History Grade 9

REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA
KAVANGO WEST REGIONAL COUNCIL

DIRECTORATE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND CULTURE
PERFORMANCE
ENHARNCING NOTES
HISTORY GRADE 9
PREPARED NOTES FOR GRADE 9 LEARNERS, BASED ON THE
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE REVISED SYLLABUS. 2020
Compiled By:
1. Mr. Joy Earnest

2. Mrs. Kapitiya Dominga
3. Mr. Hamutenya P.
4. Kalimbwe Annastasia
When Excellence Becomes A Tradition, Greatness Will Sky-Rocket.

History Notes 2020 Grade 9
Contents
NAMIBIAN HISTORY ............................................................................................................ 5
THEME 1: THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM ........................................................... 5
1.1 The development of Namibian nationalism ...................................................................... 5
Multiple choice questions. ..................................................................................................... 8
Possible questions ................................................................................................................ 9
1.2 The Ovambo People‘s Organisation (OPO)..................................................................... 9
Possible questions .............................................................................................................. 12
1.3 South West Africa National Union (SWANU) ................................................................. 14
Structured questions ........................................................................................................... 15
1.4 Other political organizations .......................................................................................... 16
Topic 1.5: The Windhoek Massacre (10 December 1959) ................................................... 18
Topic: 1.7 Refugees Camps ................................................................................................ 24
THEME2: SOUTH AFRICAN COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION 1945-1979........................... 25
THEME 3: THE ROLE OF CHURCHES TOWARD INDEPENDENCE. ............................... 41
TOPIC 3.4 Open and Pastoral letters. ................................................................................. 46
THEME 4: NAMIBIA BECOMES A REPUBLIC. .................................................................. 52
4.3 REPATRIATION OF PEOPLE FROM EXILE AND POLITICAL PRISONERS ............... 54
4.5 THE ELECTION of 1989 ............................................................................................... 56
4.6 The Constitution ............................................................................................................ 57
4.7 The post – colonial era .................................................................................................. 59
Human rights ...................................................................................................................... 60
5.2 Position of women ......................................................................................................... 61
5.3 International conferences on women’s rights................................................................. 62
AFRICAN HISTORY: .......................................................................................................... 64
THEME1: THE STRUGGLE FOR POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE AND DEMOCRACY. ...... 64
6.1 African Nationalism ....................................................................................................... 64
6.2 Pan-Africanism .............................................................................................................. 65
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6.4 DEMOCRATISATION IN AFRICA ................................................................................. 71

7.1: Economic System in Africa .......................................................................................... 74
7.2: The economic crisis in Africa ....................................................................................... 79
WORLD HISTORY.............................................................................................................. 82
THEME 8 : Social, Political and Economic Development. ................................................... 82
8.1 Nationalism and Fascism .............................................................................................. 82
8.2 Communism .................................................................................................................. 88
8.3 Cold War ....................................................................................................................... 90
8.4 League of Nations and the United Nations .................................................................... 92
Topic 8.5 Regional and National co-operation ..................................................................... 96
Topic 8.6. The World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) .................................... 99
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NAMIBIAN HISTORY
THEME 1: THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM
1.1 The development of Namibian nationalism
SO: Define the term “Namibian Nationalism”
• Is a system whereby people express their feelings of love, pride and loyalty towards
their country
• A desire of Namibian leaders to form an independent country.
• Feeling that people of a particular country to rule themselves.
SO: Name the factors that contributed to Namibian nationalism
Factors that contributed to Explanations.

Namibian Nationalism
1. Colonial oppression/ South South African Colonial power controlled Namibia through
African rule racist laws making Namibians to begin uniting in order to
fight the racist laws.
2. Education Mission schools taught Namibians how to read and write

which enabled them to read about movements such as
Negritude and Pan- Africanism which strengthen their desire
of Namibian Nationalism.
3. Urbanisation The contract labour system brought people from all over the
country together in cities, where they both experienced hash
conditions and they developed a new attitude of solidarity
and unity.
4. The United Nations The UN supported the independence of colonies and

mandated territories. It believed that all people had the right
to rule themselves Namibians realised that this applied to
them as well.
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5. World war II Namibians were recruited to help British in the war.

Namibians saw how others were fighting for freedom and
democracy. When those soldiers returned home they were
determined to fight for their country’s freedom and
democracy.
SO: Explain the nationalist activities with reference to role players and movements
Chief Hosea Kutako and the Herero Chiefs’ council
Chief Hosea Kutako was born in 1870 and died in 1970, and he was a leading commander
during the war of National resistance against Germans in 1904. He founded the Herero Chief
Council in 1954. He was hailed as the father of the Namibian nationalism. He was the first
chief to express the vision of an independent Namibian nation. He worked with OPO. He
suggested that OPO becomes SWAPO. He was the first chief to send the petition on 26
August 1964 to the UNO through Michael Scott, the Anglican priest. In the petition, he
requested UN to free SWA from SA’s control. After the petition did not bring any change, he
took Namibia’s case to the International Court of Justice (ICJ), reporting SA of violating the
rights of Namibian people with Apartheid laws. Today, the international airport in Windhoek
is named in his honour.
Andimba Toivo ya Toivo
Andimba Toivo yaToivo was born on 22 August 1924, and died on 09 June 2017. He
became the leader of the contract workers in Cape Town, SA. He worked hard to make his
countrymen aware of SA injustices and their political rights in the contract labour system. In
1957 he with other Namibian contract workers in Cape Town founded OPC. He was
detained several times by the SA authorities. In 1958 he sent a tape-recorded message to
the UNO by smuggling the tape out of the country inside the copy of the book titled Treasure
Island. He was arrested with 44 other prominent SWAPO and tried for terrorism. On 26
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January 1968 he was sentenced for 20 years at Robben Island, near Cape Town, he spends
16 years in prison and was released on 1 March 1984.
Reverend Michael Guthrie Scott
Scott was born on 30 July 1907 in Sussex, England. He drafted the first petition with Hosea
Kutako. He also represented Namibian at the UNO and spoke on behalf of the Namibians
when he delivered the petition. He helped SWAPO to be recognized by the UN as the sole
representative of Namibian.
Dr Sam Shafishuna Nuyoma
Dr Sam Nuyoma worked on the South African railways before 1959. He became the
president of OPO. He focused on making conditions better for the contract workers
everywhere in Namibia. He left Namibia in 1959 after the Windhoek Massacre. While in exile
he fought for Namibia’s independence. He established SWAPO offices all over the world.
Nationalist activities with reference movements
The Herero Chief’s Council (HCC)
The Herero Chief’s Council was founded by the Herero traditional leaders in 1945. It was the
first nationalist movement in South West Africa. At first it wanted to protect the interest of the
Herero people only, later it extended its protection to all people in Namibia. It was the first
organisation to send a petition to the UN. The HCC asked Mburumba Kerina a Namibian
student overseas to present Namibia’s case at the UN. It supported the founding of SWANU
in 1959.
The South African Progressive Association (SWAPA)
SWAPA was formed by SWA students who studied in South Africa. Uatja Kaukuetu was its
president. SWAPA leaders encouraged students to study hard. It gave scholarship to
students who did well. It started the first newspaper for blacks in Namibians which was
known as the South West News. The newspaper allowed black people to express their
opinion.
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The Ovambo People’s Organisation (OPO)
OPO was formed in 1958. It was established to protect the interest of Oshivambo-speaking
students and workers in South Africa. It soon grew into SWAPO and aimed to represent all
the people of the territory.
Multiple choice questions.
1. Which of the following leaders were the first to express the vision of an independent
Namibia?
A. AndimbaToivoyaToivo
B. Jacob Marenga
C. HidipoHamutenya
D. Hosea Kutako
2. Define Namibian Nationalism?
A. Lack of love to form an independent country for your country
B. The desire of Namibian leaders to support the colonial regime.
C. A desire of Namibian leaders to form an independent country
D. A desire of Namibian leaders to remain in a colonised country
3. Not a factor that contributed to Namibian Nationalism.
A. Education
B. Urbanisation
C. South Africa independence
D. Colonial oppression.
4. Why did the Herero Chief Council send the petition to the United Nation in 1964?
A. To protect the interests of the Hereroes.

B. They wanted SA to annex Namibia.
C. The wanted Namibia to be under the protection of the UNO
D. To bring peace between the Hereroes and the Ovambo people.
5. Which of the following was the earliest movement in Namibia?
A. Herero Chief Council.

B. Ovambo people organizations.
C. SWAPA.
D. SWAPO.
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Possible questions
a) In what ways did the growth of the Namibian nationalism affect the lives of the Namibian
people? Explain your answer. (4)
b) Why did Nationalism start in Namibia? Explain your answer. (3)
c) How important was the Namibian nationalism in the Namibian history? Explain your
answer (3)
d) Name and explain any two nationalist movements with reference to their activities?
(4)
d) Name any two factors that contributed to the rise of Namibia nationalism. (2)
e) Write a paragraph on the role of Hosea Kutako towards the rights of the Namibian
people. (5)
f) What did the Namibian people think about nationalism in Namibia? Explain your answer.
(5)
g) The following were the nationalist role players in Namibia.
• Sam Nujoma
• Hosea Kutako
• Michael Scott
Which one of the following nationalist role players contributed more to Namibian
nationalism? Choose one, write it down and give three reasons for your choice. And also
explain why the other two are not important as your choice. (5)
1.2 The Ovambo People‘s Organisation (OPO)
OPO was changed from OPC in 1959, OPC was formed in 1957.
SO: List reasons for the establishment of OPO
1. To fight the Apartheid Policies that SA introduced in Namibia

2. To oppose South African governments’ idea to make Namibia as part of South Africa.
3. To improve the life and conditions of the contract workers.
4. To remove the racial discrimination in the territory.
5. To bring Namibia under the direct protection of the UN.
6. Platform for black workers to air their views
7. To win independence for Namibia
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8. To organize strikes
SO: Mention the founding members of OPO
1. AndimbaToivoyaToivo
2. FanuelKozonguizi
3. Andreas Shipanga
4. Sam Nujoma.
SO: Discuss the role Sam Nujoma played in the formation of OPO
In 1957 he lost his job from South Africa railways and he concentrated in politics. He
became the first president of OPO. As a president of the party he continued to inform the
contract workers on the aims of the party. He was helped by EliaserTuhadeleni and Jacob
Kuhanga in organizing meetings in townships. He organized numerous strikes against the
contract labour system. He established branches of OPO in centres such as Windhoek (old
location) Walvis Bay, TsumebOtjwarongo, keetmanshoop and Luderitz.
SO: Discuss how OPO helped to organise strikes
Under the leadership of Sam Nujoma, OPO organized strikes to protest against bad working
conditions. Eg. In 1959, OPO organized a strike at Oceana Fish Cannery in Walvisbay,
when the workers were forced to clean the machinery while in motion. The strike was
successful and the condition of the workers at Ocean Fish Cannery improved.
Workers no longer had to clean the machines while they were running/on. OPO also
worked with SWANU to organise the boycotts at the old location.
SO: Describe the contract labour system
A contract labour system was a forced labour practices introduced by the colonial
government whereby a person worked on a job for a specific period of time. The
contract periods were written in a contract book. The person was not employed
permanently.in order to encourage workers to do the hard labour, the Germany
authority paid headmen and chiefs a fee for every worker they recruited. Workers
worked in faraway places for 9 to 18 months. The contract workers worked on farms,
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in mines, factories, harbour as well as building roads and railway lines. When the
contract finish the worker had to go home before they could get another job
SO: Discuss how men were recruited by South West African Native Labour
Association (SWANLA)
SWANLA was established in 1943 to make sure that enough young men were recruited for
various companies as contract workers. Identified men would line up for health inspection by
SWANLA officials. Worker were classified according to their health and strength and decided
what work should be given. Strong men were sent to the mines, and weaker men to the
farms. Workers could not choose their employer. Workers could not choose the type of work
they wanted to do. Worker could not renew their contract. Contract were signed between a
worker and SWANLA not with the employer.
SO: Explain how the contract labour system affected people’s family life and living
standard
The contract workers were not allowed to bring their family with them. Workers had no
physical contact with their family; it caused estrangement and a breakdown of family ties.
Without the love and support of their wives and children, the men were homesick and lonely,
and women were left without enough money to care for their children.
Effect of contract labour system on the living Effect of contract labour system on the family life
standards
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Low wages – workers were paid low wages for long Changes in gender roles - Women had to do the
working hours work traditionally meant for men as well as their own
work.
Dangerous working environment – workers worked
in dangerous conditions without protective clothing. Absent fathers – men had to work away from home
for 9-18 months causing children to grow up without
Overcrowded compounds – workers were forced to their fathers.
live in overcrowded compounds.
Breaking down of family life – workers were not
Food shortage – food was not always enough and allowed to bring their families with them leading to
workers suffered from malnutrition. family breakdown as men turned to local women for
comfort.
Job without qualifications – worker was not
required to provide any qualification before they could Brought money to the villages- workers returned
be employed. home with the money which they used to support
their families.
Black workers learn new skills- workers learned
new skills such as building, driving and faming.
Possible questions
Multiple choice questions
1. Which organisation helped workers to organise strikes at the Oceania Fish cannery.
A. SWAPO
B. CANU
C. SWANU
D. OPO
2. Name a way how contract labour system affected people’s family life?
A. They were not allowed to get married

B. They were not allowed to bring their family along
C. They were forbidden from sending money home
D. They were allowed to work for a shorter period
3. Which organisation for contract workers was formed in 1943?
A. SWAPA
B. SWANU
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C. SWAPO
D. SWANLA
4. Not a reason for the establishment of OPO
A. To recruit more men for contract work.

