Kenticha Gemstone Lapidary and Export Plc was established by the current owner Addis Hailu

in June 2018.

Kenticha is a young company which specializes on supplying semi-processed gemstones and

hand crafted jewelry pieces, using local materials targeting the local and international markets.

Being socially respo0nsibler, Kenticha Gemstone Lapidary and Export Plc supports physically
handicapped young women through the provision skills training and providing them full time
employment opportunities. Kenticha this time has 4 permanent employees, all of them young
women with disabilities.

Purpose:

To be one of the leading companies in the gemstone market by providing enhanced services and
also empowering women in leadership.

Vision:

To provide quality products that exceeds the expectation of customers and also creating a better
working environment for women.

Products: Semi-prepossessed gemstones and Handmade Jewelry

Lapidary (from the Latin lapidarius) is the practice of shaping stone, minerals, or gemstones
into decorative items such as cabochons, engraved gems (including cameos), and faceted
designs. A person who practices lapidary is known as a lapidarist. A lapidarist uses the lapidary
techniques of cutting, grinding, and polishing.[1][2][3] Hardstone carving requires specialized
carving techniques.[2]

In modern contexts, a gemcutter is a person who specializes in cutting diamonds, but in older
contexts the term refers to artists who produced hardstone carvings; engraved gems such as jade
carvings, a branch of miniature sculpture or ornament in gemstone.

By extension, the term lapidary has sometimes been applied to collectors of and dealers in gems,
or to anyone who is knowledgeable in precious stones.[4]

CabKing 6" Cabbing Machine - Lapidary Rock and Jewelry

Gem Grinder Polisher - Model CABKING-6V3 — ETB
95860
79,043.832- 84,693.856
1 USD = 56.5002 ETB

1 ETB = 0.0176990 USD

How are Gems Cut and Polished?

Not required for EPS2 students

The process of cutting and polishing gems is called gemcutting or lapidary, while a person
who cuts and polishes gems is called a gemcutter or a lapidary (sometimes lapidarist).

Gemstone material that has not been extensively cut and polished is referred to generally as
rough. Rough material that has been lightly hammered to knock off brittle, fractured material is
said to have been cobbed.

Rough corundum.
All gems are cut and polished by progressive abrasion using finer and finer grits of harder
substances. Diamond, the hardest naturally occurring substance, has a Mohs hardness of 10 and
is used as an abrasive to cut and polish a wide variety of materials, including diamond itself.
Silicon carbide, a manmade compound of silicon and carbon with a Mohs hardness of 9.5, is also
widely used for cutting softer gemstones. Other compounds, such as cerium oxide, tin oxide,
chromium oxide, and aluminum oxide, are frequently used in polishing gemstones.

Lapidary Techniques
Several common techniques are used in lapidary work:
 sawing
 grinding
 sanding
 lapping
 polishing
 drilling
 tumbling

Using the techniques listed above, gemstones are typically fashioned into one of several familiar forms:
cabochons
 faceted stones
 beads and spheres
 inlays
 intarsias and mosaics
 cameos and intaglios
 sculptures

Sawing

Sawing a piece smoky quartz. (Warning!

Holding rough by hand during sawing can be
hazardous to the stone, the saw, and the
cutter! Extreme caution is required.)

In most gem sawing, a thin circular blade

usually composed of steel, copper, or a
phosphor bronze alloy impregnated along
the outer edge with diamond grit and rotating at several thousand surface feet per minute literally
scratches its way through a gemstone. A liquid such as oil or water is used to wash away cutting
debris and keep the stone and the sawblade from overheating, which could cause damage to both
the stone and the sawblade.

Several sizes of circular rock saws are frequently used by most gemcutters:

 A slab saw, typically 16 to 24 inches in diameter, is used to cut stones of several inches thickness
into relatively thin slabs (often 1/8 to 3/8 inch thick).
 A trim saw, typically 6 to 10 inches in diameter, is used to cut smaller stones into thin slabs or to
cut small sections out of slabs.
 A faceter's trim saw, typically 4 inches in diameter, is used with a very thin blade, to saw small
pieces of expensive rough.

There are also jigsaws that employ either a reciprocating wire or a continuous thin metal band.
These are useful for cutting curved lines that are impossible with circular saws. They are also
useful in minimizing waste on extremely valuable rough material.

Back to techniques.

Grinding

Grinding, usually with silicon carbide wheels or

diamond-impregnated wheels, is used to shape
gemstones to a desired rough form, called a preform.
As with sawing, a coolant/lubricant (water or oil) is
used to remove debris and prevent overheating. Very
coarse diamond or silicon carbide, such as 60 grit, or
mesh, (400 micron particles) or 100 grit (150 micron
particles) is used for rapid removal of stone, and finer
abrasive (600 grit - 30 micron, or 1200 grit - 15 micron) is used for final shaping and sanding.

Back to techniques.

Sanding

Sanding is similar to grinding but uses finer abrasives. Its purpose is to remove deep scratches
left by coarser abrasives during grinding. Since it removes material less rapidly, it also allows
more delicate control over final shaping of the stone prior to polishing. For stones with rounded
surfaces, a flexible surface such as a belt sander is often used to avoid creating flat areas and
promote smooth curves.
Back to techniques.

Lapping

Lapping is very similar to grinding and sanding, except that it is performed on one side of a
rotating or vibrating flat disk known as a lap, and it is used especially to create flat surfaces on a
stone (as in faceting). Laps are often made of cast iron, steel, or a copper-bronze alloy, but other
materials can also be used.

Back to techniques.

