Professors’ eyes only…

What you can do…

• The top factors motivating a student to use their adopted
books all involve whether the material is immediately used,
referred to, or assessed from in the classroom.
• Please take a few minutes the first day of class to explain
and demonstrate why you adopted your book and
accompanying technology.
• The next few slides show the book, technology products,
and messaging to students that indicates they will be
responsible for the content. Feel free to customize the
information or delete from your slide set.

Professor:
Course/Section:
 Describes motion while ignoring the
agents that caused the motion
 For now, will consider motion in one
dimension
› Along a straight line
 Will use the particle model
› A particle is a point-like object, has mass
but infinitesimal size
 The object’s position
is its location with
respect to a chosen
reference point
› Consider the point to
be the origin of a
coordinate system
 In the diagram, allow
the road sign to be
the reference point
 The position-time
graph shows the
motion of the
particle (car)
 The smooth curve is
a guess as to what
happened between
the data points
 Note the
relationship
between the
position of the car
and the points on
the graph
 Compare the
different
representations of
the motion
 The table gives the
actual data
collected during the
motion of the object
(car)
 Positive is defined
as being to the right
 Usingalternative representations is
often an excellent strategy for
understanding a problem
› For example, the car problem used
multiple representations
 Pictorial representation
Graphical representation
Tabular representation
 Goalis often a mathematical
representation
 Defined as the change in position
during some time interval
› Represented as ∆ x
∆ x ≡ xf - xi
› SI units are meters (m)
› ∆ x can be positive or negative
 Different than distance – the length of
a path followed by a particle
 Assume a player moves from one end of
the court to the other and back
 Distance is twice the length of the court
› Distance is always positive
 Displacement is zero
› Δx = xf – xi = 0 since
xf = xi
 Vector quantities need both magnitude
(size or numerical value) and direction
to completely describe them
› Will use + and – signs to indicate vector
directions
 Scalarquantities are completely
described by magnitude only
 The average velocity is rate at which
the displacement occurs
∆x xf − xi
v x, avg ≡ =
∆t ∆t
› The x indicates motion along the x-axis
 The dimensions are length / time [L/T]
 The SI units are m/s
 Is also the slope of the line in the
position – time graph
 Speed is a scalar quantity
› same units as velocity
d
› total distance / total time:v avg ≡
t
 The speed has no direction and is
always expressed as a positive number
 Neither average velocity nor average
speed gives details about the trip
described
 The limit of the average velocity as the
time interval becomes infinitesimally
short, or as the time interval
approaches zero
 The instantaneous velocity indicates
what is happening at every point of
time
 The instantaneous
velocity is the slope
of the line tangent
to the x vs. t curve
 This would be the
green line
 The light blue lines
show that as ∆ t
gets smaller, they
approach the green
line
 Thegeneral equation for instantaneous
velocity is
∆x dx
v x = lim =
∆t →0 ∆t dt
 Theinstantaneous velocity can be
positive, negative, or zero
 The instantaneous speed is the
magnitude of the instantaneous
velocity
 The instantaneous speed has no
direction associated with it
 “Velocity” and “speed” will indicate
instantaneous values
 Average will be used when the average
velocity or average speed is indicated
 Analysis models are an important technique
in the solution to problems
 An analysis model is a previously solved
problem
› It describes
 The behavior of some physical entity
The interaction between the entity and the
environment
› Try to identify the fundamental details of the
problem and attempt to recognize which of the
types of problems you have already solved could
be used as a model for the new problem
 Based on four simplification models
› Particle model
› System model
› Rigid object
› Wave
 Constant velocity indicates the
instantaneous velocity at any instant
during a time interval is the same as the
average velocity during that time interval
› vx = vx, avg
› The mathematical representation of this
situation is the equation
∆x xf − xi
vx = = or xf = xi + v x ∆t
∆t ∆t
› Common practice is to let ti = 0 and the equation
becomes: xf = xi + vx t (for constant vx)
 The graph
represents the
motion of a particle
under constant
velocity
 The slope of the
graph is the value
of the constant
velocity
 The y-intercept is xi
 Acceleration is the rate of change of
the velocity
∆v x v xf − v xi
ax,avg ≡ =
∆t tf − ti
 Dimensions are L/T2
 SI units are m/s²
 In one dimension, positive and
negative can be used to indicate
direction
 The instantaneous acceleration is the limit
of the average acceleration as ∆ t
approaches 0
∆v x dv x d 2 x
ax = lim = = 2
∆t →0 ∆t dt dt
 The term acceleration will mean
instantaneous acceleration
› If average acceleration is wanted, the word
average will be included
 The slope of the
velocity-time graph
is the acceleration
 The green line
represents the
instantaneous
acceleration
 The blue line is the
average
acceleration
 Given the displacement-
time graph (a)
 The velocity-time graph
is found by measuring
the slope of the
position-time graph at
every instant
 The acceleration-time
graph is found by
measuring the slope of
the velocity-time graph
at every instant
 When an object’s velocity and
acceleration are in the same direction,
the object is speeding up
 When an object’s velocity and
acceleration are in the opposite
direction, the object is slowing down
 Images are equally spaced. The car is moving with
constant positive velocity (shown by red arrows
maintaining the same size)
 Acceleration equals zero
 Images become farther apart as time increases
 Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction
 Acceleration is uniform (violet arrows maintain the
same length)
 Velocity is increasing (red arrows are getting longer)
 This shows positive acceleration and positive velocity
 Images become closer together as time increases
 Acceleration and velocity are in opposite directions
 Acceleration is uniform (violet arrows maintain the
same length)
 Velocity is decreasing (red arrows are getting shorter)
 Positive velocity and negative acceleration
 Inall the previous cases, the
acceleration was constant
› Shown by the violet arrows all maintaining
the same length
 The diagrams represent motion of a
particle under constant acceleration
 A particle under constant acceleration
is another useful analysis model
 Observe the graphs of the car under
various conditions
 Note the relationships among the
graphs
› Set various initial velocities, positions and
accelerations
 The kinematic equations can be used with
any particle under uniform acceleration.
 The kinematic equations may be used to
solve any problem involving one-
dimensional motion with a constant
acceleration
 You may need to use two of the equations
to solve one problem
 Many times there is more than one way to
solve a problem
 v xf = v xi + ax t
For constant a,
 Can determine an object’s velocity at
any time t when we know its initial
velocity and its acceleration
› Assumes ti = 0 and tf = t
 Does not give any information about
displacement
 Forconstant acceleration,
v xi + v xf
v x ,avg =
2
 The average velocity can be expressed
as the arithmetic mean of the initial
and final velocities
 For constant acceleration,
1
xf = xi + v x,avg t = xi + ( v xi + v fx ) t
2
 This gives you the position of the particle
in terms of time and velocities
 Doesn’t give you the acceleration
 For constant acceleration,
1 2
xf = xi + v xi t + a xt
2