B. To remove the racial discrimination in the territory.
C. Platform for black workers to air their views
D. To win independence for Namibia
5. Mention the founding members of OPO
A. EliaserTuhadeleni, FanuelKozonguizi, Hosea Kutako, Sam Nujoma.
B. Hosea Kutako, FanuelKozonguizi, Andreas Shipanga, Sam Nujoma.
C. AndimbaToivoyaToivo, Rosa Mungunda, Andreas Shipanga, Jan Jonker Afrikaner..
D. AndimbaToivoyaToivo, FanuelKozonguizi, Andreas Shipanga, Sam Nujoma.
Structured questions
Part A
a) In what ways did the formation of OPO affects the lives of the Namibian People?
Explain your answer. Explain your answer. (4)
b) Why was OPO formed? Explain your answer. (3)
C) How important was the formation of OPO in the history of Namibia? Explain your answer.
(3)
d) Name and explain any two ways how OPO tried to organise strike. (4)
e) Name any two founding members of OPO.
(2)
f) Write a paragraph on the role of Dr Sam Nujoma played in the formation of OPO. (5)
Write a paragraph on how OPO tried to organize strikes in Namibia.
(5)
g) How did the Namibian people think about the formation of OPO? (5)
h) Here are three aims of OPO.
• To improve the life and working condition of contract workers.
• To remove the racial discrimination.
• To bring Namibia under the direct protection of the UN.
Which one of the three aims contributed mostly towards the liberation struggle? Choose one,
write it down and give three reasons for your choice. Also explain why the other two are less
important as your choice. (6)
Part B
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a) In what ways did the Contract Labour System affect the lives of the Namibian people? (4)
b) Why did the white employers preferred to use the Contract Labour System?
Explain your answer. (3)
c) How important was the Contract Labour System to the families of the contract
labourers? Explain your answer. (3)
d) Name and explain how the Contract Labour System affected the contract working
living standard? (3)
e) Name two organizations which were responsible at recruiting contract workers in
Namibia. (2)
f) Write a paragraph on how men were recruited by South West African Native
Labour Association. (5)
g) How did the Namibian people feel about the Contract Labour System? (5)
h) Here are three negative effective of the Contract Labour System.
• Low wages.
• Family breakdown
• Long working hour.
Which of these affected the employers the most? Choose one and give three reasons for
your choice. And also explain why other two are less important than your choice. (6)
1.3 South West Africa National Union (SWANU)
SO: Name SWANU’s founding members
1. FanuelJariretunduKozonguizi
2. UatjaKaukuetu and SWAPA students
3. Hosea Kutako of the Herero Chief’s Council
SO: Describe its aims and establishment and explain reasons why it failed
The aims of SWANU
➢ To unite all SWA people in the struggle for freedom and independence.
➢ Fight for self determination
➢ Promote the advancement of the Namibian people
➢ Work with Allied movements to promote African unity
➢ To work with UNO in the struggle for independence.
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➢ To get independence through peaceful means
The establishment of SWANU.
It was formed in 1959 by members of SWAPA and Herero Chief’s Council.
Why SWANU failed to become a national movement.
➢ There was a lack of consensus between SWANU’s young members and older
members of the Herero Chief Council.
➢ SWANU did not have the backing of the mass of contract workers like SWAPO.
➢ It did not have the support of the majority of the contract workers.
➢ SWAPO’s armed struggle weakened SWANU because SWANU wanted a peaceful
resistance with the help of the UN.
➢ It was mainly seen as Herero party and this reduced its support.
➢ SWANU leaders were arrested or forced to exile.
➢ SWAPA and Herero Chief Council were split causing the failure of SWANU.
Possible questions
Multiple questions
1. SWANU stands for:

A. South West Africa Native Union.
B. South West Africa Nama Union.
C. South West Africa Northern Union.
D. South West Africa Native Union.
2. SWANU was established in :
A. 1968
B. 1948
C. 1959
D. 1958
a) In what ways did the formation of SWANU affect the lives of the Namibian
people? Explain your answer.
(4)
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b) Why did SWANU fail? Explain your answer.

(3)
c) How important was the formation of SWANU to the Namibia people? Explain your
answer.
(3)
d) Name and explain any two aims of SWANU.
(4)
e) Name the two founding members of SWANU.
(2)
1.4 Other political organizations
SO- List the founding members of National Unity Democratic Organization

(NUDO), Caprivi African National Unity (CANU) and the Damara Tribal Council.
NUDO CANU Damara Tribal Council
Founding members 1. Hosea 1. MishakeMuyong 1. Justus Garoeb

Kutako o
2. JosephatGawanab
2. Clemens 2. Mason Mamili
Kapuo
3. George Mutwa
SO - Describe the aims of each of these political organizations.

NUDO CANU Damara Tribal Council
AIMS ⚫ Wanted equality for all ⚫ To stop ⚫ To protect the rights of the
people in SWA South Damara people.
African rule
⚫ To stop apartheid ⚫ To fight for independence.
in Caprivi.
⚫ Work for independence of ⚫ To advocate a mixed economy
⚫ To fight
Namibia. system
common
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⚫ Achieve independence in a enemy ⚫ To stop SA from creating

peaceful manner without (South Damara Homeland
the use of weapons. Africa)
⚫ It wanted
the UN to
support
them to
end SA
rule.
SO: Differentiate which of the political organizations contributed most to

Namibian independence between NUDO, CANU and Damara Tribal Council
CANU NUDO DTC
⚫ ‘’CANU’’ united with ⚫ In 1977 NUDU ⚫ Was not very much

SWAPO in 1964. change to DTA involved in the start.
⚫ It strengthened ⚫ Took part in Namibia ⚫ It was created by

SWAPO in the election under SA. South Africa to give
Caprivi region. Damara people
⚫ It participated in the
independence.
Turnahalle
conference. ⚫ It participated in the
Turnahalle
conference.
Possible questions
MULTIPLE questions
1. Who was the first president of DTA?

A. Dirk Mudge.
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B. Clemens Kapuuo.
C. FanuelKozonguizi.
D. Peter Kalangula.
2. Who was the leader of Canu?

A. Brendan Simbwaye
B. EliaserTuhadeleni
C. Jacob Marenga
D. Dirk Mudge
Structured
e. Name two founding members of NUDO. (2)
e. Name the two founding members of CANU. (2)
e. List any two aims for the formation of NUDO. (2)
e. List any two aims for the formation of Damara Tribal Council. (2)
g. how did namibian feel about the formation of NUDO? Explain your answer.
h) Here are three other political organisations that contributed towards Namibia’s
independence.
• NUDO
• CANU
• DTC
Which of these three political organisations contributed the most? Choose one and give
three reasons for your choice. And also explain why other two are less important than your
choice. (6)
Topic 1.5: The Windhoek Massacre (10 December 1959)
SO: Define the term ‘Massacre’

• A Massacre is an incident where many people are killed indiscriminately and
deliberately without reason and without mercy.
⚫ The term Massacre means an indiscriminate and brutal slaughtering of many

defenceless people.
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SO: Discuss the causes, course of events and the consequences of the Windhoek
Massacre.
Causes of the Windhoek Massacre
The Windhoek massacre was caused by the segregation policy of SA authority. The white
authority created the white residential area (Hochland Park) at the site of the old location and
in 1959 the municipality forced black people to move from Old location to a new suburb of
Katutura. The people refused to move because they lived there for generations, built homes
and garden and in Katutura they had to pay rent and it was far from the centre of Windhoek
as well as their forefathers lay buried in the Old Location cemetery.
The course of events.
On 2nd Nov 1959, people were ordered not to cooperate with the authority. People of the old
location gathered and agreed to boycott the municipality services such as Bus Service,
Cinema and Beer Hall and the tension grew between the residents and municipality officials.
4th Dec the residents matched to the administrator but were sent away. 9th Dec residents
threw stones at the officials and forced them to close the beer hall. 10th Dec two residents
were arrested for throwing stones at officials including the mayor. 10th Dec residents
gathered at mayor’s office to demand the release of two prisoners, as more residents
arrived; the police were also brought and demanded the demonstrators to leave the place
but refused and fired at the crowd, killing and wound many people.
The consequences of the massacre.
Nationalists left to exile, and continued the struggle for independence e.g. Sam Nujoma. 54
people were killed including KakurukazeMungunda and many were wounded. Houses were
destroyed and people were forced to permanently live in Katutura. Members of OPO, and
SWANU were arrested and put in prison. The desire for independence was increased. More
political parties were created with the desire to free the country. The killing made many
people to disagree with South African rule and increased resistance to South African
authorities. Today the 10 December is commemorated as International Human Right’s day
and Namibian Women’s Day in Namibia.
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Possible questions
1. Why the people of the old location did not want to move to Katutura?
A. They would lose their jobs
B. They would have to pay rent for houses in Katutura
C. There were no houses in Katutura
D. There were gardens in Katutura
2. The name of the person who was killed on 10 December 1959 is…
A. JaapSynmaan
B. Hosea Kutako
C. RossaKakurukazeMungunda
D. Clemens Kapuuo.
3. Today 10 December is a national holiday in Namibia called
A. Old Location
B. Women’s day
C. Heroes day
D. Human rights day
4. The forced removal from the old location was resisted especially by:
A. The women
B. The contract labourer
C. The mayor of Windhoek
D. The Namibian people
a) In what ways did the Windhoek Massacre affect the lives of the Namibian people?
b) Why did South African authority indiscriminately kill many people on 10 December 1959 in
Windhoek? Explain your answer. (3)
c) How important was the Windhoek massacre in the history of Namibia? Explain your
answer. (3)
e) Give two reasons why the Windhoek Mayor, Mr.JaapSnymann wanted the people to
move to Katutura. (2)
f) Write a paragraph on the course of events of the Windhoek massacre.
(5)
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g) How did the Namibian people feel about the Windhoek massacre? Explain your answer.
(5)
h) Here are three reasons that caused the Windhoek Massacre on 10 December 1959:
• policy of Apartheid
• group area act
• residents demonstrations
Which one of three reasons played a more important role in the brutal killing of innocent
people in Windhoek? Choose and write it down and give three reasons for your choice. Also
explain why the other two played a less role than your choice. (6)
Topic: 1.6 South West Africa People’s Organizational (SWAPO) and the
Liberation Struggle
SO: List the reason for the formation of SWAPO.
1. SWAPO aimed to include all the Namibians in the party and not only Ovambo (OPO)
2. To take up arms and fight for independence.
3. To fight for the equal rights for all Namibian people.
4. For it to be a National movement.
5. To fight for black people’s rights in SWA.
SO: Discuss how Sam Nujoma actively kept Namibia at the centre of international
attention.
Sam Nujoma asked for assistance from OAU and UNO to help SWAPO to start its activities,
he formed SWAPO movement; He raised funds for SWAPO in the eastern blocks; he
established offices all over the world. In 19 April 1960 he attended All- African People’s
Conference in Ghana. In June he reached USA where he brought Namibia’s case to the UN
While traveling, he opened SWAPO offices in several countries. Under his leadership the
party also established relations with commonwealth in 1974 and lastly, he gets SWAPO
recognized nationally and internationally.
SO: Name the conditions on which SWAPO received assistance from the OAU?
• They had to prove that they had support of the majority people in the country.
• They had to be willing to participate in an armed struggle, if necessary.
• They had to produce an effective programme of action detailing their resistance
activities.
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SO: Explain when and why SWAPO launched the war of the national liberation?
When? The first major clash between SWAPO and SWADF was in 1966. This clash took
place in Ovamboland and the war was known as the battle of Ongulumbashe it took place in
on 26 august 1966. That morning the SA police fired and attached the camp. Two guerrillas
died and about 9-27 guerrilla fighters were captured and the camp was destroyed. 26 August
has become a public holiday called Heroes day.
Why? SA refused the demand of the UN to withdraw from SWA; this refusal marked the end
of SWAPO’s peaceful negotiation with SA and the beginning of the liberation struggle. UNO
failed to persuade SA to withdraw from the territory, War was the only option to end the
illegal occupation of the SA in the territory. International court of justice failed to declare SA
as illegal in the territory.
SO: Give an account of YaToivo’s Pretoria speech.