Polishing

After a gemstone is sawed and ground to the desired shape and sanded to remove rough marks
left by coarser grits, it is usually polished to a mirror-like finish to aid light reflection from the
surface of the stone (or refraction through the stone, in the case of transparent materials). Very
fine grades of diamond (50,000 to 100,000 mesh) can be used to polish a wide variety of
materials, but other polishing agents work well in many instances. Usually, these polishing
agents are metal oxides such as aluminum oxide (alumina), cerium oxide, tin oxide, chromium
oxide, ferric oxide (jeweler's rouge), or silicon dioxide (tripoli). Different stones are often very
inconsistent in their ease of polishing, particularly in the case of faceted stones, so gemcutters are
often very inventive in trying new combinations of polishing agents and polishing surfaces --
often tin, tin-lead, lead, leather, felt, pellon, wood, or lucite laps for flat surfaces such as facets.
Rounded surfaces, such as on cabochons, are often polished on felt, leather, cork, cloth, or wood.
Polishing removes small quantities of stone and can be used, especially when faceting small
stones, to do ultrafine shaping of the stone.

Back to techniques.

Drilling

When a gemcutter desires a hole in or through a gemstone (e.g., a bead), a small rotating rod or
tube with a diamond tip, or a slurry of silicon carbide and coolant, is used to drill through the
stone. Ultrasonic, or vibrating, drills are also very effective, but they tend to be costly and thus
reserved for high-volume commercial drilling.

Back to techniques.
 Tumbling

Large quantities of roughly shaped stones are often tumbled, i.e., turned at a slow speed in a
rotating barrel with abrasives and water for extended periods (days or weeks). By tumbling with
progressively finer grades of abrasive (usually silicon carbide) and washing carefully between
grades, the stones are gradually smoothed and polished to serendipitous but often very attractive
shapes. Tumbling barrels are often hexagonal in outline in order to enhance the stirring action of
barrel rotation. An alternative to rotatory tumblers is a vibratory machine, often called a
vibratory tumbler, in which the containing barrel vibrates rather than rotates. The more stationary
arrangement of vibratory machines makes it much easier to examine the progress of the stones
inside, whereas standard tumblers must be halted in order to check progress. In addition to
polishing gemstones, tumbling is often used to polish large quantities of metal jewelry.

Back to techniques.

Cabochons

One of the simplest lapidary forms is the cabochon, a

stone that is smoothly rounded and polished on top,
relatively flattish, and either flat or slightly rounded on
the bottom (which may be either polished or sanded).
This form of cutting is often used for opaque or
translucent stones, but is also frequently used for
transparent materials that contain too many inclusions to
yield a good faceted stone. Coloration and patterning
provide the major interest in such stones. Cabochon
cutting, or cabbing, is often performed by simply
holding the stone in the fingers, but it is more commonly
done by dopping (attaching with adhesive wax or glue)
the stone to a wooden or metal dopstick. This facilitates
twirling the stone to form smooth curves and avoid flat
areas during grinding, sanding, and polishing. A typical cabbing machine holds several wheels
representing a progressive series of diamond or silicon carbide grit, turned by a common arbor
and motor, and a water supply that provides a coolant/lubricant to wash away debris and keep the
stone from overheating as it is ground and sanded on progressively finer wheels.

Back to forms.

Faceted Stones
Faceting is most often done on transparent stones. Flat facets are cut and polished over the
entire surface of the stone, usually in a highly symmetrical pattern. The stone is dopped
(usually with adhesive wax, epoxy, or cyanoacrylate glue) on a metal dopstick, which is then
inserted in a handpiece that allows precise control of positioning. The cutting angle is adjusted
vertically via a protractor and rotationally via an index gear. The facets are then ground, sanded,
and polished on a rotating lap, while water or another liquid acts as a coolant and lubricant.
When one side (top or bottom) of the stone is finished, a jig is used to transfer to the stone to a
dopstick on the opposing side.

A faceting machine usually employs a motor that turns a lap, a water supply, an adjustable
handpiece with index gears and a protractor, and an adjustable mast or platform to hold the
handpiece assembly. Most commercially available gemcutting machines employ a mast, but a
few employ a platform.

Two different styles of faceting machine -- mast-type (left) and handpiece and platform (right).

In recent years, innovative faceters have employed techniques such as concave facets, grooves,
and combinations of faceting and cabbing to produce new forms in faceted stones.

Back to forms.

Beads and Spheres

Spheres are initially sawed into cubes or dodecahedrons and then ground to shape between two
pipes or rotating concave cutters, allowing the stone to rotate freely in any direction to form a
perfect spherical shape. As with other lapidary processes, gradually finer grades of abrasive are
used to grind, sand, and polish the stone. While beads may be faceted, they are more commonly
cut and polished as small spheres and then drilled to allow stringing. Bead mills are used to grind
and sand large quantities of beads simultaneously. They typically employ a grooved lap and a
flat lap between which the beads are rolled and worn to shape. After shaping and sanding, beads
are usually polished by tumbling .

Back to forms.

Inlays

In an inlay, a gemstone is cut to fit and glued into a hollow recess in another material (metal,
wood, or other stones) and then the top ground and polished flush with the surrounding material.
Stones most commonly used for inlay are strongly colored opaque stones such as black onyx,
lapis lazuli, turquoise, tigereye, etc.

Back to forms.

Intarsias and Mosaics

In both intarsia and mosaic work, small bits of different colored stones are fit together and the
top cut and polished to present a picture or other interesting pattern. Strictly speaking, a mosaic
is constructed on top of a flat base of another material (usually stone), while an intarsia (also
known as Florentine mosaic, or pietre dure) is set flush into the surface of the base material. The
finest intarsias and mosaics were traditionally of Italian origin, but intarsia has enjoyed
something of a renaissance in recent years with the fine work of artists such as Jim Kaufmann
and Nicolai Medvedev.

Back to forms.

