancient He ran into the village shouting, “Wolf!
we see the effects of the actions that the
Greek stories, as well as Shakespeare’s plays. Wolf!” People came to help, but there was
character has taken.
His analysis involved dividing a story into five

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no wolf. This amused the boy, so he did it

again. Again, there was no wolf, so the people
walked away.
Soon after that, a wolf really did come into
the village and began eyeing his sheep. He
was extremely frightened. He cried, “Wolf!
Help! This time, there really is a wolf!” The
wolf came closer and closer to his sheep.
The boy stood by as he watched the wolf
have a meal of his sheep. There was nothing
he could do but watch. No one came to help
him.
When the boy complained, a wise old man in
the village said, “Never lie. Even when a liar
tells the truth, no one will believe him.”

Track 8.7
1 The Boy Who Cried Wolf is a really famous
story.
2 The boy was obviously lying to the people
in the town.
3 The boy was extremely embarrassed by
his actions.
4 The wolf’s teeth were enormous!
5 The people in town totally didn’t believe
the boy.
6 The boy learned a huge lesson that day.

Track 8.8
There was once a young boy who lived near
a dark forest. Every day he had to take care
of his sheep. The young boy was lonely and
bored.
He decided on a plan to relieve his boredom.
He ran into the village shouting, “Wolf! Wolf!”
People came to help but there was no wolf.
This amused the boy, so he did it again.
Again, there was no wolf, so the people
walked away.
Soon after that, a wolf really did come into
the village, and began eyeing his sheep. He
was extremely frightened. He cried, “Wolf!
Help! This time, there really is a wolf!” The
wolf came closer and closer to his sheep.

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Unit 9: Environment STEVEN: But there can be pollution caused PRESENTER: It’s the fastest-growing type
by building and moving solar power systems. of tourism. It grows between 10 and 15%
Track 9.1 AICHA: But it’s not a lot. After you install every year. To say a bit more about that, it’s
AICHA: Hi Steven. solar panels, for example, they are 100% been growing like that since the 1980s, and
clean. Another big reason we should use it’s not slowing down. So I think we can say
STEVEN: Oh, hi, Aicha. I’m glad you could
solar energy is that it reduces our electricity that eco-tourism is here to stay.
make it.
costs. People can even sell any extra energy PRESENTER: But is it a good thing?
AICHA: Well, our class debate is tomorrow.
they produce. I came across some data PRESENTER: Let’s look at the pros. It
It’s really important that we practice.
online that is very relevant to this issue. It helps preserve nature. The preservation
STEVEN: I know. We need to be prepared if said a lot of money could be saved by adding of our land, forests, lakes, and oceans is
we’re going to do well. Did you make some solar panels to your home. You can save up very important. It uses local resources to
notes? to $100 dollars a month. In places like the build with, and local food to feed tourists.
AICHA: Yes, I found some interesting stuff U.S state of Hawaii, residents would save on It doesn’t waste electricity or water. In fact,
on the Internet. There is so much out there average $64,000 in just 20 years! That’s huge. water is often rainwater, and no electricity
on solar energy. STEVEN: But remember the initial costs of may be used at all.
STEVEN: I know! So … we both researched buying and setting up solar panels are high. PRESENTER: It also creates jobs, and
the pros and cons of solar power. We should AICHA: But they are getting cheaper. In the income, for locals. Any money or fees that
be prepared to talk about either side, right? last ten years the cost of roof panels has tourists pay goes back into the community.
Do you want to talk about the pros, and I’ll declined 80%. And you only need to clean Local people are more likely to protect