On trial in Pretoria YaToivo mentioned the following:
• He did not recognize the right of SA to govern SWA;
• He has regarded SA as an intruder inside the territory.
• He is a loyal Namibian and he will never betray his people to their enemies.
• He encouraged armed struggle.
• Namibians did not recognize the South African government.
• Namibians did not recognize SA laws
• Namibians were treated like property and servants.
• Namibia wanted freedom and justice.
SO: Describe how an independent Angola favoured the armed struggle in Namibia.
In 1975 Angola got independence and Dr AugustinoNeto as its president.
The new independent state:
⚫ Opened its borders to the Namibians who wished to continue with the struggle.
⚫ Angolans gave help to the victims of war.
⚫ Angola offered shelters to Namibians refugees.
⚫ Angola allowed SWAPO to establish camps and schools in Angola.
Possible questions

22
1. When was OPO changed to SWAPO?
A. 19 April 1960
B. 19 April 1959
C. 19 April 1957
D. 19 April 1970
2. Why was SWAPO Established?
A. For the Ovambo People

B. To colonise Namibian people
C. To Fight for SWA’s independence
D. To represent the South African people
3. Who was the first president of SWAPO
A. AndimbaToivoyaToivo
B. EliasaTuhadeleni
C. Hosea Kutako
D. Sam Nujoma
4. On 26 August 1966,PLAN fighters clashed with South African troops at
A. Cassinga
B. Windhoek
C. Kwanza Sul
D. Ongulumbashe
Structured questions.
a) In what ways did the launching of the war of national liberation affect the lives of the
Namibian people? Explain your answer. (4)
b) Why was SWAPO formed? Explain your answer. (3)
c) How important was the armed liberation struggle to the Namibian people? Explain
your answer. (3)
d) Name and explain why SWAPO launched the war of national liberation. (4)
e) Name two conditions under which SWAPO received assistance from the Organization of
African Unity (OAU) (2)
f) Write a paragraph on how Sam Nujoma actively kept Namibia at the Centre of
international attention. (5)
g) How did the Namibian people feel about the liberation struggle? Explain your answer. (5)
h) Here are the three ways how an independent Angola favoured the armed struggle in
Namibia.
⚫ Angolans gave help to the victims of war.
⚫ Angola offered shelters to Namibians refugees.
23
⚫ Angola allowed SWAPO to establish camps and schools in Angola.
Which of the three ways played an important role in SWAPO’s decision to launch the armed
struggle in Namibia? Choose one, write it down and give three reasons of your choice.
And also explain why the other two played a less important role as your choice. (6)
Topic: 1.7 Refugees Camps
SO: Mention why Namibian refugee camps were established in other countries during
the armed struggle
⚫ To house people fleeing from war zone in Namibia temporarily
⚫ To provide basic services like education, offer clinic to provide health care
⚫ Provide facilities where people could work like sewing factories or workshop
⚫ To protect people from further attacks by enemies.
SO: Discuss the Cassinga Massacre.

Cassinga was the first camp established in Angola in 1976. It was a camp for Namibian
refugees. By 1978 there were about 3000 to 4000 men, women and children living in
Cassinga. On 4 May 1978 the South African Defence Force (SADF) attacked the Cassinga
Camp, because they believed that the Camp was a military camp and not a refugee camp as
it was claimed by SWAPO. More than 700 people were killed in the attack. Almost 300
children were killed, more than 600 were wounded. About 200 people were taken to prison.
118 people were taken to prison in Keikanachab, near Mariental.
Many survivors were taken to other camps such as Kwanza Sul and also to other countries
such as Congo, Cuba and Czechoslovakia. Orphans were sent to German Democratic
Republic. The CassingaMassacre delayed the Namibian independence for 10 years. 4 May
is a national holiday in Namibia known as Cassinga Day.
Possible questions.
1. When did South African soldiers attack the Cassinga refugee camp in Angola?
A. 12 May 1987
B. 4 May 1878
C. 31 May 1978
D. 4 May 1978
24
2. Why were refugee camps established in other countries?

A. For shelter, training and education
B. For war
C. For colonialism
D. For armed struggle
3. Why was Cassinga cam attacked?
A. For independence
B. To destroy the school going children
C. SA claimed that it was a military camp
D. It housed the Namibian refugee
a) In what ways did the Cassinga massacre affect the lives of the Namibian people?
b) Why did the SADF decided to attack the Cassinga in Angola? (3)
c) How important was the attack on Cassinga in the history of Namibia? Explain your
answer. (3)
e) Name any two reasons why Namibian refugee camps were established in other
countries during the armed struggle? (4)
f) Write a paragraph about Cassinga massacre. (5)
g) What did the Namibian people think about the Cassinga massacre? (5)
THEME2: SOUTH AFRICAN COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION 1945-1979.
Topic: 2.1 South Africa Colonial rule and the mandate

SO: Describe the inheritance of Namibia as a mandate by the UN.
In 1919 Germany lost the WWI, and all its colonies including Namibia was taken away from
Germany and given to the LON to control it. Then LON (Mandate Commission) placed
Namibia (SWA) as a mandated territory under SA to prepare it for independence.
25
The LON was dissolved in 1945 after the WWII. The responsibilities of the LON were taken
by the UNO. Under the UN all the mandated territories were placed into the Trusteeship
council of the UN which were expected to control and prepare them towards independence.
SO: Name the two main political parties in the SA parliament.

1. United Nation South West Party (UNSWP)
2. National Party of South West Africa (SWANP)
SO: Explain reasons why these parties were the only two representing Namibia in the
South African parliament.
There were no black parties in 1940s - because SA government did not allow many
parties as they would interrupt their activities in the territory and black people were also not
allowed to vote. They were the only political parties recognized by the SA government,
because these parties supported the annexation of SWA to SA.
Possible questions.
1. What organisation replaced the League of Nations after the second world?
A. UNO
B. OAU
C. ICJ
D. AU
2. Name one of the political party in the South African Parliament?
A. SWAPO
B. SWANU
C. NP
D. OPO
3. Which political party was in power in SA in 1945?

A. Democratic Party
B. ANC
C. United Party
D. National Party
Structured
a) In what ways did the inheritance of Namibia as a mandate by the UNO affect the lives of
the people in Namibia? Explain your answer. (4)
26
b) Why did UNO inherit Namibia as a mandated territory? Explain your answer. (3)
c) How important was the UNO’s mandate to SA? Explain your answer. (3)
d) Name and explain two reasons why only the two political parties represented SWA in
the South African parliament. (4)
e) Name the two political parties which represented SWA in the South African
parliament. (2)
f) Write a paragraph and explain how SWA was inherited as a mandated territory by
the UNO. (5)
g) What did Namibians think about their representation in the SA parliament? (5)
(h) The following are three reasons why South-Africa did not want to give Namibia its
independence.
• They benefited from the natural resources.

• They wanted to make it a fifth province.
• The League of Nations gave them the right to administer the country.
Which one of these three reasons is the most important? Write down your choice and give
three reasons why you have chosen it. Also explain why the other two are not as important
as your choice. [6]
Topic 2.2: Apartheid in Namibia.

SO: Define Apartheid in Namibia
Apartheid is an Afrikaans word meaning Separateness.

❖ It describes a South African policy (laws) imposed on the Namibians to separate
different races from one another.
SO: Discuss the Odendaal Plan.

Odendaal plan was policy of separate development which replaced Apartheid in
Namibia. It was introduced by Dr H.F. Verwoerd, who became the Prime minister of
SA from 1958-1966. In 1962, Verwoerd appointed a commission of inquiries into
Namibia. The chairman of the commission was FransHendrickOdendaal. The aim of
the commission was to investigate the social and economic development in Namibia
and was made to work out a system of homelands to force blacks into reserves.
27
Under the Odendaal plan homelands would be created for different ethnic groups in
Namibia.
SO: Name and explain the economic and political recommendation made by
the Odendaal plan.
Economic recommendations
Name Explanations
Water and electricity They planned to build a hydro-electric

scheme at Cunene and build a canal to
provide water to communities.
Transport Gravel roads were upgraded. Some roads

were tarred.
Mining They opened mines in Tsumeb and

Orangemund.
Education facilities More schools for blacks were built.
Health centres Training centres for nurses were built in

Oshakati and Windhoek.
Bantu investment corporation (BIC) Blacks with small businesses were given
financial assistance through (BIC)
Educational centres Training centres for teachers were built at

Ongwediva and Khomasdal.
Political Recommendations
Name Explanations
28
Creation of homelands The country was divided into ten

homelands. Namely ;
Kaokoland, 2. Ovamboland, 3.
Kavangoland,
4 .Damaraland, 5. East Caprivi, 6.

Bushmanland,
7. Hereroland, 8. Twanaland, 9. Namaland

and 10. Basterland
Land The homelands covered only 40 % of

land.
Government property Certain areas were set aside as

government property.
Minerals and farms All these areas were occupied by white

authority only.
Unreserved lad for coloured No homeland was set aside for coloured
people.
29
SO: List the effects of the Odendaal Plan on the Namibian population.
It separated communities into ethnic groups.
People were sent to different areas
Many people became contract labourers and worked in white areas.
Blacks were given dry and barren land which made it difficult to grow crops.
Whites were given best fertile land.
SO: Evaluate the impact of the Odendaal plan with specific reference to human rights.
The Odendaal plan was a direct attack on human rights in the sense that: It was implemented
without consulting the Namibian people. Namibians were not given right to choose their neighbours
in the reserves. Namibians still feels the impact of the Odendaal plan because they still lives
separately in informal homeland areas. People still depend on whites for jobs. Poverty is still high in
old homeland areas.
Possible questions.
Choose the correct answer.
1. Define the term Apartheid in Namibia

A. Namibian policy that tried to keep different Namibian race groups separate from one
another.
B. SA policy implemented in Namibia that tried to keep different race groups separate
from one another.
C. A policy that tried to unite Namibian people all over the country.
D. SA policy that tried to keep different Namibian groups close to politics.
2. Name a policy of separate development which replaced Apartheid in Namibia.
A. Odendaal plan
B. Pass Law
C. Homelands
D. Marshall Plan.
3. Who was appointed as the chairman of the commission of inquiries into Namibia in
1962?
A. Dr H.F. Verwoerd,
B. FransHendrickOdendaal.
C. HendrickWitbooi.
D. DR AlbertinaAmadila
4. List an effect of the Odendaal plan on the Namibian people.
A. It listened to Namibian people’s concerns.
B. People lived together in harmony.
C. Blacks were given dry and barren land which made it difficult to grow crops.
30
D. White people were sent to live in reserve areas.

5. What was the aim of the Odendaal plan?
A. To investigate the social and economic development in Namibia.
B. To introduce a policy of equality in Namibia.
C. To discuss about Namibia’s freedom.
D. To unite and educate the indigenous leader.
6. Why was the Odendaal plan important to SA government
A. Had several discussions with Namibian indigenous leaders.