Cameos and Intaglios

Cameos and intaglios are similar in that both usually are carved portraits in stone or seashells.
They differ in that cameos are raised portraits, while intaglios are carved down into the surface
of the material. Both typically take advantage of different colored layers of material. The finest
cameos and intaglios have traditionally come from Italy (usually shell) or Germany (usually
agate).

Back to forms.

Sculpture

Gemstones can be carved, like other materials, into almost any form, limited only by the talents
of the sculptor. Carving is accomplished with a variety of diamond-impregnated steel bits, saws,
and grindstones.
The most widely-used gemstone exploration techniques today are ground-penetrating radar, known as
GPR; trace-element analysis, which involves seeking signature elements as clues to where gems may lie;
and use of a device called a 'terra thumper,' which identifies differences in the structure of the host rock
through seismic analysis. GPR has proven useful in providing subsurface mapping of potential gem-
bearing pockets, or 'vugs,' but the readings can be confused by moisture in the ground, and they can't
separate gem-bearing pockets from the non-gem-bearing ones.

The techniques for finding and recovering gemstones have changed little since the first human
was dazzled by a precious colored stone. Today, almost all of the world's gemstone mining is
done on a low-tech, artisanal level - miners digging by hand or with light equipment, seeking pay
dirt.

In most places, exploration is a hit-and-miss process, with deposits typically being small and
widely dispersed. Miners dig, and either they get lucky or they don't.

Slowly, however, some high-tech applications are making inroads into this ancient industry.
They're brought in mainly by the larger companies who evaluate deposits to determine if they are
worth mining, while mapping the most likely places to dig. The corporate experts often come
from backgrounds in metal or diamond mining, where this type of exploration is standard and
adequately funded by investors.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

The most widely-used gemstone exploration techniques today are ground-penetrating radar,
known as GPR; trace-element analysis, which involve seeking signature elements as clues to
where gems may lie; and use of a device called a "terra thumper," which identifies differences in
the structure of the host rock through seismic analysis.

GPR has proven useful in providing subsurface mapping of potential gem-bearing pockets, or
"vugs," but the readings can be confused by moisture in the ground, and they can't separate gem-
bearing pockets from the non-gem-bearing ones.

Experts disagree on whether using devices like GPR can ever be cost-effective in exploration for
gemstones, which normally occur in small lodes and do not fetch as much as diamonds or gold in
the marketplace.

Experiments in mapping gem deposits with GPR have already been tried, with variable success.
For example, in 1994 GPR was used in the Old Himalaya tourmaline mine in California. At first,
ground moisture produced indistinct imagery, but further experimentation yielded enough
information that searchers were able to discern subterranean pockets. However, the question of
whether recognizable vugs contained gems still had to be answered by digging.

According to Bill Larson of Pala International, owner of the Himalaya Mine, "The imagery was
good, but you couldn't tell if it was a pocket or a crack. So you mine and find a clay seam, You
couldn't discern an actual gem pocket at that time. But they did find pockets. They were running
at that time around 30 precent, and they may have jacked it up to 40 precent, but we were
shooting six false anomalies for every four that we got. We never found a big one."

Despite results like these, some believe that GPR is the wave of the future for gemstone
exploration. Geophysicist Jan Francke of Associated Mining Consultants Ltd. is regarded as a
leading expert on the use of GPR in gemstone applications. "I wouldn't hesitate to say it is the
most ideal and best-suited technology to image the high resolution needed to see very small
features within pegmatite," he told Colored Stone.

The main drawback with GPR, he said, is the penetration depth. "The higher resolution we need,
the less penetration we get. The general rule is that anything beyond three meters [9.8 feet] is
unrealistic. But the resolution within that three meters is down to the centimeter scale. So we are
seeing very, very small items 300 centimeters into a rock base or a dyke."

Francke said the images produced by GPR are virtually three-dimensional, allowing prospectors
to examine the size and shape of vugs. "Historically, we'd just go back and forth with a GPR
system to develop a three-dimensional picture. But within the past six months or so, we've
developed a multiple-channel GPR, so you complete one sweep with the system and it takes
multiple cuts and immediately displays it in the third dimension. So not only do we see where the
anomaly is, for example a vug, but we see the depth and its shape all in one pass."

The devices themselves are small and portable and can be passed over target areas in a wheeled
cart, dragged by a bicycle, or carried by hand. The machine consists of a laptop computer, a
control box that fits in a backpack, and a 12-volt battery. Francke says smaller units sell for as
little as $20,000, making them economically viable for working small claims.

GPR only works on ground level and is not applicable to airborne exploration. Making GPR
airborne-friendly involves some complicated physics which presently lead to diminishing
returns, Franke said. He added that GPR works well in most alluvial environments, but in sites
containing conductive clays the technique is not appropriate as the conductivity renders confused
imagery.

"If GPR is not appropriate, the next option is refraction seismic methodology," says Francke.
"It's simply going to give us the base of the channel, in other words, show us where the bedrock
is. It may show you where pockets of gravel are. but it's a much lower-resolution technique than
GPR."

The use of GPR is not meant to replace trenching or drilling. but merely to find the most likely
places to dig About 99 percent of GPR usage worldwide is for civil engineering applications
such as the locating of buried pipes and other structures. Whether GPR manufacturers will work
toward improving mining applications will depend on the extent to which miners embrace the
technology.

Trace Element Analysis

Another popular technique for prospecting is trace element analysis of areas suspected of
containing gemstones. An extensive study has been made of an alluvial sapphire deposit in
Montana by researchers from the University of Toronto.

The scientists were able to catalog several trace elements that naturally occur in sapphire-rich
areas. This data can now be used as clues in other areas where sapphires or other colored stones
are believed to exist.

A major application of the trace element analysis technique took place at the Seahawk emerald
mine in the Piteiras region of Brazil. Seahawk President Louis A. Lepry explained that his
company had been focused on gold exploration in Latin America and in 1998, with -old prices
down, the publicly-traded company broadened its mandate to include colored stones.

