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Chapter - 02 Motion in One Dimension

The document discusses one-dimensional motion and kinematics concepts including position, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and free fall. It defines key terms and relationships between variables. Equations of motion are provided for constant acceleration problems. Examples are worked through demonstrating calculations for displacement, velocity, and acceleration in various motion scenarios.

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15 views

Chapter - 02 Motion in One Dimension

The document discusses one-dimensional motion and kinematics concepts including position, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and free fall. It defines key terms and relationships between variables. Equations of motion are provided for constant acceleration problems. Examples are worked through demonstrating calculations for displacement, velocity, and acceleration in various motion scenarios.

Uploaded by

Abad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Motion in One

CHAPTER 2 Dimension
POSITION
Defined in terms of a frame of
reference
 One dimensional, so generally the
x- or y-axis

The object’s position is its


location with respect to the
frame of reference
POSITION-TIME GRAPH
The position-time graph
shows the motion of the
particle (car)
The smooth curve is a
guess as to what
happened between the
data points
DISPLACEMENT
Defined as the change in position during some time
interval
Represented as x

SI units are meters (m) x can be positive or


negative
Different than distance – the length of a path
followed by a particle
VECTORS AND SCALARS

Vector quantities need both magnitude (size or numerical


value) and direction to completely describe them
Will use + and – signs to indicate vector directions
Scalar quantities are completely described by magnitude
only
AVERAGE VELOCITY
The average velocity is rate at which the displacement
occurs
x x f − xi
vaverage = =
t t
The dimensions are length / time [L/T]
The SI units are m/s
Is also the slope of the line in the position – time graph
AVERAGE SPEED
Speed is a scalar quantity
same units as velocity
total distance / total time
The average speed is not
(necessarily) the magnitude of the
average velocity
AVERAGE SPEED EXAMPLE 2.1
Find the displacement, average velocity, and average
speed of the car in the Figure between positions A
and F.
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
The limit of the average velocity as the time interval
becomes infinitesimally short, or as the time interval
approaches zero
The instantaneous velocity indicates what is happening at
every point of time
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY, EQUATIONS

The general equation for instantaneous velocity is


x dx
v x = lim =
t →0 t dt

The instantaneous velocity can be positive, negative, or zero


INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY, GRAPH
The instantaneous velocity is
the slope of the line tangent to
the x vs. t curve
This would be the green line
The blue lines show that as t
gets smaller, they approach
the green line
INSTANTANEOUS SPEED
The instantaneous speed is the magnitude of the instantaneous
velocity
Remember that the average speed is not the magnitude of the
average velocity
AVERAGE ACCELERATION
Acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity

v x v xf − v xi
ax = =
t t
Dimensions are L/T2
SI units are m/s²
INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION

The instantaneous acceleration is the limit of the average


acceleration as t approaches 0

vx dv x d 2 x
a x = lim = = 2
t →0 t dt dt
INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION -- GRAPH

The slope of the velocity vs.


time graph is the
acceleration
The green line represents the
instantaneous acceleration
The blue line is the average
acceleration
ACCELERATION AND VELOCITY, 1
When an object’s velocity and acceleration are in the
same direction, the object is speeding up
When an object’s velocity and acceleration are in the
opposite direction, the object is slowing down

Negative Vs. Positive Acceleration


ACCELERATION AND VELOCITY, 2

The car is moving with constant positive velocity (shown


by red arrows maintaining the same size)
Acceleration equals zero
ACCELERATION AND VELOCITY, 3

Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction


Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the same length)
Velocity is increasing (red arrows are getting longer)
This shows positive acceleration and positive velocity
ACCELERATION AND VELOCITY, 4

Acceleration and velocity are in opposite directions


Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the same length)
Velocity is decreasing (red arrows are getting shorter)
Positive velocity and negative acceleration
EXAMPLE 2.3
A particle moves along the x axis. Its position varies with time according to the expression
x =-4t+2t2, where x is in meters and t is in seconds. (A) Determine the displacement of the
particle in the time intervals t =0 to t =1 s and t=1 s to t=3 s. (B) Calculate the average
velocity during these two time intervals.
KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
The kinematic equations may be used to solve any problem involving
one-dimensional motion with a constant acceleration
You may need to use two of the equations to solve one problem
Many times there is more than one way to solve a problem
ONE DIMENSIONAL MOTION WITH CONSTANT
ACCELERATION
However, a very common and simple type of one-
dimensional motion is that in
which the acceleration is constant. When this is
the case, the average acceleration over
any time interval is numerically equal to the
instantaneous acceleration at any instant
within the interval, and the velocity changes at
the same rate throughout the motion.
ONE DIMENSIONAL MOTION WITH CONSTANT
ACCELERATION
ONE DIMENSIONAL MOTION WITH CONSTANT
ACCELERATION
ONE DIMENSIONAL MOTION WITH CONSTANT
ACCELERATION
Finally, we can obtain an expression for the final velocity that does not contain
time as a variable by substituting the value of t from Equation 2.9 into Equation
2.11:
ONE DIMENSIONAL MOTION WITH CONSTANT
ACCELERATION
FREELY FALLING OBJECTS

A freely falling object is any object moving freely under the


influence of gravity alone.
It does not depend upon the initial motion of the object
 Dropped – released from rest
 Thrown downward
 Thrown upward
ACCELERATION OF FREELY FALLING
OBJECT
The acceleration of an object in free fall is directed
downward, regardless of the initial motion
The magnitude of free fall acceleration is g = 9.80 m/s2
 g decreases with increasing altitude
 g varies with latitude
 9.80 m/s2 is the average at the Earth’s surface
ACCELERATION OF FREE FALL, CONT.

We will neglect air resistance


Free fall motion is constantly accelerated motion in one dimension
Let upward be positive
Use the kinematic equations with ay = g = -9.80 m/s2
FREE FALL EXAMPLE
Initial velocity at A is upward (+) and
acceleration is g (-9.8 m/s2)
At B, the velocity is 0 and the acceleration
is g (-9.8 m/s2)
At C, the velocity has the same magnitude
as at A, but is in the opposite direction
The displacement is –50.0 m (it ends up
50.0 m below its starting point)

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