B. Planned to unite Namibians in the country based on SA model.
C. SA would gain control over most of the land in SW
D. Will assist Sato gran Namibia’s independence.
a) In what ways did the implementation of the Odendaal Plan affect the Namibian
population? Explain your answers. (4)
b) Why was the Odendaal plan introduced? Explain your answers. (3)
c) How important was the Odendaal plan to human rights. Explain your reason.(3)
d) Name and explain any two political recommendation made by the
Odendaal plan. (4)
e) Name two economic recommendations made by the Odendaal Plan? (2)
f) Write a paragraph in which you evaluate the impact of the Odendaal plan with
reference to human rights. (5)
g) How did the Namibian feel about homelands? (5)
h) The following are three criticism against the Odendaal plan
• It did not aim to create a unified country
• Homelands were dry and barren
• Homelands were small areas away from people’s existing homes.
Which one of the three do you think was the most important criticism? Write down your
choice and give three reasons why you have chosen it. Also explain why the other two are
not as important as your choice.
Topic 2.3: United Nations and Namibia

SO: Describe the reasons why the UN and SA clashed over Namibia.
United Nations and South Africa clashed over Namibia due to some disagreements such
as whether Namibia was still legally a mandated territory. In 1945 – 1946 South Africa
asked UNO to allow SA to incorporate Namibia as a fifth province of SA, the UNO refused.
The UN wanted to place SWA under the UN control (Trusteeship council). 1952 the UN
calls SA to put Namibia under its control, but SA had refused. In 1948 D. F. Malan
announces that SA does not accept the UN authority over Namibia and they will no longer
send reports to the UN on how it was controlling the territory.
SO: Discuss how International Court of Justice tried to stop SA administration over
Namibia.
31
In 1960 UN general assembly passed a resolution calling over SA to withdraw its

administration in Namibia; in 1967 the UN set up a committee called Council for Namibia
led by Sean Mc Bride as its commissioner. The aim of the committee was to control
Namibia until independence. In 1966, the court declared that SA control over SWA has
come to an end. SA was taken to the international court of justice by Ethiopia and Liberia.
Dr Kurt Waldheim, the UN secretary general held talks with John Voster (SA prime
minister) in 1971, but the talks failed.
Possible questions
Choose the correct Answer
1. Who was B.J. Vorster
A. South African Prime Minister

B. South African president
C. Namibian representative
D. Angolan prime minister
3. Which organisation passed a resolution in 1960 ordering SA to withdraw its
administration in Namibia?
A. The League of Nations
B. The UN
C. SWAPO
D. SWANU
4. Name the UN secretary general that held talks with John Voster in 1971.
A. F.H Odendaal
B. F.N Malan
C. P.W. Botha
D. Dr Kurt Waldheim
5. Which two countries took SA to the international court of justice
A. Angola and Botswana

B. Ethiopia and Liberia.
C. Zambia and Nigeria
D. Ethiopia and Egypt
6. Name the year in which the ICJ declared that SA control over SWA has come to an
end.
A. I990
B. 1966.
C. 1956
D. 1914
7. Give a reason why South Africa wanted to annex South West Africa?
32
A. To make it a fifth province of SA.

B. To make SWA an independent state
C. To stop the colonial administration
D. To divide the country into different regions
a) In what ways did the formation of UN Council for SA in 1967 affect Namibians?
b) Why did the international Court of Justice refuse to make a ruling about Namibia in
1966? (3)
c) How important was the fact that Ethiopia and Liberia went to CIJ regarding Namibia
being ruled by South Africa? (3)
d) Name and explain two ways how the International Court of Justice tried to stop SA
administration over Namibia. (4)
d) Name and explain two reasons why the UN and SA clashed over Namibia? (4)
e) Name two African countries that took S to the international court of justice. (2)
(f) Write a paragraph on the reasons why the UN and SA clashed over Namibia. (5)
TOPIC: 2.4 South Africa Changes Directions
So: List reasons why SA changed direction.
1. Angola became independent.

2. The MPLA supported SWAPO and opened borders for SWAPO member to hide
after guerrilla attacks on SA troops.
3. Thousands of Namibia people who crossed border into Angola become guerrilla
fighters.
4. PLAN fighters become more active and put a lot of pressure on the SADF
5. SWAPO support was growing.
6. An economic sanction by the UNO was threatening the SA economy.
7. In 1974 the UNO recognized SWAPO as the sole representative of Namibia.
8. In 1974 the UNO asked SA to recognize Namibia as a separate nation and to
withdraw their administration.
9. Voster’s internal solution of giving up to the idea of the Odendaal plan.
SO: Describe how Turnhalle conference was formed and its main features.
Formation – in 1975 The SA government under BJ Vorster abandoned the Odendaal plan.
SA came up with a new plan, the new plan was for a federal system in which different
ethnic homelands and the white people will be represented in a parliament. They met on 1
Sept 1975 in Windhoek in the old Gymnastics hall called the Turnhalle. The Turnhalle
conference was formed in 1975. The aim of the conference was to start preparing
Namibia for independence and to draw up a constitution. 31 December 1978 was set as
33
the date for SWA independence. The chairperson of the conference was Dirk Mudge.
Features –
• Delegates were hand-picked by the SA government.

• Delegates were people who held official post at homelands.
• The conference was dominated by whites.
SO: Explain reasons why SWAPO, UN and OAU refused to recognize the Turnhalle
constitution.
The conference was a white dominant. Black people who attended the meeting were
not elected but nominated.
The conference excluded the UNO; NP organized the meeting without UN supervision.
The UNO was excluded of Namibia’s transition to independence.
Namibians wishes were not represented by the constitution; Participants were linked
to ethnic groupings and not political parties.
SO: Discuss the setting- up of the Turnhalle Conference, its constitution and
reasons for its failure.
The setting- up of the Turnhalle Conference
South Africa asked the National Party of South West Africa to organise the Turnhalle
Conference. The conference consisted of 150 delegates from all over South West Africa.
SWAPO, SWANU and other nationalist parties did not take part in the meeting. The
delegates had to create a constitution.
The Turnhalle Constitution.
The Turnhalle conference representatives had to create a constitution. The constitution

was completed in March 1977. It created three different levels of government namely:
1. The 1st level (central government or national assembly): it was elected based on
tribal group and it was responsible with defence and foreign affairs.
2. 2nd level government (Bantustans or homelands) was formed for every tribal group,
and it was responsible for health and education.
3. 3rd level government (municipalities in all homelands) was responsible for municipal
services in the homelands.
The reasons for its failure
Turnhalle conference failed because it did not receive a majority support from indigenous
34
people and political parties such as SWAPO and SWANU.
The conference was organised by SA. The conference excluded the UN.
The conference was dominated by white South Africans
The international community was not willing to accept any event where SWAPO was not
present.
Possible questions

1. List one of the reasons why SA changed direction?
A. UN supported SWAPO
B. SWAPO support was growing.
C. Angola’s civil war
D. Economic sanction against South Africa.
2. In which year was the Turnhalle constitution finalized.
A. January 2000
B. August 1976
C. March 1977
D. January 1978
3. Name of the features of the Turnhalle conference.

A. Participants were voted by the SWA people.
B. Delegates were people resided in cities.
C. The conference was dominated by whites.
D. The conference invited people from all over the world.
4. Which organisation organised the Turnhalle conference?
A. SWANU
B. SWAPO
C. The OAU
D. The National Party South West Africa
5. Name an organisation that did not reject the Turnhalle Constitution.

35
A. SWAPO
B. OAU
C. UN
D. DTA
Structured Questions
A. How did the setting- up of the Turnhalle Conference affect the lives of the Namibian people?
B. Why was the Turnhalle Conference formed? Explain your answer. (3)
C. How important was the setting -up of the Turnhalle Conference to the South
African authority? Explain your answer. (3)
D. Name and explain two reasons why Turnhalle Constitution failed? (4)
E. Name two features of the Turnhalle conference? (2)
F. Write a paragraph explaining the reasons why SWAPO, the UN and the OAU refused to
recognise the Turnhalle Constitution. (5)
G. How did Namibians feel about the setting –up of the Turnhalle conference? (5)
H. Here are three reasons for the failure of the Turnhalle Conference:
• SWAPO’s refusal to participate.
• The conference excluded UNO
• Poor representation from most Namibian communities
Which one of the reasons mentioned above played a most important role in the failure of the
conference? Write down your choice and give three reasons for that. Also explain why the other
two played a lesser role than your choice. (6)
TOPIC 2.5: United Nations and Western Contact Group

SO: Name the members of the Western Contact Group.
Britain,
USA,
France,
Canada
West Germany.
SO: Describe how they persuaded the SA to grant independence to Namibia.
Western Contact Group started to negotiate with SA, SWAPO and other political parties in
Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, and Angola. WCG persuaded SA to suspend the Turnhalle
constitution, to allow the lection to be under the UNO supervision and SA to should appoint the
36
Administrator General to administer Namibia in the interim.
UN adapted Resolution 435 on 29 September 1978, which has set up terms for achieving
Namibian independence as follows: A cease-fire between SA, SWAPO forces in Northern
Namibia and Angola, a reduction of SA troops in SWA, the release of all political prisoners in
Namibia, to arrange the elections that would be accepted by the UN as well as SA and for
election to be supervised by UN peace – force troops and officials.
SO: Evaluate the success and failure of the Western Contact Group.
Success Failure
It led to the agreed proposal to suspend Administrator General continued to control
the the territory under SA rules.
Turnhalle constitution, and appoint the
Administrator General.
The agreement was reached with various South Africa held the Election without
players which laid the foundation for UN UNO`s Supervision.
supervised election.
Members of the WCG could not resolve
their differences as Britain had much
interests in the territory.
South Africa Accepted resolution 435. South Africa demanded the withdrawal of
Cuban troops in Angola.
Independence was delayed for10 years

South African troops remained in Namibia
An AG who represented SA in Namibia
ensured that SA interest in Namibia was
favoured.
Possible questions
37
1. Name the three members of the Western Contact Group?

B. Britain, US, France, Canada and West Germany.
C. Britain, Congo, France, Canada Cuba and China.
D. Britain, Angola, France, Canada and South Africa.
E. Britain, US, France, Tanzania and Japan.
3. When did UN adapt resolution 435?
A. 30 May 1973
B. 18 August 1999
C. 21 March 1998
D. 29 September 1978
4. Not a reason why WCG failed.
A. UN took over the control of the territory,
B. AG Controlled the territory under SA rules.
C. Independence was delayed for10 years
D. South African troops remained in Namibia
4. One of Namibian neighbouring countries with whom

the WCG negotiated to grand Namibian independence.
A. Botswana,
B. Zimbabwe
C. Mozambique,
D. Malawi.
5. Not a way the WCG persuaded SA to grant Namibian
independence
A. to suspend the Turnhalle constitution,
B. SA should increase its troops in Angola
C. to allow the lection to be under the UNO supervision
an
D. SA should appoint an Administrator General
Resolution.
5. Who was the first administer- general of Namibia
A. Louis Pienaar
B. GerritViljoen
C. M.T. Steyn
D. Dirk Mudge
a) How did the formation of the Western Contact Group affect the lives of the Namibian
b) Why did the WCG fail? Explain your answer. (3)
c) How important was the formation of the WCG to SWAPO? (3)
d) Name and explain two successes of the Western Contact Group. (4)
e) Name two agreements that were made between WCG, SWAPO and Namibia’s
neighbouring countries in 1978. (2)
f) Write a paragraph on ways how WCG persuaded SA to grand independence to Namibia?
. (5)
g) How did Namibian feel about resolution 435? (5)
TOPIC 2.6: Namibia During the 1980: Government Structures before Independence
38
SO: Describe the first, second and third tier government.
The 1st tier government.
This government consisted of the National assembly and Executive council. Dirk Mudge the
leader of DTA was appointed as its chairperson. It could make laws in the territory but the AG had
the right to veto the decision of the assembly. In 1979, AG in Namibia was Marthinus T Steyn and
was successor by Dr GerritViljoen.The executive council was formed by Dr Viljoen and it
consisted of 12 members of the national assembly and Dirk Mudge was appointed as a prime
minister.
The 2nd tier government.
It was set up for individual class groups and each ethnic group had the right to make laws and
power to carry them in its homelands. This government was responsible for health, education,
agriculture and housing.
The 3rd tier government.
This government was under the white authority and blacks were not allowed to have power in the
municipalities. All municipalities in towns, cities and villages were under the white authority.
SO: Name the groups representing the MPC.
SWANU [Herero dominated]
DTA
Damara Tribal Council
SWAPO-Democrats led by Andreas Shipanga
National Party of South Africa (SWANP)
Rehoboth Liberation Front
The national party (joined in 1984)
SO: Give the reasons for the establishment of Multi party conference (MPC) and its failure.
The reasons
To discuss the possibility of joint action for the country’s political future
To draw the constitution of Namibia;
to write the laws that would be recognized internationally
To lead Namibia towards independence.
The failures
It was supported by the white authority.
It was not recognised internationally.
It was not recognized by SWAPO.
SWAPO refused to join the MPC.
39
MPC served the white interests and not people they claimed to represent.
It was accused as being SA tool delaying the independence of Namibia.
SO: Give the reasons why the Transitional Government of National Unity (TGNU) was
formed and list problems it encountered.
• Reasons.
To introduce a transitional government of national unity.
For SA to appoint various leaders of the MPC
To be an interim government which will serve until the country became independent.
• Problems.
SWAPO argued that TGNU did not represent all the Namibians.
TGNU members were not elected and SWAPO did not participate in it.
Within TGNU, members were failing to reform the apartheid laws.
The UN did not recognize the legitimacy of TGNU.
TGNU was criticised internationally.
SO: Explain the role played by SWAPO to liberate Namibia.
SWAPO set up bases in Angola in 1975 - The bases were used to shelter and train the
Guerrilla fighters.
SWAPO actively resisted SA government - in 1984 SWAPO held talks with Namibian political
groups such as Damara Tribal Council and SWANU in Lusaka and after talks the supports from
Namibian people increased and many Namibian people began to join the liberation struggle.
SWAPO took up armed struggle – In 1982 SWAPO launched their most effective operations to
fight against South Africa in Northern Namibia.
SO: Describe and discuss the talks SWAPO held with SA.
SA realized it would not win the war thus it decided to hold talks with SWAPO in exile, the talks
were held in Lusaka and Cape Verde in 1984. The talks failed because SA refused to accept the
demands of SWAPO in implementing resolution 435.
Possible questions.
multiple choice questions.
1. Which group was not part of the group that represented the MPC?
A. SWANU
B. ANC
C. Damara Tribal Council
D. National Party of South Africa
2. Give reason for the establishment of the Multi Party Conference?
40
A. To draw the constitution of Namibia;