"We approached that properly like we would a gold property and conducted systematic grid
sampling of soil," he said. "There was no real outcrop on this particular property, just weathered
soil, extending anywhere from two to 50 meters [6.6 to 164 feet] in thickness. We did a multi-
element soil geochemistry survey on a grid across what we knew to be the highest potential, and
that came from the fact that we had regional geophysical surveys in hand. We gridded about a
two-square-kilometer [0.8-square-mile] area and conducted those surveys, and then followed on
with an auger sampling program. That body of information was then condensed into defining
drillable targets. All the emeralds in the region had come from a very distinct horizon, two to
five meters [6.6 to 16.4 feet] thick."

Seahawk drilled a total of 45 holes with an average depth of about 180 meters [590.4 feet] and
found emerald crystals in some of the cores. The exploration team conducted multielement
geochemistry testing of several thousand samples, looking for 30 different elements. Lepry said
the operation mined roughly 800 tons in 2001 and is now geared to produce 50 to 106 tons a day.

Higher Technology Application

Not all experts agree that higher technology has an important role to play in the world of colored
stones, however. Mining consultant Gordon Austin conceded that high technology applicable to
diamond exploration. where the indicators are well known, and the economic returns justify
expenditure, but he frowns at suggestions of local subsistence miners and prospectors being
replaced by Space Age scanners.

"You can use ground thumpers - seismic survey - to map bedrock alluvial contours, which can be
used in exploration of alluvial deposits," he said. He noted, however, that most gemstone
deposits are discovered by artisanal miners based on local folklore and surface exposures and
recovered simply by mining a likely spot.

"Because of the very nature of gemstone deposits," he contends, "they're extremely difficult to
do exploration for." He points to several instances where large sums of money spent on
exploration could have been better invested in the actual mining. Aside from that, large sums of
money generally mean larger companies, and not many large concerns are involved in gemstone
mining at the present time.
Social and Economic Impact
Another issue is the social and economic impact of automating exploration. Local miners have
supported themselves for generations by low-tech mining, and some governments are taking a
hard stand against proposals by foreign companies to bring improved exploration and recovery
methods to historical gemstone mines.

Sri Lanka has banned the use of most high-tech methods, says Austin, "because they don't want
mass mining to come in and tear the country up, and possibly deplete a resource that has
supported maybe 25 percent of the country's population for several hundred years. Operating as
it is right now, [mining will] continue to support a large part of the population for another couple
hundred years."

Despite the drawbacks and uncertainties of high-tech gemstone exploration, some progress is
inevitable. What lies in the future? According to Francke, some technology that has been
developed for military and law enforcement usage may well be applicable to mining and
exploration in the future. One promising technology involves extremely high X-ray frequencies,
a technique presently being used by customs inspectors to see through the walls of shipping
containers. This and other devices may become the ultimate companions of or heirs to - the pan,
the pick, and the shovel.

Gemstone Jewelry Manufacturing: How it Works

Jewelry made of gemstones is an intricate and delicate craft that demands accuracy, skill, and
close attention to detail. The process of making fine gemstone jewelry involves a number of
steps, from choosing the ideal gemstones to designing and manufacturing each piece. In this
article, we'll look at how gemstone jewelry is made and how it functions.

Gemstone Jewelry Supplier: The Process

The choice of gemstones is the first step in the creation of gemstone jewelry. Quality, color, and
size are taken into consideration when choosing gemstones. After the gemstones have been
chosen, they are cut and shaped with the aid of specialized machinery into the desired shape.

The gemstones are polished to produce a smooth surface after being cut and shaped. During this
procedure, special polishing agents and equipment are used to enhance the gemstones' inherent
beauty and shine.

The gemstones are set in the jewelry item using a variety of techniques after they have been
polished. Gemstones may be set in prongs, bezels, or other types of settings, depending on the
jewelry's design. To ensure that the gemstones are firmly held in place and that the finished piece
looks beautiful, the setting procedure calls for a great deal of skill and precision.

The jewelry is cleaned and polished to remove any stains or debris after the gemstones have been
set. To ensure that the finished jewelry looks stunning and is prepared for sale, this last step is
crucial.

Gemstone Jewelry Manufacturing

Several processes are used during the manufacturing of gemstone jewelry to turn raw materials
into finished jewelry. The following are the fundamental steps in the production of gemstone
jewelry:

Designing: The design for the jewelry piece must be created first. Both hand-drawn sketches and
computer-aided design (CAD) software can be used to accomplish this. The design must take
into account the kind of gemstones that will be used, as well as their size, shape, and color, as
well as the metal that will be used.

Sourcing Materials: Finding the materials needed to make the jewelry is the next step after the
design has been decided upon. This includes the metal, the gems, and any other components like
clasps, chains, or settings.

Cutting and Shaping: In order to fit the design, the gemstones are then cut and shaped. To
achieve the desired shape and size for the gemstones, this process entails the use of specialized
tools and methods.
Metalwork: The metal is then shaped, through a process that may involve casting, soldering, or
forging, into the desired shape and size. To create a smooth and shiny surface, the metal is also
polished and finished.

Setting The Stones: A variety of techniques, such as prong settings, bezel settings, and channel
settings, are used to secure the gemstones in the metal.

Final Assembly: The jewelry is put together after all the stones have been set, including any
clasps, chains, or extra features.

Quality Control: A quality control inspection is performed on the finished jewelry item to make
sure it adheres to the necessary standards. This involves looking for any imperfections or flaws
in the metal, the gemstones, or the assembly.

Packaging and Shipping: The finished jewelry item is then packaged and sent to the retailer or
customer.

