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Document 15

The document discusses the properties of solids, liquids and gases and how they differ in terms of particle arrangement and motion. It then explains various state changes like melting, boiling, freezing and evaporation/condensation in relation to temperature changes and kinetic theory. The document also discusses how gas properties like pressure and volume are affected by temperature and pressure based on kinetic theory.

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43 views

Document 15

The document discusses the properties of solids, liquids and gases and how they differ in terms of particle arrangement and motion. It then explains various state changes like melting, boiling, freezing and evaporation/condensation in relation to temperature changes and kinetic theory. The document also discusses how gas properties like pressure and volume are affected by temperature and pressure based on kinetic theory.

Uploaded by

haashni
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Solids, Liquids & Gases

Solids

 Solids have a fixed volume and shape and they have a high density
 The atoms vibrate in position but can’t change location
 The particles are packed very closely together in a fixed and regular pattern
Liquids

 Liquids also have a fixed volume but adopt the shape of the container
 They are generally less dense than solids (an exception is water), but much denser than
gases
 The particles move and slide past each other which is why liquids adopt the shape of
the container and also why they are able to flow freely
Gases

 Gases do not have a fixed volume, and, like liquids, take up the shape of the container
 Gases have a very low density
 Since there is a lot of space between the particles, gases can be compressed into a much
smaller volume
 The particles are far apart and move randomly and quickly (around 500 m/s) in all
directions
 They collide with each other and with the sides of the container (this is how pressure is
created inside a can of gas)
Summary of the Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases
Exam Tip
You can explain the differences in the physical properties of solids, liquids and gases by
referring to the arrangement and motion of particles. This is called the kinetic theory of matter.

State Changes
Melting

 Melting is when a solid changes into a liquid


 Requires heat energy which transforms into kinetic energy, allowing the particles to
move
 Occurs at a specific temperature known as the melting point (m.p.)
Boiling

 Boiling is when a liquid changes into a gas


 Requires heat which causes bubbles of gas to form below the surface of a liquid,
allowing for liquid particles to escape from the surface and within the liquid
 Occurs at a specific temperature known as the boiling point (b.p.)
Freezing

 Freezing is when a liquid changes into a solid


 This is the reverse of melting and occurs at exactly the same temperature as melting,
hence the melting point and freezing point of a pure substance are the same. Water, for
example, freezes and melts at 0 ºC
 Requires a significant decrease in temperature (or loss of thermal energy) and occurs at
a specific temperature
Evaporation

 Evaporation occurs when a liquid changes into a gas and occurs over a range of
temperatures
 Evaporation occurs only at the surface of liquids where high energy particles can escape
from the liquid's surface at low temperatures, below the b.p. of the liquid
 The larger the surface area and the warmer the liquid surface, the more quickly a liquid
can evaporate
Condensation

 Condensation occurs when a gas changes into a liquid on cooling and it takes place over
a range of temperatures
 When a gas is cooled its particles lose energy and when they bump into each other they
lack the energy to bounce away again, instead they group together to form a liqui d

 Interconversion of solids, liquids and gases

State Changes & Kinetic Theory


 EXTENDED
 When substances are heated, the particles absorb thermal energy which is converted
into kinetic energy. This is the basis of the kinetic theory of matter
 Heating a solid causes its particles to vibrate more and as the temperature increases,
they vibrate so much that the solid expands until the structure breaks and the solid
melts
 On further heating, the now liquid substance expands more and some particles at the
surface gain sufficient energy to overcome the intermolecular forces and evaporate
 When the b.p. temperature is reached, all the particles gain enough energy to escape
and the liquids boils
 These changes in state can be shown on a graph called a heating curve
 Cooling down a gas has the reverse effect and this would be called a cooling curve
 These curves are used to show how changes in temperature affect changes of state
A heating curve showing the states, state changes and temperature changes as time
progresses

A cooling curve is like a heating

curve, but is the mirror image

Pressure & Temperature in Gases


 A change in temperature or pressure affects the volume of gases
 As the air inside a hot air balloon is heated up, it expands and the balloon gets bigger
 This is because the volume of a gas increases as its temperature increases

As temperature increases gas volume increases. The density decreases as the volume
increases so the balloon rises.

 If you have a gas stored inside a container that is squeezed, the pressure increases as
you decrease the volume
 This is what happens in a bicycle pump
 As you compress the bicycle pump the high pressure allows you to inflate a tire
 You can feel the force of the high pressure if you put your finger on the end of the pump

Pressure increases as volume decreases in a bicycle pump

Gases & Kinetic Theory


EXTENDED
 Gaseous particles are in constant and random motion
 The pressure that gas creates inside a closed container is produced by the gaseous
particles hitting the inside walls of the container
Moving particles of gas colliding with each other and the container walls

 An increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy of each particle, as the heat
energy is transformed to kinetic energy, so they move faster
 As the temperature increases, the particles in the gas move faster, impacting the
container's walls more frequently
 If the container walls are flexible and stretchy then the container will get bigger and
bigger, just like the hot air balloon!
 If the container is made smaller, then the gas particles hit the wall more frequently
 So when there is a decrease in volume this causes an increase in gas pressure
Molecules collide more frequently with the container walls when the pressure is increased

Diffusion
 This is the process by which different gases or different liquids mix and is due to the
random motion of their particles
 Diffusing particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration
 Eventually the concentration of particles is even as they spread out to occupy all of the
available space
 Diffusion happens on its own and no energy input is required although it occurs faster at
higher temperatures
Diffusion of potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 , in water. After a few hours the concentration
of KMnO4 is the same throughout the solution

Diffusion & Molecular Mass


EXTENDED
 Diffusion occurs much faster in gases than in liquids as gaseous particles move much
quicker than liquid particles
 At the same temperature, different gases do not diffuse at the same rate.
 This is due to the difference in their relative molecular masses
 Lighter gas particles can travel faster and hence further, therefore the lower its relative
mass the faster a gas will diffuse
 This can be demonstrated in the reaction between ammonia, NH3, and hydrogen
chloride gas, HCl, inside a long glass tube
 Where the two gases meet a white smoke of ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, is formed
 This does not occur in the middle of the tube as you might expect, but much closer to
the end with the hydrogen chloride (Mr = 36.5) and the ammonia (Mr = 17) molecules are
smaller and lighter

NH3 molecules have less mass than the HCl molecule, so diffuse faster, hence the product (a
white smoke of NH4Cl) forms closer to the end where the HCl is

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