talk about the cons? That’s how our debate them once or twice a year. They don’t have wildlife, too.
will probably go. We won’t know which side moving parts and can last for about 25 years. LISTENER 1: Can you talk a little more
we’ll have to argue for. It’s smart to invest in them. about that?
AICHA: OK. Well, I feel that converting STEVEN: But a large amount of space may PRESENTER: Sure. Show an elephant
sunlight into energy is the answer to most be needed. That might not be an issue for a living in the forest to tourists, rather
of our energy problems. Solar energy is the family in a home—panels can be placed on than bringing the elephant out of that
future. And I know at least several reasons the roof. But it’s a definite problem for some environment.
we should use it more. First, solar energy is businesses, which may need to find space for
renewable. That means we will always have PRESENTER: Eco-tourism can allow us
hundreds of panels. OK, I’ll give you the last
it, unlike fuels like oil and gas. It is estimated to see more of the world and its cultures.
word.
oil and gas will only last another 60 years. The This is good for people who are in urban
AICHA: Well, the last point I want to make is environments as well as rural. Both sides
sun could be used forever, or at least another
that solar energy is quiet. There is no noise, can learn from each other.
6.5 billion years.
unlike wind energy.
STEVEN: Yes, the sun will always supply PRESENTER: What I’d like to mention
STEVEN: Good point. So, are we prepared now is the Arabian oryx, in Jordan. This
us with light, but solar power is not always
for tomorrow? is a photo here. It’s a beautiful animal.
available because the sun doesn’t shine at
night, or when it’s cloudy. And some places AICHA: I think so. But why don’t we practice By 1920, they had all died out. In 1978,
get very little sun in the winter, like Norway, one more time. Let’s take opposite roles … Jordan reintroduced 11 of the animals to
Sweden, or Russia. There may be only seven the country. They were placed in protected
Track 9.2 areas, and now there are over 200. Tourists
hours of sunlight a day, or less.
PRESENTER: Hello. Can I tell you a little can now see these animals on guided tours.
AICHA: But, you have the capacity to store
bit about my poster? It’s on the topic of The money from these tours helps protect
solar energy. You just need batteries.
tourism. the oryx.
STEVEN: True, but the batteries are large
LISTENER 1: Sure! While there are good things about eco-
and heavy. They are the size of a dishwasher
PRESENTER: First, I think it’s important to tourism, there are also some negative
or small washing machine, weigh up to 120
answer the question: What is eco-tourism? things. It has the potential to damage
kilograms and can easily cost over $5,000.
The World Tourism Forum defines eco- nature. Tourists may do this by accident,
Another problem with solar energy is that it’s
tourism as tourism that sends people but it happens. An example is that of Africa,
not very effective when there is air pollution,
to mostly untouched parts of the world, where many people go on safari to see wild
like in large cities. Even if it’s sunny, solar
and that is sensitive to the impact on animals. Vehicles full of tourists drive out
energy won’t be effective.
nature caused by humans. Its aim is to to see animals in the morning, when it’s
AICHA: OK, but another good thing about cooler. They scare off animals that lions
show that tourism does not need to harm
solar energy is that it can get to many are trying to catch. This means that lions
nature or traditional culture. It’s an idea
places—places that currently don’t have cannot find food in the morning. They have
that appeals to people who want to travel
electricity. That helps a lot of people. And of to look for food in the afternoon, when it’s
to these places, but want to do it in an
course, it’s environmentally friendly and does hot.
environmentally friendly way.
not cause pollution.
LISTENER 1: Sounds great.