Overall, Making gemstone jewelry is an art and a science that requires dexterity, accuracy, and
attention to detail in order to produce stunning jewelry.

Silver Gemstone Jewelry Supplier: The Manufacturing Process

Many people prefer silver gemstone jewelry because it is long-lasting, inexpensive, and
attractive. Silver gemstone jewelry manufacturing is similar to other types of gemstone
jewelry, but there are some key differences.
The selection of high-quality silver is the first step in the manufacturing process for silver
gemstone jewelry. Silver used in jewelry is typically a blend of pure silver and other metals such
as copper or zinc. This metal combination contributes to the silver's strength and durability.

After the silver is chosen, it is melted down and poured into molds to create the desired shape for
the jewelry piece. After the silver has cooled and hardened, it is polished to create a smooth
surface.

The gemstones are set using the same techniques as other types of gemstone jewelry after the
silver has been polished. To remove any dirt or debris, the finished piece is cleaned and polished.

Wholesale Silver Gemstone Jewelry Supplier: The Benefits

Purchasing wholesale silver gemstone jewelry from a reputable supplier has numerous
advantages. Among these advantages are:
Affordable Prices - Due to their ability to produce large amounts of jewelry at a lower cost,
wholesale suppliers can offer gemstone jewelry at lower prices. Retailers are now able to provide
customers with fine jewelry at reasonable prices.

Wide Selection - Several styles and designs of gemstone jewelry are available from wholesale
suppliers. This enables retailers to give their customers a wide variety of options.

Quality Assurance - Wholesale manufacturers have experience creating fine gemstone jewelry
that satisfies exacting standards. This guarantees that merchants can provide their clients with
jewelry that is both sturdy and delightful.

Silver Gemstone Jewelry Wholesale India: The Market

A common place to purchase wholesale silver gemstone jewelry in India. The nation has a long
tradition of producing beautiful, high-quality jewelry that is both affordable and fashionable.

The rich cultural heritage of India is reflected in the variety of jewelry designs and styles that
suppliers of silver jewelry in India offer. There is jewelry for everyone, ranging from
conventional Kundan and Polki designs to modern and contemporary styles.

The cost savings is one of the main benefits of purchasing wholesale silver gemstone jewelry
from India. Due to the country's lower labor and production costs, Indian suppliers have
affordable prices. This makes it a desirable location for businesses and people looking to
purchase fine gemstone jewelry at a reasonable price.

The variety of gemstones offered when purchasing wholesale silver gemstone jewelry from India
is another benefit. Gemstones like rubies, emeralds, sapphires, and diamonds can be found in
India. This makes it possible to design jewelry that is distinctive, gorgeous, and stands out from
the competition.

Buying wholesale silver gemstone jewelry from India offers an opportunity to support the
regional economy in addition to the lower prices and larger selection. Numerous Indian suppliers
use talented craftspeople who have developed their craft over many generations. Retailers and
consumers can help these artisans and their families by purchasing from these suppliers while
also taking advantage of the high-quality jewelry they create.

Wholesale Silver Jewelry Supplier: How to Choose

To get high-quality jewelry at a reasonable price, it's crucial to choose the right wholesale silver
jewelry supplier. Here are some things to take into account when selecting a supplier:
Quality - When choosing a supplier, the jewelry's quality should come first. Choose vendors
who adhere to strict quality control procedures and use high-quality materials.

Selection - Find vendors who provide a variety of jewelry designs and styles. You'll be able to
give your customers a wide variety of options as a result.

Price - Price is crucial, but it shouldn't be your only consideration. Look for suppliers who
prioritize quality and selection while also offering reasonable prices.

Reputation – Examine the supplier's standing in the market. Consult reviews and testimonials
from rival retailers or clients who have dealt with the supplier. A solid reputation reflects
dependability and reliability.

Customer Service - A great option is a supplier who values their clients and offers top-notch
client care. Choose vendors with responsive and knowledgeable customer service staff who can
answer your questions and offer support when necessary.

Minimum Order Quantity - For their products, some suppliers might have a minimum order
quantity. Make sure the minimum order quantity set by the supplier is manageable for your
company.

Shipping and Delivery - Take into account the supplier's shipping and delivery policies. Look
for vendors who provide prompt delivery and fair shipping costs.

Payment Terms - Choose a supplier that provides a variety of safe and secure payment methods.
Seek out vendors who accept a range of payment methods, including wire transfers, PayPal, and
credit cards.

In general, before making a choice, take your time to investigate and contrast various wholesale
silver jewelry suppliers. When selecting a supplier, take into account the demands of your
company and give quality, choice, and reputation a top priority.

"Shine Above the Rest: Why Rananjay Export is the Top

Choice for Exquisite Gemstone Jewelry Manufacturing"
The manufacturing and wholesale of gemstone jewelry is the area of expertise of Rananjay
Exports, an Indian company. We offer a variety of goods, including rings, pendants, earrings,
bracelets, and necklaces, all made with premium gemstones and precious metals. In order to
create custom pieces that suit their tastes, we also give our customers customization options.

'Rananjay Exports' manufacturing process includes a number of steps, such as obtaining

gemstones from mines, cutting and polishing them, designing and creating the jewelry pieces,
and finally performing quality control checks prior to shipping to customers. To ensure the
creation of beautiful and long-lasting jewelry pieces, we have a team of skilled artisans and
craftsmen. So, explore our masterful gemstone jewelry designs & shop today for beauty and
elegance unmatched!

