Filter Circuits Syllabus based on $3 BSe physics KellamFilter Circuits ~ The filter circuit is a device which removes the ac component of the rectifier output but allows the de component to reach the load > The rectifier output contains both a.c, component and d.c. component, If such a pulsating d.c. is applied in an electronics cirewit, it will produce a hum. So the a.c. component in the pulsating rectifier output is undesirable and must be kept away from the load. To do so, a filter ‘is used which removes the ac. component and allows only the d.c. component . » A filter circuit is installed between the rectifier and the load,‘Types of Filter Circuits ‘The three most commonly used filter eircuits are: > Capacitor Filter > Choke input Filter > Capacitor input filter or x-FilterCapacitor Filter ‘The capacitor filter cirexit consists ofa capacitor C place across the rectifier outpt jn paral! with lad resistanee The pasating ee. ‘ipl ofthe Fetter supplied across the capil. As the restifieronipat vole increases, ic ces the capacitor asd alsa supple current fo the laa. At the end of quae eyelet point ‘Ain fig. tbe capacitors changed to the peak wale of the rectifier votage bY. ‘As the rectifier vollae now sans fo decrease, the capacitor discharges through the load and voltage across it decreases, So voltage BR, als lerenses, This is shown by the fine AB in fi. ‘Ths voliage across the hua will dasrease cy slighily bans immediatly th een! voltage peak Gomes and evhinges the capucior, This process is repewted again and again and te output voltage waveform becomes ABCDEFG as shown inthe fi.3We ean soe that very li Apples tft in the output. . "The output voltage is alo higher as it remains substantially nea the peak value af rectifier ouput wll,Advantages of Capacitor Filter > yrvy Capacitor filter circuits are extreriely popular because of is low cost, ‘These filters are of very small size 11 as a tele weight, Ithas good characteristics, For small load eurrents up to 50mA this type of fier is preferred. Iris commonly used in transistor radio battery climinators,Choke Input Filter a . " Fhe One cirenit of a choke input filter consists of a choke L conttected in series with the rectifier ‘Gulput andl a filler capacitor C, which is connected across the load resistatice Ry As we know, choke L offers a high resistance to the passage of a.c. component and passes the de component reatlly, So most of the se. component appears across the ehoke L, while all the de. compdnent passes through the choke L on its waty to the baad, ‘This results in the reduced pulsation at terminal 3-as most of the a.c. component are hlocked by the choke [now At terminal 3, the rectifier output contains dc. component and the remaining part of a. component which are managed to pass through the choke L. Now, the filter capacitor by passes the as, component fut opposes the die, component (0 flow through - i - ‘Therefore. only the de. component reaches the load R,Advantages of Choke Input Filter vwry ¥ “The choke input filter has a high output D.C voltage. It has no loading effect on the rectifier and power transformer. ‘The diode does not have to carry surge currents. Ithas a very low ripple factor as compared to series inductor filter and shunt capacitor filter. It has very good load regulation. Ithas no loading effect on the rectifier and power transformer. ® Ithas better voltage requiation than that of n filter.Capacitor Input Filter or 2-Filter * The shape of the circuit diagram ofthis filter circuit looks Hk henee it is also known as a-filter, In this circuit a filter capaci C, is connected across the rectifier output, A choke L connected in series and another filter eapacitor C, is. conneetei across the load * The pulsating output from the rectifier is applied across the input terminals | and 2 of the filter. The filtering action of the three componenis ie. C,,L and C of the filter is described as below. * The filter capacitor C, offers low reactance to the a.c. component of the rectifier output while it offers infinite reactance to the dc component. Therefore, capaeiter C, bypasses an appreciable, amount of a.¢. component while the d.c. component continues its journey to the choke L. * The choke L. offers a high reactance to the a.c. component while: it offers almost zero reactance to the d.c. component, Therefare, it allows the de. component to flow through it, while the un bypassed a.c component is blocked. © The filter capacitor C; bypasses the ehoek L has failed ta block. only the dc. component appears across the load Ry .<. component whichAdvantages of Capacitor Input Filter or a- Filter The quality of output DC voltage is very good. It has higher DC output voltage at heavy loads. It is easy to design. It has very low and smallest amount of ripple factor. Itis easy to design, It is useful for low load current i.e. light loads, vrvvYVyY