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LISTENER 2: Sorry, but can I ask a Track 9.3 7 You can save up to a hundred dollars a
question? Why is that so bad? month.
1
PRESENTER: When it’s that hot out, the 8 So are we prepared for tomorrow?
animals have less energy, so it’s harder to PRESENTER: Hello. Can I tell you a little
find food. bit about my poster? It’s on the topic of Track 9.6
tourism.
Also, there is little control over eco-tourism 1
because many tours go to remote places. 2
PRESENTER: It’s an idea that appeals to
There’s nothing stopping people from PRESENTER: It’s the fastest-growing type people who want to travel to these places, but
taking money from tourists, or not following of tourism. It grows between 10 and 15% want to do it in an environmentally friendly
eco-friendly practices. Just because every year. To say a bit more about that, it’s way.
someone says they are eco-friendly is no been growing like that since the 1980s, and
LISTENER 1: Sounds great.
guarantee that it is true. it’s not slowing down.
PRESENTER: It’s the fastest-growing type of
And finally, eco-tourism changes cultures, 3
tourism. It grows between 10 and 15% every
even when we don’t want it to. PRESENTER: As you can see in this photo, year.
LISTENER 2: What do you mean by that? I was part of a snorkeling tour. It was
2
PRESENTER: Take the Maasai people advertised as an eco-tour.
PRESENTER: Local people are more likely to
for instance. Here they are in this photo. 4
protect wildlife, too.
Tourists pay money to see them dance. As PRESENTER: To conclude, I’m happy to
LISTENER 1: Can you talk a little more about
a result, they no longer follow their own send you a link to a list of eco-tours that I
that?
traditions as much. Sadly, tourists are would recommend.
destroying the cultures they think they are PRESENTER: Sure. Show an elephant living
helping. It has happened in the Amazon, Track 9.4 in the forest to tourists, rather than bringing
Africa, Southeast Asia, Greenland, the PRESENTER: If you decide you want to go the elephant out of that environment.
Andes—all over the world. on an eco-tour, keep these tips in mind. 3
Now look here. That’s me. As you can see in 1 Don’t accept everything you hear or read. PRESENTER: They scare off animals that
this photo, I was part of a snorkeling tour. It Many tour companies only use terms like lions are trying to catch. This means that lions
was advertised as an eco-tour. A group of us “eco” and “green” to attract people. cannot find food in the morning. They have to
went snorkeling to see and photograph the look for food in the afternoon, when it’s hot.
2 Search for reviews of companies online.
coral. Then I saw people standing on the LISTENER 2: Sorry, but can I ask a question?
That’s what I do.
coral. It was awful. That’s why I want to end Why is that so bad?
with some tips. If you decide you want to go 3 Check the group size. Imagine the harm a
group of 35 can do versus a group of four. PRESENTER: When it’s that hot out, the
on an eco-tour, keep these tips in mind.
4 Make sure companies follow the rules of animals have less energy, so it’s harder to find
1 Don’t accept everything you hear or read. food.
Many tour companies only use terms like ecotourism. Ask lots of questions.
5 Make sure local people benefit. But 4
“eco” and “green” to attract people.
remember this: buying a local product PRESENTER: And finally, eco-tourism
2 Search for reviews of companies online.
from a store may not be enough. See if changes cultures, even when we don’t want
That’s what I do.
the money goes directly to helping local it to.
3 Check the group size. Imagine the harm a
communities. LISTENER 2: What do you mean by that?
group of 35 can do versus a group of four.
6 Make sure the accommodation is built PRESENTER: Take the Maasai people in East
4 Make sure companies follow the rules of
from renewable materials. Renewable Africa, for instance.
eco-tourism. Ask lots of questions.
materials are natural materials; for
5 Make sure local people benefit. But example, wood, stone, bamboo, and Track 9.7
remember this: buying a local product grass. 1 benefit, beneficial
from a store may not be enough. See if
the money goes directly to helping local Track 9.5 2 install, installation
communities. 1 It’s really important that we practice. 3 preserve, preservation
6 Make sure the accommodation is built 2 That’s how our debate will probably go. 4 electric, electrical
from renewable materials. Renewable 5 present, presentation
3 Solar energy is the future.
materials are natural materials; for 6 inform, information
example, wood, stone, bamboo, and grass. 4 And I know at least several reasons we
should use it more. 7 prepare, preparation
To conclude, I’m happy to send you a link to
a list of eco-tours that I would recommend. 5 There may be only seven hours of sunlight 8 environment, environmentally
a day.
6 They are the size of a dishwasher or a
small washing machine.