An overview is presented of gemstones from eastern Kazakhstan in terms of their geographical

distribution, geological provenance and genesis, gemmological characteristics, historical use and current
applications. Locally occurring precious, semi-precious and decorative stones were extracted and traded
along the northern part of the Silk Road that traversed the area in earlier historical times. Currently,
non-metallic minerals, which largely originate from mafic igneous and metamorphic bodies of the Altay
and Kalba Mountains of Kazakhstan, still are insufficiently known and exploited industrially only
marginally. For the present study, selected depositories of coloured stones at the Mineralogy Museum
of the East Kazakhstan State Technical University were used, supplemented by the newly collected
material during personal fieldwork in the southern Altay between 2005 and 2015. Standard
documentation of the gemstones selected is provided, alongside with their known occurrence sites and
an evaluation of the perspective gemstone-bearing deposits with respect to regional morphostructural
bedrock characteristics. The most precious gemstones include topaz, corundum (sapphire and ruby),
beryl (emerald and aquamarine), coloured tourmalines, agates as well as diamonds. Despite the great
variety, the majority of these traditionally most valued stones are currently commercially not viable,
unlike high-quality decorative stones.

Introduction: cultural-historical context of gemstones in eastern Kazakhstan. Gemstones have

always inspired people on account
of their aesthetic nature and of being a symbol of
lasting value and social superiority (Schumann,
2006; Klein & Dutrow, 2007; Żaba, 2010; Heik &
Natkaniec-Nowak, 2011; Polk, 2012; Weinstein,
2013). Jewels, along with gold and silver, have been
bound with humanity since ancient times (Smith,
1980). In central Asia, over thousands of years, local
gems were seen as attributes of richness and inu-
ence and represented the personal status of their
bearers in the hierarchy of prehistoric civilisations,
early historical (Mongol and Tatar) feudal states
and Muslim khaganates (Khazanov, 1984; Bareld,
1989; Baumer, 2016a–c)
The gemstones from eastern Kazakhstan were
traded widely, either in rough form or as cut and
(semi-) processed gems. Their natural provenance
areas are located close to or directly on the ancient
Silk Road (Kuzmina, 2008; Baumer, 2016b) which
connected early Chinese dynasties with the west-
ern parts of Asia, and later with the Antic and me-
diaeval Europe. Conversely, rubies and sapphires
from India and Sri Lanka were brought to central
Asia, including the area occupied by present-day
Kazakhstan. Precious stones, some presumably of
central Asian origin, were described in works from
the Antique and Middle Ages, such as “Natural
History” by the Roman naturalist Gaius Plinius Se-
cundus (23–79 AD) or the “Collection of Information
for Cognition of Valuables” of the Arab historian Al-
Biruni (973–1048 AD), respectively (Stone, 2004).
Gems, including ruby, topaz, garnets, chalcedony,
turquoise and rock crystal, among others, set up in

Dear Colleagues,

Gemstones have been widely used in the manufacture of jewelry and art crafts as early as 7000
years ago. As the demand for gemstones increases, numerous new gem deposits have been
exploited and new gem species have infiltrated the market. However, the same species of
gemstones that share similar qualities can possess a wide range of values in the market, as a
result of their geographic origins. In the gem and jewelry trade, increasing attention is being paid
to the geographic origin of gemstones. Collections from a reliable gem deposit play a vital role in
determining the geographic origin of certain gemstones. This Special Issue aims to present the
latest, cutting-edge advances in gem deposits in relation to mineralogy, petrology, and gemology.
The combined researches of the related specific fields (for instance, geology, field gemology,
geochemistry, geochronology, and spectroscopy) can provide important information concerning
the formation of gemstones, enabling the comparison and geographic determination of
gemstones worldwide.
The Special Issue invites submissions that include original scientific research relating to gem
deposits from well-known and/or new localities worldwide. The Special Issue focuses on the
following topics: 1) the geological background, occurrence, and genesis of gem deposits; 2) the
mineralogical, gemological, geochemical, and spectroscopy characteristics of gemstones; and 3)
the applications of combined studies to trace the provenance of gemstones and highlight the
methods of identification for gemstones.

Gemstone Exploration and Deposits in Canada?

By Carrie Wong / January 29, 2015

Canadian exploration geologists have been at the cutting-edge of developing guidelines and
techniques to locate ore bodies rich in gold, copper, silver, lead zinc and others. Over many
decades, they accumulated knowledge about how to find these minerals and more recently they
have adapted expertise in diamond exploration with the discovery of diamonds in the Northwest
Territories. However, gemstone exploration, with the exception of diamonds, is quite
uncommon in Canada. More than ten years ago, emerald mineralization was discovered in the
Yukon, Northwest Territories and Ontario which generated a brief period of interest. There have
also been a few sapphire discoveries in British Columbia, Nunavut and Ontario. These
discoveries lead to a number of scientific papers being published and a heightened awareness of
the gemstone market. But this is still a speculative and unfamiliar market for all parties involved
in the private and public sectors.

Gemstone deposits can be found by using the same basic exploration techniques prospectors
currently use to find base metals or even diamonds. Some of these basic techniques that can be
adapted to gem exploration include soil sampling, heavy mineral sampling and mineralogical
studies. However, one of the key factors in finding gemstones is recognizing gemstones in the
rough. There are a few books available which may help explorers recognize rough gemstones,
but experience with real rock and mineral samples is extremely useful. A trained-eye is critical in
making a gemstone discovery as is an understanding of the formation conditions and potential
host-rock for gem-quality minerals.

Most colored gemstones are found in a type of intrusive igneous rock called pegmatites.
Pegmatites are distinguished from other igneous rocks by their extremely large and variable size
of the rock-forming minerals. They have an abundance of crystals with skeletal, intergrown or
other strongly directional growth habits. Pegmatites tend to be enriched in normally “rare”
elements such as lithium, beryllium, tantalum, niobium, yttrium and others.
 Lithium-enriched pegmatite with tourmaline (olive-
green) and lepidolite (violet) from Brazil. Image Credit: CC.

