SRM Institute of Science and Technology

College of Engineering and Technology

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamilnadu
Academic Year: 2023-2024 (EVEN )

Unit-3: 12 Hour

Basic Building block of power supply and its requirements, Rectifiers (Half Wave and Full Wave), Rectifier
circuits using SCR, Voltage Regulators (Line regulation and Load regulation) and problem solving , Switched
Mode Power Supply (SMPS), Classifications of SMPS, Advantages and comparison, Wave Shaping Circuits,
Multivibrators (Astable, Monostable and Bistable), Ammeter, Digital voltmeter, Digital multimeter, Cathode Ray
Oscilloscope (CRO) ,Spectrum Analyzer, Energy Meter, Power meter and distortion meter (block diagram and
working principle)

Practice: Schematic and PCB Layout in CAD tool. Regulated power supply design. - Full wave rectifier circuit
design with fixed voltage regulator, wave shaping circuits.

Concept of Power Supply

• Power Supply is a system that converts high voltage AC to desired DC voltage.

• A computer power supply unit converts high power AC into multiple DC voltages.
• Low voltage DC power is usually integrated with computers

Regulated Power Supply

• Used with electrical equipments for maintaining a constant voltage even when the input voltage is
fluctuating
• Combination of four circuits:
– Transformer
– Bridge rectifier
– Filter
– Voltage regulator

Unregulated Power supply

• In Unregulated Power supply, the output voltage may vary with the input voltage and the load current.

Linear Power Supply

• Linear Power Supply uses transformer to convert AC voltage to a lower voltage
• A rectifier to convert the AC voltage to DC voltage.
• A capacitor is used to smooth the pulsating current from rectifier
• Linear regulator is used to control ripple and noise.
• Battery is a linear power supply.

Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS)

• Controls the energy flow by using power semiconductors
• Switched mode power supplies are also smaller in size and lighter in weight.
RECTIFIERS AND POWER SUPPLIES

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Fig. 1.1 Block diagram of Regulated Power supply with waveforms

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1.2 RECTIFIER CIRCUIT

1.2.1. Important Characteristics of Rectifier Circuits

1.3 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

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1.3.1 Operation

Fig. 1.3 Operation of half wave rectifier

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 Fig. 1.4 Load current and Load voltage waveforms for half wave rectifier

1.3.2 Average DC Load Current (IDC)

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1.3.3 Average DC Load Voltage (EDC)

1.3.4 R.M.S value of Load Current (IRMS)

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1.3.5 DC Power Output (PDC)

1.3.6 AC Power Input (PAC)

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1.3.7 Rectifier Efficiency (η)

1.3.8 Ripple Factor (γ)

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1.3.9 Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)

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1.3.10 Load Current

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1.3.11 Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

Fig. 1.5 PIV rating of Diode

1.3.12 Voltage Regulation

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Solution:

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Disadvantages of half wave rectifier circuit

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1.4 FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Fig. 1.6 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit

1.4.1 Operation of Full Wave Rectifier

Fig. 1.7 Current flow during positive half cycle

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Fig. 1.8 Current flow during negative half cycle

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 Fig. 1.9 Load current and voltage waveforms for full wave rectifier

1.4.2 Average DC Load Current (IDC)

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1.4.3 Average DC Load Voltage (EDC)

1.4.4 R.M.S Value of Load Current (IRMS)

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1.4.5 DC Power output (PDC)

1.4.6 AC Power input (PAC)

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1.4.7 Rectifier Efficiency (η)

1.4.8 Ripple Factor (γ)

1.4.9 Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

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1.4.10 Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)

Solution:

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1.5 Bridge Rectifier

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 Fig. 1.10 Bridge rectifier circuit

1.5.1 Operation of Bridge Rectifier

Fig. 1.11 Current flow during positive half cycle

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 Fig. 1.12 Current flow during negative half cycle

1.5.2 Advantages of Bridge Rectifier

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1.5.3 Disadvantages of Bridge Rectifier

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1.6 Comparision of Rectifier Circuits

1.7 FILTER CIRCUITS

Fig. 1.13 Power supply using rectifier and filter

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1.8 Capacitor Input Filter

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1.8.1 Full wave rectifier with capacitor input filter

Fig.1.19 Full wave rectifier with capacitor input filter

Fig.1.20 Charging and discharging of capacitor input filter

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1.8.2 Expression for Ripple Factor

Fig.1.21 Derivation of ripple factor

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1.8.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Capacitor input filter

1.9 Inductor Filter or Choke Filter

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 Fig.1.23 (a) Circuit diagram of choke filter

Fig.1.23 (a) Current waveform of choke filter

1.9.1 Operation of Inductor filter

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1.9.2 Expression for the ripple factor

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1.10 LC Filter or L section Filter

Fig. 1.24 Choke Input Filter

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1.10.1 Derivation of Ripple Factor

Fig. 1.25 Diagram for derivation of ripple factor

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1.10.2 Advantages of Bleeder Resistor

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1.11 CLC Filter or π Filter

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 Fig. 1.26 π type filter

1.11.1 Ripple factor for π filter

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1.11.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of π Filter

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1.12 Comparision of Filter Circuits

1.13 Regulators

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1.13.1 Voltage Regulator Characteristics

1.13.1.1 Load Regulation:

1.13.1.2 Line Regulation or Source Regulation:

1.13.2 Basic Voltage Regulator

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1.13.3 Types of Voltage Regulators

1.13.4 Shunt Voltage Regulator

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1.13.5 Series Voltage Regulator

1.13.6 Zener diode as a shunt regulator

Fig. 1.30 Zener diode as a shunt regulator

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1.13.6.1 Regulation with varying input voltage

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1.13.6.2 Regulation with varying Load

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1.14 Advantages of IC Voltage Regulators

1.15 Classification of IC Voltage Regulators

Fig. 1.33 Classification of IC regulators

1.15.1 Three terminal fixed voltage regulators

Fig. 1.34 Three terminal voltage regulators

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1.15.2 IC series of 3 terminal fixed voltage regulators

1.15.3 Adjustable regulator using 78XX series

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1.15.4 Need of Switched Mode Power Supply

1.15.5 Block diagram of SMPS

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Fig.1.36 Block diagram of switched mode power supply

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Fig.1.37 Waveforms of switched mode power supply

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