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Unit 10: Medicine MICHAEL: But you still don’t have the A face-to-face meeting may cost between
personal experience of a face-to-face $130 and $180, but only $40 to $70 online.
Track 10.1 doctor. That matters a lot. A patient-doctor That’s a huge difference.
SONIA: So our debate topic is face-to-face relationship is built on closeness and trust. GEORGE: You claim that online doctors
doctors versus online doctors. It’s impossible to develop that online. can save patients money. But what good is
MICHAEL: George and I will argue that SONIA: I’m afraid that’s not accurate. It’s the cost savings if you don’t get what you
seeing a doctor face to face is better than not easy, but it is possible. It just takes more want? You might waste your money—and
seeing a doctor online. time. And I’m not sure patients care about time—with an online doctor if you need
that as much as you think. Do you know to go see a doctor face to face after that
GEORGE: We feel we have many strong
what percentage of people are happy to see anyway. You’re spending more money.
reasons that can support our claim.
online doctors? One recent statistic showed SONIA: Hmm. I don’t know about that. I
SONIA: And we’ll make an argument for that nearly two-thirds of patients in the feel that …
the opposite … United States said they would see a doctor
CLARICE: … that these days seeing a online. Track 10.2
doctor online, or using the Internet, is CLARICE: Seeing a doctor online also Hello everyone, and welcome to my webinar.
preferable to seeing one face to face. means you can get a second opinion more My name is Kendra Phillips, and I’m going
We’re sure we can persuade you with our easily. Do you know what a second opinion to give a short talk on the topic of medical
arguments. Do you want to go first? is? tourism. Because this is a webinar, you can
MICHAEL: Sure, thank you. First, it’s MICHAEL: It’s when you ask another doctor all hear me, but I cannot hear you. But you
common knowledge that the only way for a for his opinion, rather than relying on a should see a small comment box in the
doctor to find out what is wrong is through single doctor’s opinion. upper right corner. Type questions for me,
a face-to-face meeting. A mistake is more and I’ll answer them at the end of my talk. So,
CLARICE: Exactly. It’s a fact that these days
likely to occur when the doctor is only let’s get started. I’ll begin now by answering
many insurance companies require patients
examining you over a video. the main question. What is medical tourism?
to get a second opinion. And many patients
SONIA: I don’t think that’s really true. We want a second opinion before they make Medical tourism is the process of a person
believe that an online doctor can see what a major medical decision. This is simple to traveling to a foreign country to obtain
is wrong with a patient. Not all illnesses of do online because doctors can share the medical treatment. It used to be that
course, but many. patient’s medical history easily. residents of less-developed countries
CLARICE: And think about how traveled to more developed countries
GEORGE: That may be true, but that’s a big
convenient an online doctor can be for because they could not receive care in their
concern. What about a patient’s privacy?
a patient. People are busy these days. home country. As you can see from this map,
One researcher found that people are
With online doctors, they can just send in nowadays it’s just as likely that people from
becoming more and more worried about
the information they want. For example, more-developed countries travel to less-
their personal information being shared
you can send in an image of a skin cut, developed countries. So, which countries
digitally. No one wants that information to
or upload a blood pressure record. This receive the most medical tourists? You can
be shared with anyone who is not their own
might save you a visit to the doctor’s office see here that the top five are Thailand,
doctor. People have real concerns about
altogether. Hungary, India, Singapore, and Malaysia. But
privacy these days.
the countries traveled to often depend on the
GEORGE: It’s true that it can be more MICHAEL: Another issue is the abuse that treatment you need. For example, Thailand
convenient, but it’s also more dangerous. can take place online. attracts people who want cosmetic surgery.
The doctor could give a patient the
SONIA: What do you mean “abuse”? People go to Hungary for dental care, India
wrong medicine. Everyone knows that it’s
MICHAEL: Abuse of the medical system. for cardiac treatment, that is, matters to do
extremely dangerous to write a prescription
Some people may try to use online doctors with the heart, and Singapore for cancer
for any medicine online. This can only be
to get medicine that they want, but don’t treatment. For overall checkups and tests,
done safely and responsibly through a face-
need. Only with a personal face-to-face Malaysia is popular.
to-face visit.
meeting can a doctor determine if a patient The market for medical tourism is huge, at
SONIA: But online you have access to more
needs a certain medicine. Experts say that about 50 billion U.S. dollars a year. Fourteen
doctors, because you can see any doctor,
abuse of the medical system is rising, and million people go to other countries for
even one in another country. You don’t
it could become an even more serious treatment every year. They spend on average
have that option with face-to-face doctors.
problem. between $3,800 and $6,000 per visit. This
And increased access also means more
CLARICE: That’s not fair to say. There is may seem high but costs are generally much
people can get medical care. Those who
no evidence that this “abuse” only takes cheaper than in the patient’s home country.
live in remote areas may not get the care
place with online doctors. We feel the main And the market is growing fast; it is thought
they need because they don’t live near a
reason seeing an online doctor is better to be growing at a worldwide rate of between
big hospital or clinic.
than a face-to-face doctor is a simple one: 15 and 25%. In certain countries the rate
it costs less. Let me give you an example. of growth each year is much higher than