Within pegmatites and other rocks, “miarolitic cavities”, may host gem quality
minerals. Miarolic cavities are open or crystal-filled cavities. These cavities start out as fluid or
vapor-filled “bubbles” formed within crystallizing magma. This space created by the
“bubble” allows larger crystal growth and the possible formation of gem-quality minerals within.

While miarolitic cavities are great indicators of gemstone deposits in-situ, many gemstone
deposits are alluvial or fluvial, occurring the river gravels and other sediments. The more
valuable gemstones are very hard (>8 Moh’s Scale) and can withstand the weathering processes
better than other minerals. They may show up as brightly colored pebbles in river sediments that
accumulate by gravity and size.

Instruments for Gemstone Prospecting

In addition to having a trained-eye, geologists can use a variety of tools to help them identify
gems in the field. A thermal testing probe can be used to identify diamonds and corundum (ruby
and sapphire). This probe measures the “thermal inertia” of a gemstone. Thermal inertia is the
speed at which the surface temperature of a material can be changed with the application of heat
and the probe measures the heat transfer per second. Thermal testing probes can be used in the
field and gives a semi-quantitative analysis by the use of a meter. Diamonds have the largest
thermal inertia, followed by corundum (ruby and sapphire) and then by topaz.

Miarolitic cavity in granite. Image Credit: UBC field course picture.

Another practical method of prospecting for gems is through the use of pans and screens, not
unlike the equipment placer miners use. Most gemstones are heavier than more common
minerals like feldspar or quartz. An ordinary box screen used in gold exploration can be used for
gemstone prospecting. These box screens can be inexpensively constructed or bought to separate
gem minerals from soil, gravel or clay. Prospectors can also construct a sluice box to quickly sift
through gravel and other materials.

Lastly, gem prospectors can also use a portable ultra-violet light to distinguish between gems.
There are a number of portable models which emit both longwave and shortwave radiation.
Rubies will fluoresce red or orange under short and long wave UV light, while similar-looking
garnets don’t. Diamonds typically have weak to strong blue fluorescence. The tools and
instruments I listed above are by no means exhaustive and there are many additional tools to aid
in gemstone exploration.

While there are rich deposits of gemstones in many parts of the world, Canada is not on the map
in terms of producing colored-gemstones. Still, there have been some hints of potential and small
discoveries that have managed to generate continued interest from prospectors, rock-hounds and
geologists alike.

Gem Indicator
SGD $449.00

0 reviews

Details

The Presidium Gem Indicator is the industry's one and only handheld digital tester for colored gemstones, for
application in 31 different types of gemstones.

Trouble detecting certain gemstones? Enhance your system's efficiency by updating to the latest firmware
now. Works best with Google Chrome and Microsoft Edge.

Gem Tester II
SGD $389.00
0 reviews

Details

The Gem Tester II provides a quick and easy way to identify diamonds/moissanites and separates up to 16
common colored gemstones based on their thermal conductivity with its clear and direct analog display.

Adaptor Included.

Although a diamond is usually the first thing that comes to mind when we think of cardinal gems
or valuable stones, colored gemstones can actually be worth even more. Each of these gemstones
has its own unique qualities that lend to its value.

Here are 10 of the most common colored gemstones and the unique characteristics on which the
beauty and value of each are assessed. Plus, we’re giving a lowdown on how to test colored
gemstones using industry-trusted gemological instruments that can help to identify them, so read
on!

RUBIES
A variety of aluminium oxide or the mineral corundum, rubies have a pink to blood-red or
pigeon-blood color, which is attributed to the element chromium. One determinant of a ruby's
quality is its color—the redder the stone, the higher its value.

The Jubilee Ruby is the most expensive gemstone ever sold at auction in the US. It weighs 15.99
carats and sold for $14 million dollars (or $885,000 per carat). The buyer of this stunning piece
had their own special request: they wanted it mounted on an 18k gold band and other rare jewels
by Verdura.

To ascertain the value of rubies, first we have to identify its properties using a tool such as
the Presidium Synthetic Ruby Identifier (SRI). It is a ground-breaking desktop device that
instantaneously identifies synthetic (flame fusion) rubies through its characteristic high UV
transmittance. It utilizes UV light with auto cut-off and gives quick results with clear indicator
lights to measure the UV transmittance ability of ruby gemstones.

SAPPHIRES
Also a variety of corundum, sapphires contain trace amounts of iron, titanium, chromium,
vanadium, or magnesium—the higher the iron, the darker the blue. However, there are other
variants, including gray, black, purple, green, and a pinkish-orange called padparadscha.
Sapphire and rubies are often found in the same locations

Sotheby’s Hong Kong sold a 27-carat blue sapphire for $6.7 million in 2015, which is the world
auction record price per carat and 10x more than any other gemstone on earth! The Jewel of
Kashmir is a striking emerald-cut cornflower blue sapphire weighing 27.68 carats set with pear
shaped diamonds together weighing approximately 5/6th ounce (27 mg).
EMERALDS
Emeralds come in every color, but they're often identified by their greenish-blue hue. Some
people think that only those with traces of chrome should be called "emeralds." Most
gemologists and gemological laboratories likewise believe to call a gemstone “green beryl” if the
color is “not green enough.” According to GIA, highly transparent emeralds with a consistent
green coloring are the most valuable.

The world's most expensive emerald is sitting in a vault controlled by the Los Angeles County
Sheriff’s Department. It weighs an impressive 752 pounds and is roughly the same size as a mini
fridge. This behemoth of a gemstone has been valued at $400 million dollars. However, the
Bahia Emerald has been embroiled in several controversies—including death, family dispute,
and hurricanes—that many call it “a cursed stone.”

GARNETS
Garnets come in almost every hue, but red and orange are the most popular and green (grossular
and andradite) is the rarest. Its color is a garnet’s most important quality, and the biggest
determinant of its price. Other garnet variants include those that are purple, yellow, and
colorless.