B. To write the laws that would benefit SWAPO internationally
C. Form PLAN combatants
D. To incorporate lead Namibia
3. Name a failures of MPC

A. It was not supported by the white authority.
B. It was not was recognised internationally.
C. SWAPO convinced its supporters join the MPC.
D. MPC served the white interests and not people they claimed to represent.
4. Give Reasons why TGNU was formed.

A. To introduce peace and security in the country.
B. To form a peace keeping body in the country.
C. To be an interim government until the country became independent
D. For SA to help Namibia to appoint its various leaders
5. Who was the South African leader who announced the Transitional Government of
National Unity?
A. H Malan
B. Michael Scott
C. Dirk Mudge
D. Jan Smuts
6. Who was the first chairman of the TGNU?
A. Hendrick Verwoerd
B. Dirk Mudge
C. Andreas Shipanga
D. M.T Styne.
a) What was the effect of the 3rd tier government on the black community? Explain your
answer. (4)
b) Why was the 2nd tier government formed? Explain your answer. Explain your answer.
(3)
c) How important was the 3rd tier government on the black community? Explain your
answer. (3)
d) Name and explain any two powers of the Transitional Government of the National Unity.
e) Name two powers of the Transitional Government of National Unity. (2)
f) Write a paragraph to describe and discuss the talks SWAPO held with SA. (5)
THEME 3: THE ROLE OF CHURCHES TOWARD INDEPENDENCE.

41
Topic 3.1. Independent churches
SO: List the names of the independent churches and their leaders.
Independent churches Leaders
1. (AMEC) African Methodist Episcopal Churches Pastor Hendrik Witbooi.
2. ORUUANO CHURCH Bishop AssariKamborona

Reverend Leonard Ruzo
3. (ELOC) Evangelical Lutheran Ovambo Bishop LeonaldAuala
4. (ELC) Evangelical Lutheran Church formed in Paulus goaseb.

1957
Pastor HK Diehl and Dr Johannes
Lukas De Vries
SO: Explain why independent churches were established?

Mission churches supported apartheid laws- Afrikaner churches, like the Dutch reformed
church, used the bible to justify segregation and apartheid and encouraged black people to
accept white control.
Africans experienced racism in white churches- the independence were set to resist apartheid
and to support the liberation struggle for independence.
Black people were not allowed to be pastors-by starting their own churches; black people
could become leaders in the churches in order to influence their followers.
Possible questions
1. Which one is not an example of independent Churches:

A. Angelical church
B. AMEC
C. AruUano Church
D. Evangelical Lutheran Church.
2. A reason for the rise of independent Churches in Namibia.
A. Black people were allowed to become pastor in mission churches.
B. By starting their own Churches black people could become qualified churches followers.
42
C. By becoming leaders Black people would please white priests.

D. By starting their own churches black people could become Church leaders influence their
followers.
3. Was not the leader of an independent Church in Namibia?
A. Hosea Kutako
B. PetrusJod
C. Collin Winter
D. Leonard Aula.
Structured Questions.
a) In what ways did the formation of the independent churches affect the lives of the
b) Why were the independent churches formed? Explain your answer. (3)
c) How important was the formation of the independent churches towards the liberation
struggle? Explain your answer. (3)
C) How important was the formation of independent churches to the apartheid government?
d) Name and explain two reasons why independent churches were established. (4)
e) Name any two independent churches that were formed. ( 2)

e) List any two leaders of independent churches. (2)
g) What did Namibians think about the independent Churches? Explain your answer. (5)
Topic 3.2 The Church and the liberation and armed struggle.
SO: Explain why churches could not remain silent on the issue of the liberation struggle.
The injustice apartheid laws- Churches noticed of how the SA authority were cruelly treating
black Namibians. Churches worked hard to help Namibian people know their rights.
They realized that oppression was not Christianity- churches started to teach their members
about the Cristian value of justice and equality.
SO: Explain why the church neither support nor condemned the armed struggle.
Bible teachings made many leaders to be pacifist - the churches could not accept the use of arms
and violence as a way to solve problems, they wanted to promote the Cristian values of love and
peace, however, the church understood the reason for armed struggle – because they saw how
SA was using violence against Namibians, they realized that peaceful negotiations were not
working with SA.
Possible question.
43
1. Explain why churches could not remain silent on the issue of the liberation struggle.
A. Churches noticed of how the SA authority was developing the black Namibians.
B. For Churches to help Namibian people know their rights.
C. They realized that black people were not interested in their rights.
D. Churches started to teach about political obedience.
2. Give the reasons why the church neither support nor condemned the armed struggle.
A. They decided condemn the struggle because they believed in brotherhood.
B. They realized that peaceful negotiations were supported working with SA.
C. They realized that resorting to military training would strengthen Christianity.
D. They realized that peaceful negotiations were not working with SA
d) Name and explain any two reasons why the churches supported the armed struggle?(4)
e) Name any two reasons why the church could not remain silent? (2)
f) Write a paragraph and explain the reasons why the church neither supported nor
condemned the armed struggle. (5)
f. Write a paragraph and explain the contribution of the church towards the liberation struggle.
(5)
g. How did the people of Namibia think about the independent Churches? Explain your answer.
(5)
TOPIC 3.3 Evangelical Lutheran Ovambo - Kavango Church (ELOC) referendum.
SO: Define the term “referendum”.

A vote that is held to find out how people feel about a particular issue. In most cases the voter will
be asked whether they are “for” or “against” the policy.
SO: Describe the ELOC referendum
It was a questionnaire that was given to the ELOC church members to see whether the Namibian
people were supporting the SA authority in Namibia or not. The referendum would ask people
what they thought about South African rule. Bishop Leonard Auala was approached for the task,
he accepted the plan and he continued to distribute the questionnaire among his church
members.
SO: Mention the aims of the referendum.
1. To determine the feelings of the Namibian people about SA rule.
2. To let the world know about the feelings of the Namibians against SA.
3. To give Namibian people the opportunity to say whether they were for or against South
African rule.
SO: Explain why the South African Prime Minister John B Voster agreed to the
referendum.
44
John Voster believed that the votes will favour SA - John Voster thought that Bishop Leonard
Auala will influence his church members to get a favourable answer and support his claim to the
court.
SO: Evaluate the outcome of the ELOC referendum.

The outcomes showed that majority of Namibians were against South African rule.
The outcome showed that Namibian people were in favour of the ICJ ruling that SA rule in
Namibia was illegal.
The result was an embarrassment for the SA government; most of the ELOC members rejected
the SA rule and the message was sound and clear that SA rule was no longer needed in the
territory.
Possible questions
Multiple choice Questions
1. What does the term Referendum mean?

A. Is a discussion by the coloniser to decolonise other nations.
B. Is when citizens participate in an election for the first time.
C. Looking for political support beyond ones borders.
D. A vote that is held to find out how people feel about a particular issue.
2. Why did the South Africans agreed to the referendum?
A. They believed that the votes will favour Namibians
B. They believed in themselves
C. They didn’t believed in free and fair election
D. They believed that the SA will occupy SWA.
3. Which group took part in the ELOC referendum?
A. Ovambo people
B. Herero people
C. Nama people
D. Kavango people
4. Which Bishop played a prominent role in the ELOC referendum?
Bishop
A. Bishop peter Angula
B. Bishop Leonard Auala
C. Bishop John Auala
D. Bishop Casper Ndemufayo
a) In what way did the ELOC referendum affect the South African authority? Explain your
answer. (4)
b) Why did SA Prime Minister JB Vorster agree to the ELOC referendum? Explain your
answer. (3)
c) How important was the ELOC referendum to the Namibian people? Explain your answer.
(3)
d) Name and explain any two aims of the Referendum? (4
e) Name any two outcome of the referendum. (2)
45
g) How did the people of Namibia think about the ELOC Referendum? Explain your
answer. (5)
TOPIC 3.4 Open and Pastoral letters.
SO: Give the reasons for the Pastoral and Open letters.
Pastoral Letter
▪ To indicate clearly to all church members that the church understood their suffering under SA
rule
▪ To assure the Namibian that the church will speak out for them.
Open Letter
• To inform the SA government to know the outcome of the referendum

• So that the outcome of the referendum is not kept secrete
• Auala felt that the people who voted had the right to know the outcome of the referendum
• Auala also wanted the world to know that Namibian people did not support South African
rule.
SO: Describe the main criticism of South African rule in the Open letter.
▪ The black population was intimidated and oppressed in their daily lives
▪ People were denied the right of free movement and accommodation within the borders of
their own country.
▪ Namibians did not have freedom of speech.
▪ Only white people had the right to vote
▪ The contract labour system exploited workers and damaged family life.
SO: Explain why the churches confronted the SA Prime Minister (John B Vorster).
The church stressed their commitment to the struggle for independence - they indicated
that they will protest against violence used by the police and soldiers of South African
government.
The church to indicate their stand against the South African rule - churches were tired of
watching their people being abused by the colonial authority
Possible questions

1. Not a reason for the Open Letter

A. To inform the SA government to know the outcome of the referendum
B. So that the outcome of the referendum is not kept secrete
46
C. Auala felt that the people who voted had the right to know the outcome of the referendum
D. Auala wanted to set up a date to write the letter.
2. Which one was the main criticism of South African rule in the Open letter?
A. The black population were provided with quality education.
B. People we given right of free movement in and out of their own country.
C. Namibians did not have freedom of speech.
D. All black Namibians could vote.
3. Give the reasons for the Pastoral letter.
A. To assure the Namibian that the church will provide shelter.
B. To assure the Namibian that the church will speak out for them
C. To assure the Namibian that the church supply them with weapons.
D. To inform the Namibian nation about UN resolutions.
a) In what way did the open letter affect the people in Namibian Churches? Explain your
answer. (4)
b) Why did Namibian churches write a pastoral and open letter? Explain your answer. (3)
c) How important was the Open letter to the Namibian people? Explain your answer.
(3)
d) Name and Explain why the churches confronted the SA Prime Minister J B Vorster?
(4)
e) Name two criticism of South African rule in the open letter? (2)
g). How did the people of Namibia think about the pastoral letter? Explain your
answer. (5)
Topic 3.5 The General Strike and state of emergency, 1972
SO: Lists the reasons for the strike.
1. To end the contract labour system.