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that—for example, 45–65% in Costa Rica Another drawback is malpractice. Malpractice Track 10.4
and 65–90% in India. It’s pretty clear that the is what happens when a doctor’s care is
medical tourism trend is going to be with us careless, wrong, or dangerous. In these 1 But let’s see if it works.
for a while. cases, the patient understandably expects 2 I’ll begin now by answering that question.
So what’s process for someone who is some sort of money to be paid back. Not all 3 As you can see, it’s not tourism exactly.
interested in medical tourism? First, the doctors have insurance for this, so a patient 4 It’s simply getting treatment in another
person contacts a medical tourism provider may not be able to do anything if they suffer country.
in the country they plan to go to. The tourism from a doctor’s malpractice abroad.
5 The amount the patient saves will depend
provider asks for a full medical report. Before At this point let me take a few questions—oh, on the country and the treatment type.
making a recommendation, a doctor will give here’s one already: Can you tell me where
you information on the choice of doctor or someone might go for eye treatment? Well, I 6 In these cases, the patient understandably
hospital, how long the treatment is, and the suggest you do your own research, but I can expects some sort of money to be paid
cost. The provider then arranges the details say that Turkey is known for its excellent eye back
and the patient travels to the country. The care. Track 10.5
patient may need to pay for additional care OK, another question, this one is about
if necessary. The doctor then says when the 1 There are many things you can do to help
gender. Do you know what percentage of
patient can fly home. This might be a good prevent illness.
men are medical tourists? Well, right now
time to discuss the term “medical tourism” about 70% of medical tourists are women 2 Be sure to ask your doctor if follow-up
a bit more. As you can see it’s not tourism and 30% are men. Here I see someone asked care is paid for by your insurance.
exactly. It’s just more of a marketing term. It’s about the effect on doctors who are too 3 Don’t make cosmetic surgery decisions
simply getting treatment in another country. busy treating medical tourists, and have no without talking to several doctors.
What are some advantages of medical time to treat patients at home. That’s a great 4 Did you quit your job before you got new
tourism? The first is it’s cheaper. The patient point, I think, and something people should health insurance?
may not be able to afford the medical definitely consider.
5 I was able to manage just enough time off
treatment in their own country. The amount Final question. Can you tell me if medical work for my treatment.
the patient saves will depend on the country tourism is the same as wellness tourism?
and the treatment type. According to the Well, they both involve travel, but they are Track 10.6
American Medical Association, a knee different. Wellness tourism is for those who 1 Hospice care can be expensive.
replacement costs between $41,000 and are trying to prevent illness, perhaps by
$59,000 in the U.S., but only $8,500 in India. There’s some truth to that, but many
eating well or exercising differently. Medical
patients feel more comfortable there than a
The second advantage of medical tourism tourists are looking for treatment.
hospital.
allows patients to receive treatments that I think that’s it now, so thanks so much.
may not be available in their home country 2 You are more likely to get a cold when it’s
or that they would have to wait a long time Track 10.3 cold outside.
to receive. In some countries, patients might 1 This might be a good time to discuss the That’s not true because there is no evidence
have to wait, say, a year for a procedure, term “medical tourism” a bit more. As of a link with temperature.
whereas in another country there may only you can see it is not tourism exactly. It’s 3 Seeing doctors face-to-face is not very
be a short waiting list, or no waiting list at all. just more of a marketing term. It’s simply convenient.
Yet another plus is the quality of care. Many getting treatment in another country. There’s some truth to your argument, but
patients believe that the quality of care in 2 One is the lack of follow-up care. A person I think it’s safer because they can examine
countries that accept medical tourists is may go overseas, receive treatment, then you up close, and not via video.
much lower. Not true. Most of these hospitals return home. Unfortunately, there is no, 4 Drinking a lot of liquids can help you get
and clinics have excellent facilities that or little follow up, which can be a serious over a cold.
are often devoted to specific treatments. problem if something goes wrong.
However, it is true that quality of care is not That may be true, but in fact the best way is
3 Malpractice is what happens when simply to rest.
the same everywhere so patients should do
a doctor’s care is careless, wrong, or
their research before going. 5 Online doctors are completely ineffective
dangerous. In these cases, the patient
There are drawbacks to medical tourism. One for illnesses that aren’t visible, like
understandably expects some sort of
is the lack of follow-up care. A person may headaches.
money to be paid back.
go overseas, receive treatment, then return I’m afraid that’s not accurate because I
4 Here I see someone asked about the
home. Unfortunately, there is no or little know many illnesses can be detected from
effect on doctors who are too busy
follow up, which can be a serious problem if a distance.
treating medical tourists, and have no
something goes wrong. The home country
time to treat patients at home. That’s a Track 10.7
may then be responsible for the patient’s
great point, I think, and something people
care, which may cost more. 1 We believe that an online doctor can tell
should definitely consider.
what is wrong with a patient.

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2 Yes, I mean, no.

3 That may be true, but it’s a big concern.
4 What do you mean, no?
5 In that case, you are spending more
money.

Track 10.8
A: These instructions on my prescription are
really hard to read. What does this say?
B: It says p.m. That means evening.
A: Ah, so I take the medicine in the evening.
B: Well, not only in the evening. You need to
take it in the morning, too.
A: So I take a pill twice a day.
B: No, you take two pills twice a day.
A: OK, thanks. I don’t think I need a medical
doctor. I need an eye doctor!

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