The demantoid is the most valuable type of a garnet mineral. Its green color makes it stand apart
from other garnets, as well its dispersion, which is comparable to that of diamonds. For years it
had only been produced by Russia until new sources were discovered in the 1990s, including
Namibia and Madagascar. Demantoids over 1 carat are very rare as these stones break apart
easily when mined. Prices for Russian demantoid start at about $1,000 per carat.

For identifying sapphires, emeralds, and garnets, the Presidium Gem Tester II (PGT II),
Presidium Gem Indicator (PGI), and Presidium Duo Tester II (PDT II) are among the
most credible colored gemstone testers out in the market today.

The Presidium Gem Tester II (PGT II) is the industry's one and only handheld gem indicator
and digital tester for application in 16 common colored gemstones. The probe consists of two
linked thermometers: one which is heated electronically while the other is cooled by the
gemstone being tested. The difference in temperature creates an electrical output, which is then
amplified and displayed.

The Presidium Gem Indicator (PGI) is a pioneering handheld tester specifically for colored
gemstones. It identifies up to 31 different types of colored gems based on their thermal
conductivity and comes with the Presidium patented refined changeable probe tip, which ensures
minimal equipment downtime. The PGI features a color input function that allows users to select
from a range of 12 common colors.

The Presidium Duo Tester II (PDT II) comes highly recommended by industry practitioners
when it comes to colored gemstones. It is the only comprehensive tool on the market that
combines two proven testing methods for gemstones, thermal conductivity and reflective
indexes. Coated gemstones can also be generally tested with the PDT II. With the industry’s
thinnest probe tip size of 0.6mm, PDT II tests gemstones as small as 0.02ct.

ALEXANDRITES
A rare and precious gemstone, alexandrite changes colors depending on its environment.
Originally discovered in Russia’s Ural Mountains around 1835 by French mineralogist Pierre,
alexandrite is often described by collectors as "emerald by day and ruby night." Today it can be
found all over the world with some excellent examples coming from Sri Lanka or East Africa.

The Whitney Alexandrite is popularly known as the most prized of its kind. The gemstone,
which weighs 65.08 carats, can now be found at The Smithsonian Institute. Its current market
value is around $4 million dollars.

The Presidium Refractive Index Meter II (PRIM II) is a desktop digital tester that is used
for the accurate measurement of broad-range R.I. values, from 1.000 to ~3.000, making it
the ideal tester to use on alexandrites. The PRIM II can instantly identify colored gemstones
without the inconvenience of using messy RI liquids. It comes with a complementary proprietary
software to help users verify the type of stone based on various gemstone properties.

AMETHYST
Amethyst is a violet variety of quartz that has been found in deposits all over the world. In olden
days, it was considered one of the "cardinal" gems but with today's technology we can find
amethysts anywhere. Nowadays, amethysts are considered a semi-precious stone, but they're still
rather pricey-about $1-$5 per carat depending on quality.

TOURMALINE
Tourmaline refers to a gemstone family that comes in almost every color, with some having
more than one color in the same stone. Jewelers and gemologists use trade names for different
colors of tourmaline such as rubellite (red), indicolite (blue), chrome tourmaline (green), schorl
(black), and canary tourmaline (yellow).

TOPAZ
A gemstone popularly known for its yellow, orange, and brown color, the topaz actually comes
in other colors and colorless variants, as well. The most valuable of types are the pink and red
stones, followed by orange and yellow. The blue topaz used to be rare but its value has declined
with the surge in supply.
SPINELS
"The Black Prince's Ruby," which is part of the UK's Crown Jewels, and "Catherine the Great's
Ruby," made for Empress Catherine II of Russia, are in fact, not rubies but both spinels. Sharing
the same rich red coloring as rubies, a spinel has a characteristic octahedron crystal shape like
that of back-to-back pyramids. However, this gemstone also comes in blue, purple, yellow,
orange, and pink variants.

CITRINE
Citrine is a variety of transparent quartz that ranges from lemon yellow to dark rich honey gold
in color. The largest faceted gemstone by volume comes from the Smithsonian's 19,548 carat
smoky citrine stone. Most of the citrine available in today’s market come from Brazil and
Bolivia, but some are also sourced from Namibia, Tanzania, and Zambia.

For testing amethyst, tourmaline, topaz, spinels, citrine, and other common gemstones,
those in the jewelry business have come to trust the Presidium Gem Tester II (PGT II),
Presidium Duo Tester II (PDT II), and Presidium Gem Indicator (PGI).

The Presidium Gem Tester II (PGT II) determines and measures precisely the thermal
properties of common colored gemstones. However, it does not differentiate between natural and
synthetic colored gemstones, or diamonds against moissanites.

The Presidium Duo Tester II (PDT II) is now equipped with Presidium's Assisted Thermal
Calibration (ATC) for accurate and consistent tests, the PDT II is the only comprehensive tool in
the market that combines thermal conductivity and reflectivity indexes.

The Presidium Gem Indicator (PGI) is an enhanced and more convenient handheld version of the
revolutionary Presidium Gem Tester/Colored Stone Estimator. It indicates up to 31 different
types of colored gems and features a color input function, allowing users to select from a range
of 12 common colors, thereby achieving more accurate results.

WHY PRESIDIUM FOR GEMSTONE TESTERS

If you are serious about gemstones, you would want to be sure of the true value of the gems that
pass through your hands. As an added layer of protection for your investment, you need the most
updated instruments and technology, from a trusted brand.

Duo Tester II
SGD $569.00

0 reviews
Details

The only comprehensive tool in the market that combines thermal conductivity and reflectivity indexes. Now
with Presidium's Assisted Thermal Calibration (ATC) for accurate and consistent tests.