2. For the contact workers to have the freedom to choose where they worked.
3. For the workers to have the right to choose what type of work they would do.
4. They wanted better wages
5. They wanted to be permitted to bring their families with them to the urban areas
6. For solutions to the problems contract labour had on life.
7. Workers were influenced by the speech of Bishop Auala.
SO - Describe the extent of the strike and the state of emergency as consequences.
The strike started in December 1971 and ended at the end of January 1972; almost 13000
workers went on the strike and received support from black Namibians; the business closed down
and companies tried to get workers outside country such as Lesotho and South Africa. White
employers and their school going children did most of the important work in their companies as
47
the black workers were on strike.
After the strike the SA government began negotiations with the ovambo government. They began
negotiating about better working conditions, wages went up and workers got a few more rights.
Contract labour was not abolished.
During the state of emergency the following came into effect:
Gathering of more than 5 people were not allowed

Detention without trial was allowed.
Freedom of political organization and expression was not allowed.
No movement from sun set to sun rise.
Possible question
a) In what way did the general strike affect the lives of the contract workers in Namibian people?
b) Why did the contract workers go on a general strike? Explain your answer. (3)
c) How important was the state of emergency to the Namibian people? Explain your answer
(3)
d) Name and explain two positive outcomes of the general strike on the contract workers?
e) Name two laws that were passed during the state of emergency? (2)
h. The following are three reasons why the contract workers went on strike.
• Better wages
• Bringing family along with them
• Freedom to select the places and type of employment.
Which of the following three reasons influenced the workers more to go on strike? Write down
your choice and explain your three reasons. Also explain why the other two are less important as
your choice. (6)
Topic 3.6 Attempts to repress the church
SO - Describe the measures taken by the SA authority against the church leaders
including the destruction of church properties (e.g. Oniipa, omuulukila, Oshandi and other)
The SA government expelled Anglican BishopColin Winter and Richard Wood for supporting
the strike; church leaders and missionaries were often arrested expelled and detained for
activities that were seen as being in support of SWAPO.
More church leaders and missionaries were closely watched and their movement inside the
country was restricted.
Churches leaders were refused visas to enter or leave the country.
Several churches were destroyed e.g. press at Oniipa was destroyed by the south African
government in 1973; buildings and equipment’s worth about R600 000, and church equipment’s
48
were destroyed. As well as school books and bibles.

Roman Catholic Church at Omuulukila was blown up on 17 September 1987. It was a Sunday
evening and nobody was in the church, so nobody was injured. The SADF accused SWAPO of
the blast but SWAPO denied this.
The Anglican churches at Oshandi were also destroyed by bomb blast.
Possible questions.
1. Which church printing press was damaged at Oniipa?

A. Catholic printing
B. ELOC printing
C. Methodist printing
D. Omuulukila
2. Who was the Anglican bishop who was expelled from Namibia by South African authorities
in 1972?
A. Bishop Colin Winter and Richard Wood
B. Bishop J Aualaand Bishop Colin Winter
C. Bishop Colin Winter and bishop J Haingura
D. Bishop Anton Livingstone and Richard Wood
3. At which place was the Roman Catholic Church destroyed in 1987?
A. Oshivelo
B. Oniipa
C. windheok
D. Omuulukila
a) How did the measures taken by the South African colonial government against the churches
effect Namibians? Explain your answer. (4)
b) Why did the SA government decided to take such measures against the church? (3)
c) How important were these reaction to the South African colonial authorities? Explain your
answer. (3)
d) Name and explain any two churches that were destroyed in an attempt to repress the church?
(4)
e) Name any two places where Anglican churches were destroyed by bomb blasts. (2)
f) Write a paragraph and explain on the way South African authorities tried to limit the work of
the churches. (5)
h). The following are three churches that suffered repression from SA authorities in Namibia.
• Roman Catholic Church

49
• Evangelical Lutheran Okavango Ovambo Church (ELOC

• Oruuano
Which of the following three churches suffered the most? Write your choice and explain your
three reasons and also explain why the others suffered less repression. (6)
Topic 3.7 The Ecumenical Christian Centre (ECC)
SO. Give reasons why the Ecumenical Christian Centre (ECC) was establishment.
1. To bring the different churches close together.

2. To strengthen the resistance against apartheid.
3. To serve as a place where people can meet and discuss about the struggle for
independence.
4. To oppose against the death penalties and unfairness of the SA rule.
Possible questions.
Structured Questions
a) In what ways did the formation of the ECC affect the lives of the Namibian people? Explain
your answer. (4)
b) Why was ECC formed? Explain your answer. (3)
c) How important was the formation of ECC to different churches in Namibia? Explain your
answer. (3)
e. Give two reasons why the Ecumenical Christian Centre (ECC) was establishment.
(2)
e. name any two churches that were members of CNN? (2)
Topic 3.8 The Council of Churches in Namibia

SO: Give reasons why the CCN was established.
▪ For the churches to unite in order to be taken serious by the apartheid government.
▪ To help people with legal services and run educational and social projects.
▪ To speak one voice and have the collective power to be heard.
▪ To stand against the SA injustices.
▪ To represent the black churches in Namibia
SO - Lists the member churches of CCN in Namibia.
1. AMEC
2. ELC
3. Anglican church
4. ELOC
5. Roman Catholic Church.
50
SO - Give reasons for the exclusion of some churches from CCN.
1. Some believed that CCN was too much concerned with politics.
2. Because some churches were supporting the apartheid policy in Namibia.
Possible questions
Part A
Multiple choice Questions.
1. Which church did not join the CCN?

A. ELC
B. The Dutch Reformed Church
C. ELOC
D. Roman Catholic Church. Why was the CCN established?
2. Why was the CCN established

A. To help South Africa administer SWA.
B. To speak in meetings and agree on strikes.
C. To stand together against the SA injustices.
D. To fight in the liberation war.
a) What was the effect of the formation of the C CN Namibian people’s lives? Explain your
answer. (4)
b) Why ECC established / formed? Explain your answer. (3)
c) How important was the exclusion of certain churches from CCN? Explain your answer.
(3)
d) .
e) Give two reasons why some churches were not members of the CCN. (4)
e. Name two churches which were members of the CCN. ( 2)
Topic 3.9 the /Ai-Gams// Declaration.
SO - Describe the /Ai-//Gams declaration

The /Ai-//Gams declaration was organized by the CCN in 1986 in Windhoek. In the joint meeting
an agreed resolution was signed by different Namibian churches and political parties. The
members in the meeting discussed different ideas like, criticism of SA for not accepting resolution
435; they were against TGNU because Namibian people did not vote for it as well as condemning
all oppressive laws in Namibia.
Possible questions
51
a) In what ways did the formation of the /Ai-// Gams Conference affect the lives of the
b) Why did CCN organise the/ Ai//Gams Declaration in April 1986? Explain your answer. (3)
c) How successful was the /Ai-// Gams Conference? Explain your answer. (3)
d) .
e) Name two decisions made at the /Ai-// Gams Conference. (2)
f) Write a paragraph and describe the Ai-Gams Declaration. (5)
g) How do you think Namibian people felt about the /Ai/Gams conference? Explain your
answer. (5)
THEME 4: NAMIBIA BECOMES A REPUBLIC.
Topic 4.1 United Nations Resolution 435
SO - Explain the purpose of the resolution 435.

To set the condition of Namibia’s transfer from SA rule to independence - resolution 435
made the following conditions: set a ceasefire binding to both SWAPO and SA forces in their
bases. The release of all Namibian political prisoners, the return of all the refugees. Free and fair
election under the supervision and control of the UN. There have to be fewer SA soldier in
Namibia.
SO - Describe the agreements in 1988 between the South Africa, Angola and Cuba.
In august 1988 South Africa, Angola and Cuba signed the agreement at Ruacana and agreed to
withdraw its troops by the 1st of September 1989.
On 13th Dec 1988 South Africa, Angola and Cuba met in Brazzaville in Congo and signed the
Brazzaville protocol and agreed that the 1st April 1989 will be the start for the transitional period of
the Namibian people.
It was agreed that UN supervised election will take place in Namibia by 1 November 1989.
On 22 December they approved resolution 435 in New York (USA).The UN assistant secretary of
state for African affairs, Chester Crocker, succeeded at getting Angola, Cuba and SWAPO to the
withdrawal of the Cuban forces.
SO - Give the reasons why it took longer before the resolution 435 was implemented.
1. The inclusion of Walvisbay in an independent Namibia.
2. The date set for the election and independence.
3. The recognition of SWAPO as the majority party by the UNO.
4. The size of the UN task force.
5. The authority of the SA administrator general.
6. The Cuban troops in Angola
7. The UN not monitoring SWAPO bases in Angola and Zambia
52
Possible questions
Possible questions
Multiple Choice Questions.
1. What was the agreement between Cuba, Angola and South Africa?
A. To increased their forces 19 of September 1990.
B. To withdraw its troops by the 1st of September 1989.
C. To engage in civil war up to independence.
D. To engage in further discussions by the year 2020.
2. Which force in Angola caused the South African government to delay Namibia’s
Independence for Ten years?
A. Freedom fighter
B. ANC troops
C. Cuban troops
D. PLAN fighter
3. Who succeeded at getting Angola, Cuba and SWAPO to the withdrawal of the Cuban forces?
A. Chester Crocker
B. Nelson Mandela
C. Susan Crocker
D. Chester Olivier
Part B
a) In what ways did the passing of the Resolution 435 affect the lives of the Namibian
b) Why was the Resolution 435 passed in 1978? (3)
c) How important was the Resolution 435 in the history of Namibia. Explain your answer.
(3)
d) Name and explain any two purpose of the Resolution 435. (4)
e) Name any two reasons that caused the delay in the implementation of the Resolution 435.
(2)
f) Write a paragraph on the 1988 agreement between South Africa, Cuba and Angola. (5)
g) How did the Namibian people think about the Resolution 435? Explain your answer.
(5)
h) Here are three reasons why it took longer before the Resolution 435 was implemented.
• The size of the UN task force
• The inclusion of Walvis Bay in an independent Namibia.
• The UN recognition of SWAPO as the sole and representative of the Namibian
people.
53
Which reasons from above caused more delay? Choose one and give three reasons for your
choice and explain why the other two are less important. (6)
TOPIC 4.2 The United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG)
SO - Define the term UNTAG.

The United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) was the name given to the UN group
that would supervise elections in Namibia.
SO - Name the leading personalities who were in charge of UNTAG operations in Namibia.
1. MarttiAhtisaari
2. Legwaila Joseph Legwaila
3. Lieutenant general DewanPrem
SO - Describe the purpose of UNTAG.
1. To supervised the repatriation of refugees.
2. To supervise the registration process of the voters.
3. To monitor the withdrawal of the SA and Cuban troops from Namibia and Angola respectively.
4. To supervise the 1989 general election and to manage the independence process in Namibia.
Possible questions
Part B
a) What was the effect of UNTAG troops on the lives of Namibians. Explain your answer.
(4)
b) Why did UN send the UNTAG force to Namibia? Explain your answer.(3)
c) How important was the presence of UNTAG forces during the 1989 election? Explain your
answer. (3)
d) .
e) Name any two leading personalities of UNTAG in Namibia. (2))
f) .
g) How did the South African people think about the presence of the UNTAG forces in
Namibia? Explain your answer. (5)
4.3 REPATRIATION OF PEOPLE FROM EXILE AND POLITICAL PRISONERS
SO - Defining of the terms: Exiles, Repatriation, and political prisoner.
54
Exiles: are people who were forced to leave the country
Repatriation: is a returning of all the refugees and political prisoners to their country of his birth.
Political prisoner: is someone who is put in jail for opposing a government or a political group.
SO - Give the most important reasons for the repatriation of exiles and the release of the
political prisoners.
Repatriation was part of the resolution 435.
To take part in the election.
To help rebuild the country.
To live among their family and friends after years of civil war.
Possible questions
Multiple choice questions.)
1. Define the term political prisoners

A. Is someone who is put in jail for opposing a government or a political group
B. Are people who were brought in a country by a foreign government
C. Is someone who was jailed without trail due to crossing the border
D. Is a person who was part of an election
2. What does the word Repatriation mean?
A. are people who were forced to leave the country
B. Is a returning of all the refugees and political prisoners to their country of his birth?
C. Is a returning of all the ex- combatants to their country of origin?
D. Is gathering of soldiers during the state of emergencies?
a) How did the repatriation of exiles affect the lives of the Namibian people? Explain your
answer. (4)
b) Why were exiles repatriated back to Namibia? Explain your answer? (3)
c) How important was the repatriation of exiles to the Namibian election. Explain your answer.
(3)
d) .
e) Write a paragraph on the reasons for the release of political prisoners. (5)
TOPIC 4.4 ELECTION PROCESS
SO - Explain what is meant by the following: Voter, voting, Elections and International
supervision.
Voter: is a person who takes part in an election by choosing a political party or leader that they
55
want.
Voting: is a process where all voters of a country go to vote for the political party or leader of
their choice.
Elections: is a process whereby leaders are chosen by the people.
International supervision: Is when an election process is being supervised by people from

outside to avoid violence and intimidation.
SO - Describe the process of informing the voters:

• UNTAG set up the registration points all over the country.
• Many had no identity cards but were all registered through their representatives.
• A ten – week campaign was taken through the radio, TVs and in the newspapers to inform
the voters about the election process.
• People were taught how to register.
• People were made aware of their rights to vote without any intimidation.
Possible questions
Part B
a) How did International supervision affect the elections in Namibia? Explain your answer.(4)
b) Why did UNTAG start a ten days campaign before the elections? Explain your answer.
c) How important was the voting process to the Namibian people? Explain your answer. (3)
(d) Name and explain two important aspects which UNTAG informed voters (4)
4.5 THE ELECTION of 1989
Name the parties and number of seats they have won in the constituent assembly.
Political parties Number of % of votes Number of seats (72)
Votes
South West Africa People’s 384 567 57.33% 41 Seats
Organisation
(SWAPO)
Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) 191532 28.55% 21 Seats

United Democratic Front (UDF) 37874 5.65% 04 Seats
Action Christian Nationaal (ACN) 23728 3.53% 03 Seats
National Patriotic Front (NPF) 10693 1.59% 01 Seat
56
Federal Convention of Namibia (FCN) 10452 1.56% 01 Seat
Namibia National Front (NNF) 5344 0.80% 01 Seat

SWAPO Democrats (SWAPO-D) 3161 0.99% 0 Seats
Christian Democratic Action for 2495 0.99% 0 Seats

Social Justice (CDA)
Namibia National Democratic Party 984 0.99% 0 Seats
(NNDP)
Activities
Part A
(Short answer Questions.)
Which political party did not take part in the 1989 elections?
Which political party obtained the most seats in the election of 1989?
Which body wrote the constitution of Namibia?
What was the aim of the 1989 election?
Part B
e). Name two political parties that won the majority seats in the constituent Assembly in the
election of 1989. (2)
G) How did people of Namibia feel about the Election results of 1989? (5)
4.6 The Constitution
SO - Describe the main features of the Namibian constitution, e.g. executive, legislative,
judicial and regional and local authority.
The constitution is a document that outlines how a country should be governed. The constitution
of Namibia provided three branches of government such as the following:
The Executive branch.

It’s the body that carries out the plans of the government according to the acts passed by the
parliament. It is being headed by the president and the cabinet ministers. President and the
cabinet ministers make up the Executive branch of the Central government.
The Legislative branch.

The Legislative branch, which is also called the parliament, is the body that makes or changes
the laws of the country. The parliament consist of two houses namely: National assembly with 96
members and National council with 42 members elected from 14 regions of Namibia. Every
region has three representatives in the National council.
The Judiciary branch.

The Judiciary branch is the body that interprets the laws. It consists of the Judges and Courts.
The court consists of three levels namely: the Supreme court, the High court and the lower court.
The judiciary ensures that justice is maintained in Namibia.
57
The judges listen to cases in courts, interpret laws and apply them. They give punishments to
citizens who break the laws of the country.
Regional and Local authority.
Regional and local authority council are smaller elected bodies in Namibia’s regions, towns and
villages to ensure that the needs of the people in regions, towns and villages are taken into
considerations when laws are made.
Regional council.
Every region elects its own regional council consisting of 6 to 10 members. The chairperson of
the regional council is the regional governor, the council plans development in its own region.
Local authority.
Every town or a village in a region has its own local authority or municipality. The municipality is
responsible with supplying basic services such as water, electricity, sewerage, refuse collection,
cemetery, transport, housing, maintaining streets and public areas.
Possible questions
1. How is the document that outlines how a country should be governed called?
A. Tribal document
B. Birth certificate
C. Special permit
D. A constitution
2. Not one of the three branches ofNamibia’s constitution provided by our government.
A. .
B. The Judiciary branch.
C. The supervisory branch
3. Name is the body that interprets the laws.
A. The Executive branch.
B. The Legislative branch
C. The Judiciary branch.
D. A constitution
4. How is the body that makes or changes the laws of the country called?
A. The Legislative branch
B. Executive branch
C. Regional council.
D. Local authority.
5. The parliament consist of two houses namely:
A. National assembly and National council
B. International assembly and national council
C. National council and regional council
D. General house and chamber of judges
58
a) How the regional and local authority does affect the life of the Namibian people? Explain your
answer.(4)
b) Why was the constitutional drawn up right after the election? Explain your answer. (3)
c) How important is the judiciary branch to the Namibia people? Explain your answer. (3)
d) Name and explain two feature of the Namibian constitution. (4)
e) Nam any two levels of Namibian courts? (2
h. The following are the three main branches of the Namibian government:
• Legislative
• Executive
• Judiciary
Which one of these branches is the most important? Give your three reasons and explain why the
other two are less important than your choice. (6)
4.7 The post – colonial era
SO - Define the term ‘democracy”

• Democracy means a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people.
• It is a political system for choosing the government through regular free and fair elections
SO - List the names of Namibian presidents since independence.

1. President Sam Nuuyoma, the founding president of Namibia since 1990-2005, being sworn in
at the independence celebrations
2. President Hifikepunye Pohamba, second president of Namibia, 2005 -2015
3. President Hage Geingob, third president of Namibia, 2015 up to date.
SO - Discuss how democracy is preserved in Namibia
• The first guardian of democracy in Namibia is the Constitution.
• These supreme laws of the land guarantee our rights and protect all citizens and residents.
• When people believe their rights have been violated, they have the right to take legal action.
• All laws that are passed in Namibia must meet the requirements of the Constitution.
• The citizens’ rights are protected by an independent ombudsman
• The policy of National Reconciliation strives to put the past behind us and build a better
future.
• Regular elections are held were voters freely cast their choices.
• By allowing all citizens to register as voters when they are at least 18 years old.
• Freedom of the press is the civic duty of a free press to report any actions or statements that
threaten democracy.
Possible questions
a) How is the preserving of democracy affecting the lives of the Namibian people today?
Explain your answer. (4).
59
b) Why does the Namibian government preserve the country’s democracy? Explain your
answer. (3)
c) How important is democracy in Namibia today? Explain your answer. (3)
d)
e) Name any two Namibian presidents since independence. (2)
Human rights
SO: Discuss how the constitution protect human rights
The constitution of Namibia indicates that human dignity and rights belong to all people and that
everyone is equal before the law.
Therefore, the constitution protects human rights as follows:
▪ Protection of life: no death penalty in Namibia.

▪ Protection of liberty: no person will be put in prison without being found guilty.
▪ Respect to human dignity: no one will be abused by the other.
▪ Right to equality and freedom from discrimination: no person will be discriminated; we are
all equal by law.
▪ Right to family: men and women of full age have right to make a family.
▪ Right to fair trial: every person has a right to be heard in a court of law.
▪ Right to education: every child up to the age 16 years has a right to attend school and right
to free and compulsory primary education.
▪ Right to property: everyone has the right to own and inherit property.
1. The human rights in Namibia are protected by the ………
B. Legislative.
C. The president.
D. Constitution.
E. Defense and security.
Structured question
60
a) How does the protection of human tights affect the Namibian people? Explain your answer.(3)
b) Why is the constitution protecting human rights? Explain your answer. (3)
c) How important is it for the constitution to protect human rights? Explain your answer. (3)
d) Name and explain any two human rights that the constitution protects. (4)
h) The following are three fundamental human rights.

• Protection of life.
• The right to a fair trial.
• The right to family.
Which rights from the list above is more important in the Namibian constitution. Choose and write
three reasons and explain why the other two are less important. (6)
5.2 Position of women
SO: Describe the position of women on the basis of: - their position in family - their
position in the society
Married women did not have the same rights over children as their husbands; customary law in
our communities gave men more rights than women. Education of girls was often considered less
important than that of boys; women were expelled from taking part in certain occupation.
Salaries of women on the same position were less than those of males.
1. The equal treatment of men and women is known as

A. Gender equality.
B. Gender inequality.
C. Gender quality
D. Gender mainstreaming
2. When men and women are treated equal is known as
A. Gender mainstreaming.
B. Sex discrimination.
C. Gender equality.
D. Gender inequality.
g. How did the women in Namibia think about their position in the family and society before
61
independence? Explain your answer. (5)
5.3 International conferences on women’s rights
SO: compare the decisions taken at international conferences on women’s rights with the
position of women today with special references to:
- Mexico Conference (1975)
- Copenhagen Conference (1980)
- Nairobi Conference (1985)
- Beijing Conference (1995)
Decisions taken at Mexico conference, Mexico City (1975)
Family
• Men and women should have the same rights in marriage

• Legal discrimination against single mothers should end
• Housing and neighborhood conditions should be improved to meet the needs of families
• Nutrition and health care services particularly should be improved
• All communities should have clean water and sanitation
Education
• Women and men shlud receive equal opportunities and access to education
Employment
• Men and women should receive equal pay for equal work
• Women should have equal access to training and job skills
• More women should be promoted into management positions
• Employers should provide for maternity leave and public child care service
Politics
• Increase women’s participation in politics and government by equal representation
Describe the other international conferences on women’s rights.
Copenhagen Conference, Denmark. 1980.

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• Men and women should have equal access to education.

• Men and women should have equal employment opportunities.
• Women’s rights to child custody an inheritance should be protected.
• Women’s rights to ownership and control of property should improve.
Nairobi Conference, Kenya. 1985.
• Acknowledged that aims set by previous conferences were not met, although significant
progress had been made
• Searched for ways to end violence against women
• Encouraged governments to implement laws to end a discrimination against women.
Beijing Conference (1995)
• The position of women in the world had not improved enough, even 20 years after the first
conference.
• Women are still under-represented in all administrative structures.
• Poverty had increased almost everywhere
• Participation of women in decision-making still had to improve
Possible questions
1. The 1995 Beijing conference found that …….

A. Women were still under-represented in all administrative structure.
B. Poverty has taken more lives among women in Africa.
C. Most of women had joined the army in most countries.
D. Status of married women has become a world cry.
Structured question
a) In what ways did the international conference on women affect the lives of women today?
b) Why were the conferences on women established? (3)
c) How important were these conferences to the women in the history of Namibia? Explain your
answer. (3)
63
f) Write a paragraph and explain what the Namibian government did to overcome the
discrimination against women. (5)
AFRICAN HISTORY:
THEME1: THE STRUGGLE FOR POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE AND DEMOCRACY.
6.1 African Nationalism
SO - Define the term’ African Nationalism!
• It was the desire of the African leaders to form independent states that were free from any
forms of colonialism.
• Describes the feelings of love and loyalty by Africans towards their own countries (continent)
and people and the desire to govern themselves.
SO - Describe the factors that contributed towards the rise of African Nationalism
Factor Explanation
World War I African fought alongside European soldiers. They were treated as the equals of
white soldiers and were inspired by seeing how people were willing to die for their
countries.
Britain and These countries had many colonies in Africa. They were exhausted after the two
France world wars and did not have the energy or money to spend on resistance war in
their colonies.
Foundation of The UN was formed after World War II. It specified that any nation had the right to
the UNO become independent if it wished to do so.
Education African leaders who studied abroad started nationalist movements in their countries
to fight for independence.
Urbanization More and more African Africans moved to cities to search for work. Here they met
with fellow countrymen who shared the same hardships and feelings about self-
determination.
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Pan-Africanism Various Pan-African conferences were held. After the sixth PanAfrican Congress in
1945, the movement for self-government gained momentum.
1. How the desire of African people to form an independent and united state free from any
colonial control known
A. Nationalism
B. African nationalism
C. Pan- Africanism
D. African – socialism.
2. The following is one of the factors that contributed towards African nationalism
A. OAU
B. Independence
C. Education
D. Love and loyalty
3. After which world war did Nationalism gain in strength

A. World War
B. World War
C. World War 11
D. War of national resistance.
a) In what ways did the Foundation of the UNO affect the life of African people. Explain your
answer.(4)
b) Why was urbanisation vital as a factor that contributed to the rise of nationalism in Africa?
Explain your answer.
c) How import was education to the rise of nationalism in Africa? Explain your answer.
d) Name and explain any two factors that contributed to the rise of African Nationalism.
e) name two features of African Nationalism.(2)
f) .
g) .How did the African people feel about the involvement of the African soldiers in the WWII?
h). the following are three factors that contributed to the rise of African Nationalism.
• Education
• Involvement of African soldiers in the Second World War
• The formation of the United Nations Organizations
Which one of these factors do you think is the most important? Write down your choice and give
three reasons for your choice. Also explain why the other two are less important. (6)
6.2 Pan-Africanism
SO - Define the Term “Pan-Africanism”

