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CPP
CHEMICAL BONDING – SHEET: 8
% Ionic Character and Fajan’s Rule, Elements idea of Resonance

LEVEL - 1
–29
1. The dipole moment of LiH is 1.964  10 C.m and the interatomic distance between Li and H in this molecule
is 1.596Å. What is the per cent ionic character in LiH?

2. Addition of HBr at position A and B in the following compound is called x, y-addition.

CH3 — CH  CH — CH  CH— CH3
A B
What is value of (x + y)?
–29
3. The dipole moment of KCl is 3.336  10 coulomb metre which indicates that it is a highly polar molecule.
+ – –10
The interatomic distance between K and Cl in this molecule is 2.6  10 m. Calculate the dipole moment of
KCl molecule, if there were opposite charges of one fundamental unit located at each nucleus. Calculate
percentage ionic character of KCl.

4. Calculate the % ionic character in H — X bond of halogen acids. Given that H, F , Cl , Br and I are 2.1,
4.0, 3.0, 2.8 and 2.5 respectively.

5. Nitroethene can have following structure

O O
(a) H2C CH N (b) H2 C CH N
O O
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these

6. Select the correct statements about benzene (C6H6)

(a) (C = C) bond is shorter than (C—C) bond
(b) All (C—H) bonds are equivalent
2
(c) C-atom is sp -hybridised
(d) All (C = C) and (C—C) bond are of equal stability

7. Select the correct statements:

(a) For a given cation, covalent character increases with increase in the size of the anion
(b) For a given anion, covalent character increases with decrease in the size of the cation
(c) Covalent character increases with increasing charge on either ion
(d) Covalent character is greater for cations with pseudo-inert gas configuration than the noble gas
configuration.

8. Select the correct statement(s):

(a) The e– cloud of cation will get deformed by that of the anion, but as the electrons in the cation are much
more tightly bond due to excess positive charge on cation so distortion is negligible
(b) With the increase of polarization, the degree of covalency increases
(c) With the increase of ionic potential, the polarizing power of the cation increases
(d) With the decrease of ionic potential the polarizing power of the cation increases

9. Select the correct statement(s):

(a) With the decrease of the size of the cation, the polarizing power increase
(b) With the decrease of positive charge on the cation, the polarizing power of cation increase
(c) If the inner electrons are very much efficient to screen the valence electrons, then the effective nuclear
charge experienced by outermost electron is less
(d) With the increases of positive charge on the cation, the polarizing power of cation increases

10. Select the correct order of polarizing power of cation:

+ + + + + +
(a) Li  K  Na (b) Li Na  K
2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
(c) Ba  Ca  Be (d) Be Mg  Ca

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LEVEL - 2

11. Select the correct Lewis structures out of the following

2-
(a) O C N cyanate ion (b) carbide ion
C C

(c) Cl O hypochlorite ion (d) N O nirogen (II) oxide

12. C—Cl bond in CH2 = CH—Cl (vinyl chloride) is stabilised in the same way as in
(a) benzyl chloride (b) benzoyl chloride
(c) chlorobenzene (d) allyl choride

13. Consider the following compounds

I. Vinyl chloride II. B3N3H6
–
III. C6H5 CH2
Delocalisation takes place
(a) I, II and III (b) I and II
(c) II and III (d) I and III

14. Out of the following two structures of N2O, which is accurate?

N N O N N O
(I) (II)

(a) I (b) II
(c) Both equally (d) None of the above

15. Out of the following best Lewis structure of nitrosyl chloride is

O Cl N O Cl N O N Cl O N Cl
I II III IV
(a) I (b) II
(c) III (d) IV

16. Select the correct order of polarizing power of cations when their sizes are almost same:
2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
(a) Cd  Ca (b) Ca  Cd
+ + + +
(c) Au  Rb (d) Au  Rb

17. Select the correct statements about O3

(a) True structures is hybrid of I and II
O O O O O O
(I) (II)

(b) Bond order is 1.5

(c) (O—O) bond length is between (O—O) single bond and (O = O) double bond
(d) It is paramagnetic in nature
18. If the molecule of HCl is considered as totally polar, the expected value of dipole moment is 6.12D but the
experimental value of dipole moment is 1.03D. What is the percentage ionic character in HCl?
(a) 17 (b) 83
(c) 50 (d) 90

19. Which of the following hydrocarbons has the lowest dipole moment?
H3C H
(a) C C (b) CH3C  CCH3
H CH3
(c) CH3CH2C  CH (d) CH2 = CH — C  CH

20. The dipole moment of HBr is 2.6  10–30 cm and the interatomic spacing is 1.41Å. The percentage of ionic
character in HBr is:

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(a) 10.5 (b) 11.5
(c) 12.5 (d) 13.5

ANSWERS
CHEMICAL BONDING – SHEET – 8
1. molecule =  d;
–10
Given d = 1.596Å = 1.596  10 m,
–29
 = 1.964  10 cm
–29 –10
 1.964  10 =   1.596  10
–19
  = 1.2306  10 coulomb
–19
 Charge on electron = 1.602  10 C
1.2306  1019
 % Ionic nature =  100
1.602  1019
= 76.82%
2. 5
3. Dipole moment  =   d
–29 –10
 3.336  10 =   2.6  10
3.336  10 29

2.6  1010
–19
= 1.283  10 C
 1.602  10–19 charge on each, % character =100
–19
 1.283  10 charge on each, % character
1.283  10 19
=  100  80.07%
1.602  1019
If one unit charge,
–19
then  = 1.602  10 C
–19 –10
  = 1.602  10  2.6  10
–29
= 4.1652  10 Cm
2
4. % ionic character = 16 (A - B) + 3.5 (A - B)
i) For HF,
2
% ionic character = 16 (4.0 – 2.1) + 3.5 (4.0 – 2.1) = 43.035%
ii) For HCl,
2
% ionic character = (16 (3.0 – 2.1) + 3.5 (3.0 – 2.1) = 17.235%
iii) For BHr,
2
% ionic character = 16 (2.8 – 2.1) + 3.5 (2.8 – 2.1) = 12.91%
iv) For HI,
2
% ionic character = 16 (2.5 – 2.1) + 3.5 (2.5 – 2.1) = 7.0%
5. C
6. B, C, D
7. A, B, C, D
8. A, B, C
9. A, C, D
10. B, D
11. C
12. C
13. A
14. A
15. C
16. A, D
17. A, B, C
18. A
obs. dipole moment
Hint: % ionic character   100
cal. dipole moment
19. A, B
Hint: Symmetrical with linear structure will have zero dipole moment.
20. B
Observed dipole moment
% ionic character   100
Theoretical dipole moment
Theoretical dipole moment of a 100% ionic character
–19 –10
= e  d = (1.6  10 C)  (1.41  10 m)
–29
= 2.256  10 cm
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