0 012913 BoardnotesChapter1

PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL (ES), JEDDAH
Y9 CHEMISTRY BOARD NOTES
Chapter 1: States of matter

Solids
• Solids have a fixed volume and shape and they have a high density
• The atoms vibrate in position but can’t change location
• The particles are packed very closely together in a fixed and regular pattern
• Particles in a solid are closely packed and can vibrate but cannot move around, they have
low energies.
Liquids
• Liquids also have a fixed volume but adopt the shape of the container
• They are generally less dense than solids (an exception is water), but much denser than
gases
• The particles move and slide past each other which is why liquids adopt the shape of the
container and also why they are able to flow freely
• Particles in a liquid are still closely packed, but can both vibrate and move around within
the liquid because they have more energy – enough to overcome the forces that hold the
particles together in the solid.
Gases
• Gases do not have a fixed volume, and, like liquids, take up the shape of the container
• Gases have a very low density
• Since there is a lot of space between the particles, gases can be compressed into a much
smaller volume
• The particles are far apart and move randomly and quickly (around 500 m/s) in all
directions
• They collide with each other and with the sides of the container (this is how pressure is
created inside a can of gas)
• Particles in a gas are widely spread out and can both vibrate and move around freely.
They have the most energy of the three states.
Summary of the Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases
State Changes
Melting
• Melting is when a solid changes into a liquid

• Requires heat energy which transforms into kinetic energy, allowing the particles to
move
• Occurs at a specific temperature known as the melting point (m.p.)
Boiling
• Boiling is when a liquid changes into a gas

• Requires heat which causes bubbles of gas to form below the surface of a liquid, allowing
for liquid particles to escape from the surface and within the liquid
• Occurs at a specific temperature known as the boiling point (b.p.)
Freezing
• Freezing is when a liquid changes into a solid

• This is the reverse of melting and occurs at exactly the same temperature as melting,
hence the melting point and freezing point of a pure substance are the same. Water, for
example, freezes and melts at 0 ºC
• Requires a significant decrease in temperature (or loss of thermal energy) and occurs at a
specific temperature
Evaporation
• Evaporation occurs when a liquid changes into a gas and occurs over a range of
temperatures
• Evaporation occurs only at the surface of liquids where high energy particles can escape
from the liquid's surface at low temperatures, below the b.p. of the liquid
• The larger the surface area and the warmer the liquid surface, the more quickly a liquid
can evaporate
Condensation
• Condensation occurs when a gas changes into a liquid on cooling and it takes place over
a range of temperatures
• When a gas is cooled its particles lose energy and when they bump into each other they
lack the energy to bounce away again, instead they group together to form a liquid
Sublimation
• The process of solid turning straight into a gas without first becoming a liquid.
State Changes & Kinetic Theory
• When substances are heated, the particles absorb thermal energy which is converted into
kinetic energy. This is the basis of the kinetic theory of matter
• Heating a solid cause its particles to vibrate more and as the temperature increases, they
vibrate so much that the solid expands until the structure breaks and the solid melts
• On further heating, the now liquid substance expands more and some particles at the
surface gain sufficient energy to overcome the intermolecular forces and evaporate
• When the b.p. temperature is reached, all the particles gain enough energy to escape and
the liquids boils
• These changes in state can be shown on a graph called a heating curve
• Cooling down a gas has the reverse effect, and this would be called a cooling curve
• These curves are used to show how changes in temperature affect changes of state
Heating curve
Cooling curve of an impure substance:
How to test purity of substance

• A pure substance has a fixed melting and boiling point.
• The purity of a substance can be tested by checking its melting and boiling point.
• If a substance is impure i.e. it contains traces of another substance, the melting and
boiling point of that substance will change.
Predicting state of a substance:
Prdicting state of a substance at room temperature:

Gases & Kinetic Theory
• Gaseous particles are in constant and random motion

• The pressure that gas creates inside a closed container is produced by the gaseous
particles hitting the inside walls of the container
• A change in temperature or pressure affects the volume of gases

• An increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy of each particle, as the heat
energy is transformed to kinetic energy, so they move faster
• As the temperature increases, the particles in the gas move faster, colliding with the
container's walls more frequently.
• If the container walls are flexible and stretchy then the container will get bigger and
bigger, just like the hot air balloon!
• As the air inside a hot air balloon is heated up, it expands and the balloon gets bigger
• This is because the volume of a gas increases as its temperature increases
• As temperature increases gas volume increases.
• If you have a gas stored inside a container that is squeezed, the pressure increases as
you decrease the volume
• This is what happens in a bicycle pump. As you compress the bicycle pump the high
pressure allows you to inflate a tire
• You can feel the force of the high pressure if you put your finger on the end of the pump.
Pressure increases as volume decreases
Diffusion:
Definition:
The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration
• This is the process by which different gases or different liquids mix and is due to the
random motion of their particles
• Eventually the concentration of particles is even as they spread out to occupy all of the
available space
• Diffusion happens on its own and no energy input is required
Diffusion & Molecular Mass
• Diffusion occurs much faster in gases than in liquids as gaseous particles move much
quicker than liquid particles
• At the same temperature, different gases do not diffuse at the same rate.
• This is due to the difference in their relative molecular masses
• Lighter gas particles can travel faster and hence further, therefore the lower its relative
mass the faster a gas will diffuse.
Reaction between ammonia, NH3, and hydrogen chloride gas, HCl, inside a long glass
tube
• NH3 molecules have less mass than the HCl molecule, so diffuse faster, hence the
product (a white smoke of NH4Cl) forms closer to the end where the HCl is
• Where the two gases meet a white smoke of ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, is formed
• This does not occur in the middle of the tube as you might expect, but much closer to the
end with the hydrogen chloride (Mr = 36.5) and the ammonia (Mr = 17) molecules are
smaller and lighter.
Q. Why do liquids diffuse slower than gases & diffusion does not takes place solid into
solid?
Ans: Diffusion in liquid is slower than that in gases. This is because the particles in liquid
move slowly as compared to the particles in gases. For diffusion to work ,particles must be
able to move around which means diffusion does not happen in solids-solids as particles in
solids can only vibrate and cannot move from place to place.

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PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL (ES), JEDDAH

Y9 CHEMISTRY BOARD NOTES

Chapter 1: States of matter

• Melting is when a solid changes into a liquid

• Boiling is when a liquid changes into a gas

• Freezing is when a liquid changes into a solid

kinetic energy. This is the basis of the kinetic theory of matter

the liquids boils

• These changes in state can be shown on a graph called a heating curve

How to test purity of substance

Prdicting state of a substance at room temperature:

• Gaseous particles are in constant and random motion

• A change in temperature or pressure affects the volume of gases

Diffusion & Molecular Mass

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