 Gives final position in terms of velocity

and acceleration
 Doesn’t tell you about final velocity
 For constant a,
v 2
xf = v + 2ax ( xf − xi )
2
xi

 Gives final velocity in terms of acceleration

and displacement
 Does not give any information about the
time
 When the acceleration is zero,
› vxf = vxi = vx
› xf = x i + v x t
 The constant acceleration model
reduces to the constant velocity model
 The slope of the
curve is the velocity
 The curved line
indicates the
velocity is changing
› Therefore, there is an
acceleration
 The slope gives the
acceleration
 The straight line
indicates a constant
acceleration
 The zero slope
indicates a constant
acceleration
 A change in the
acceleration affects
the velocity and
position
 Note especially the
graphs when a = 0
 Match a given
velocity graph with
the corresponding
acceleration graph
 Match a given
acceleration graph
with the
corresponding
velocity graph(s)
 1564 – 1642
 Italian physicist and
astronomer
 Formulated laws of
motion for objects
in free fall
 Supported
heliocentric
universe
A freely falling object is any object
moving freely under the influence of
gravity alone.
 It does not depend upon the initial
motion of the object
› Dropped – released from rest
› Thrown downward
› Thrown upward
 The acceleration of an object in free fall is
directed downward, regardless of the initial
motion
 The magnitude of free fall acceleration is g =
9.80 m/s2
› g decreases with increasing altitude
› g varies with latitude
› 9.80 m/s2 is the average at the Earth’s surface
› The italicized g will be used for the acceleration
due to gravity
 Not to be confused with g for grams
 We will neglect air resistance
 Free fall motion is constantly
accelerated motion in one dimension
 Let upward be positive
 Use the kinematic equations with ay =
-g =
-9.80 m/s2
 Initial velocity is
zero
 Let up be positive
 Use the kinematic
equations vo= 0
› Generally use y
instead of x since a = -g
vertical
 Acceleration is
› ay = -g = -9.80 m/s2
 ay = -g = -9.80 m/s2
 Initial velocity ≠ 0
› With upward being
positive, initial
velocity will be vo≠ 0
negative
a = -g
 Initial velocity is
upward, so positive v=0
 The instantaneous
velocity at the
maximum height is zero
vo≠ 0
 ay = -g = -9.80 m/s2
everywhere in the a = -g
motion
 The motion may be symmetrical
› Then tup = tdown
› Then v = -vo
 The motion may not be symmetrical
› Break the motion into various parts
 Generally up and down
 Initial velocity at A is upward (+)
and acceleration is -g (-9.8 m/s2)
 At B, the velocity is 0 and the
acceleration is -g (-9.8 m/s2)
 At C, the velocity has the same
magnitude as at A, but is in the
opposite direction
 The displacement is –50.0 m (it
ends up 50.0 m below its starting
point)
 Displacement
equals the area
under the velocity –
time curve t
∑v ∆tn = ∫ vx (t )dt
f
lim xn
∆tn →0 ti
n

 The limit of the sum

is a definite integral
 dvx
ax =
dt
t
vxf − vxi = ∫ ax dt
0

dx
vx =
dt
t
x f − xi = ∫ vx dt
0
 The integration form of vf – vi gives
v xf − v xi = a xt

 The integration form of xf – xi gives

1
x f − xi = v xi t + a x t 2
2
 Conceptualize
 Categorize
 Analyze
 Finalize
 Think about and understand the situation
 Make a quick drawing of the situation
 Gather the numerical information
› Include algebraic meanings of phrases
 Focus on the expected result
› Think about units
 Think about what a reasonable answer
should be
 Simplify the problem
› Can you ignore air resistance?
› Model objects as particles
 Classify the type of problem
› Substitution
› Analysis
 Try to identify similar problems you
have already solved
› What analysis model would be useful?
 Select the relevant equation(s) to apply
 Solve for the unknown variable
 Substitute appropriate numbers
 Calculate the results
› Include units
 Roundthe result to the appropriate
number of significant figures
 Check your result
› Does it have the correct units?
› Does it agree with your conceptualized
ideas?
 Look at limiting situations to be sure
the results are reasonable
 Compare the result with those of
similar problems
 When solving complex problems, you
may need to identify sub-problems and
apply the problem-solving strategy to
each sub-part
 These steps can be a guide for solving
problems in this course