65
Pan-Africanism is a belief that all people of African descent belong to one large family.
SO - Describe the origin, aims and development of Pan-Africanism.
Origin of Pan-Africanism.
It originated in the 20th century among the black communities of North America and West Indies;
all these people were the descended of African people who taken into slavery. They felt
humiliated, inferior and discriminated after the end of slavery; they all believed that they will only
be free once they return back to Africa.
The aims of Pan-Africanism.
• To strengthen the bond between Africans origin all over the world.
• To unite all Africans in defence against their common interests and racism.
• To promote the cultural heritage of people of African origin.
• To Create a spirit of unity among Africans
• To draw the attention of the world on the discrimination against Africans in the USA.
• Encourage blacks people to fight for their rights
• Help black people all over the world to gain self-determination.
The development of Pan-Africanism.
Pan-Africanism held different conferences from 1900 to 1945 in Europe. Most participants were
from West Indies, USA and few from Africa. The aim of the meeting was to search for equality
and freedom. This desire for equality and freedom grew into desire for autonomy and nationalism.
Leaders who attended the sixth Pan-African congress are Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Leopold
Seghor of Senegal and Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya.
SO - Discuss the role of major figures within the Pan-Africanism movement.
William Burghardt Du Bois.
Du Bois was born in the USA in 1868. He was a student of African history and fought for the
rights of all African people. He founded the National Association for the Advanced of colored
people that fought for the rights of blacks and end of segregation in USA.
Marcus Moziah Garvey.
Garvey was born in 1887, in Jamaica. In 1914 he founded UNIA with his slogan Africa for
Africans, and he demanded the total liberation of African people from colonialism. His work ended
after he was arrested for fraud and later was sent back to Jamaica.
The following major African figures are also considered important in Pan-Africanism; Jomo
Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah, Leopold Seghor, Haile Sellaise, Sir Abbubakar, TalawaBalewa and
SekouToure et
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Possible questions.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Where did Pan-Africanism originate?

B. Britain and Portugal
C. South America and Kenya
D. Namibia and south Sudan
E. North America and Caribbean.
2. Who of the following was a leading figure of the Pan African movements?
A. Jomo Kenyatta
B. JuliasNyerere
C. Kwame Nkrumah
D. Marcus Garvey
3. One aim of Pan Africanism is:
A. To establish colonialism in Africa

B. To unite African all over the world
C. To fight liberalism
D. To abolish slavery
4. Where did Pan Africanism originated?
A. Africa
B. Ghana
C. Britain
D. North America
a) In what ways did the start of Pan-Africanism affect the lives of the African people? Explain
your answer. (4)
b) Why was Pan-Africanism formed? Explain your answer. (3)

c) How important was the development of Pan-Africanism in the history of the African people?
d) Name any two aims of Pan-Africanism. (2)
e) Write a paragraph about the development of Pan-Africanism. (5)
h) The following are major figures of Pan-Africanism.
▪ William Burkhart Du Bois
▪ Marcus Moziah Garvey
▪ Kwame Nkrumah
Which of the three leaders above played a prominent role in the spread of Pan –Africanism?
67
Choose and write your three reasons and explain why the other two are less important as your
choice. (6)
Topic: 6.3 The search for African Unity
SO - Describe how Kwame Nkrumah contributed to pro-African unity.
• Kwame was the first president of Ghana.

• He believed in total independence of Africa.
• In 1958, he organized the Pan-African conference of 8 independent countries in Accra, where
he persuaded African leaders to work out the chance of having common, political, economic
and social policies in Africa.
• He organized the other meeting in December 1958, where he formed AAPO that was made to
achieve the independence of Africa and setting up a commonwealth of free African states.
• He believed in the United States of Africa, a vision of a single government for the whole
African countries.
SO - Describe the events that led to the establishment of OAU.
African leaders did not agree at how the African unity as perceived by Kwame Nkrumah.
Congo’s independence showed that newly independence states needed help, support and away
of settling conflicts without western countries interferences.
By 1961 the African indecent states differed in the opinion about African unity thus two groups
emerged namely:
Casablanca group under the leadership of Kwame-Nkrumah believed in using force to achieve
single political union for Africa and they wanted the unification to happen fast.
Monrovia group hoped to achieve the political union of Africa through economic cooperation,
they were against political unity. Leaders of independent countries met in 1963 in Addis Ababa to
discuss problems faced by Africa.
Haile Selassie, the leader of Ethiopia invited the two groups at the meeting in 1963 and all agreed
to form OAU.
SO - List the main aims of the OAU.
• To eliminate colonialism from Africa.

• To settle disputes between member states.
• To support and defend the independence of member states.
• To promote unity, solidarity and mutual assistance from African states.
Structure of the OAU.
68
Structure Composition Functions
1. General assembly All heads of states of Passing resolutions,

46-member countries each with one vote.
Meet once a year
Two third majority needed in a

vote to pass a resolution
2. Council of ministers All ministers of To carry duties of the OAU,

foreign affairs of meet twice.
member countries
Meet twice a year.
Submit matter to discuss to the

assembly.
3. Secretariat Secretary General of Administration of the OAU, draft

the OAU budgets.
Headquarters in Addis
AbabaEthiopia.
4. Committee for mediation, 21nations, elected for To settle and monitor disputes,
conciliation and arbitration 5 years by the and prevent violence.
general
Assembly
5. Specialized committee All member states Look after defense, social,

education and health
6. African liberation committee Member countries Coordinate the programs of the

liberation movements/armies.
Member countries agree to
allow the training of fighters in
their countries.
SO - Indicate in a table the success and failures of the OAU.

Aims Success Failures
To achieve unity African nations stood together to Failed to achieve unity in

ensure that UN sort out problems of Africa
Africa
69
To get rid of colonialism OAU supported groups that fought It was still difficult to remain
against colonialism totally independent from
former colonizer.
Raising standard living of OAU and UN solved the problem of Did not solve the economic
Africans problems and poverty
refugees in Africa
It set up African development bank Did not stop wars in Africa,

more money used to pay
wars and less paid on
improving lives
To ensure all human are OAU tried to prevent human abuses OAU did not stop the human
respected in Africa rights abuse in Africa i.e. in
Uganda under Idi Amin, took
non-interference policy
Settling disputes Settled disputes between Somalia Unable to stop many wars in
and Ethiopia
Africa i.e. Nigerian civil war,
Angola and DRC
Possible questions.
Multiple choices
1. Which one of the following was the aim of OAU?
A. To prevent the war in the world.

B. To promote unity, solidarity and mutual assistance between member states
C. To support colonialism
D. To defend slavery
2. Which African country became independent first?
A. Tanzania
B. Ghana
C. Kenya
D. South Africa
3. When was OAU established?
A. 22 May 1965
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B. 23 May 1960
C. 22 May 1963
D. 28 June 1963
4. Who came up with the idea of ‘United State of Africa

A. Kwame Nkrumah
B. Marcus Garvey
C. Trump Endrew
D. Leopold S
a) In what ways did the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) affect the lives of
the African people? Explain your answer. (4)
b) Why was the OAU formed? (3)

c) How successful was the structure of the OAU in Africa? Explain your answer. (3)
d) Name and explain two reasons why Britain decided to grant independence to its colonies. (4)
e) Lists two failures of the OAU? (2)
e) List any two success/achievements of the OAU. (2)
e) List any two structures of the OAU. (2)

f) Write a paragraph about the contribution of Kwame Nkrumah towards African unity and
independence. (5)
g) What did the African leaders think about Kwame Nkrumah’s dream of the United States of
Africa? Explain your answer. (5)
h) Here are three reasons that led to the failure of the OAU.
▪ The OAU had no army to enforce its decision and resolutions.
▪ OAU failed as a unifying force to live to the hopes of its founders.
▪ OAU has been incapable of preventing or ending any of the battle in Africa.
Which of the reasons above contributed to the failure of the OAU? Choose and write your three
reasons and explain why the other two are less important as your choice. (6)
6.4 DEMOCRATISATION IN AFRICA
SO -Describe the origin and main features of apartheid.

The origin of apartheid.
Apartheid started in South Africa 1948, when NP came to power. The apartheid policy was based
on racism and built on the idea that white people were superior to blacks. It was made to
separate blacks into racial group. The leader of NP D.F. Malan was hailed as the father of
apartheid.
The main features of apartheid.
71
▪ Different races were not allowed to have sexual relationship
▪ White people had separate facilities to everybody else.
▪ Public services such as transport, and public places such as cinemas, were racially
segregated.
▪ Only white people could vote for government
▪ Creation of homelands
▪ Apartheid Acts that were passed in the SA parliament, such as;

The Acts Year Purpose
Prohibition of mixed marriage Act 1949 It made illegal for whites to marry Asian or
coloreds.
Immorality Act 1950 It made the sexual contact between blacks
and non-whites.
Population Registration Act 1950 It classified every individual according to
race.
Group Area Act 1950 It kept a separate area for each race
Prevention of illegal squatter Act 1950 It was made to remove blacks to emergency
camps.
Native abolition of passes Act 1952 It introduced passbooks that were carried by
blacks at all times.
Bantu Education Act 1953 It was a law that allocated funds, schools
and materials for each race.
E.g. the schools for blacks were given less money than for whites, it also specified which race
should learn to what type of the school. White children were sent to better schools than blacks.
Blacks used bantu education syllabuses that were different from whites.
SO - Distinguish between the military rule and civilian rule?

Military rule While Civilian rule;
Is when the country is under the control of Is a country which is under the control of the
the armed forces. This happens when the ordinary citizen and the president, is elected
members of the Defense force capture the by the people to become the head of state
country. the country.
Explain what is “dictatorship”

72
Dictatorship is a form of government where the ruler (president) has absolute powers. The ruler is
known as a dictator, he rules through fear and intimidation. There’s no democracy in dictatorship,
the person or group in power doesn’t obey the constitution of the laws. Dictators are usually
corrupt. They normally raise to power through a military coup d’etat. Anyone who doesn’t obey is
silenced, by being put into jail or executed.
SO - Lists the example of dictators in Africa .
1. Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe 1980-
2. Mobutu Seseseko of Congo, [DRC] 1965-1997
3. Julius Nyerere of Tanzania 1965-1985
4. Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana 1957-
5. Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya 1963-1978
6. Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia 1964-1994
7. Idi-Amin of Uganda, he was a worst ever leader in Africa, he was a despot leader.1971-
1979
8. Muammar Gaddafi of Libya.1969-2012.
9. Hastings kamuzu Banda of Malawi. 1963-1994
10. Omar Al Bashir of South Sudan
11. Laurent Kabila of DRC. 1997-2002
12. Jean Bendellof Central African Republic
SO - Describe the measures to promote democratizations in Africa, with reference to
Namibian examples.
In Africa the fall of communism put more pressure on African countries to become democratic.
Many countries in Africa became multiparty democracy. In Namibia the measures were;
international pressure from the UN e.g. sanctions and resolution 435, negotiations between
SWAPO, South Africa, Cuba, and Angola which allowed the end of war. Namibia’s democracy is
protected by the constitution.
Possible questions
Multiple choice Questions.

Who was the African leader who ruled as a dictator in Congo (DRC)?
A. Idi Amin
B. Milton Obote
C. Mobutu SeseSeko.
D. Bokassa
1. What is the only basis for democracy
A. Single –party system
B. Military rule
C. Multiparty system
D. dictators
2. not examples of Dictators in Africa
A. Mobutu Seseseko
B. Nelson Mandela
C. Muammar Gaddafi
D. Laurent Kabila
73
a) In what ways did apartheid policy affect the lives of the black people in South Africa?
b) Why was the apartheid policy formed in South Africa? (3)
c) How important was the policy of apartheid in history of South African people? Explain
your answer. (3)
d) Name and explain any two laws that were passed through the apartheid policy. (4)
e) Name any two forms of government in Africa. (4)
f) Write a paragraph and describe the measure to promote democratization in Africa with
reference to Namibia
g) How did the black people in South Africa feel about the apartheid policy? Explain your
answer
g. How did the African people think about the OAU? Explain your answer. (5)
h. The following are three forms of governments that have been applied in Africa after
independence.
• Nepotism.
• Civilian rule.
• Military rule.
7.1: Economic System in Africa
SO - Define various economic systems.
▪ Capitalism: it is an economic system in which the means of production such as land,

capital (money) and industries are owned privately (by the ordinary people) and not by the
government.
▪ Socialism: it is an economic system in which the means of production such as land,
capital (money) and industries are owned by the state (government) and not by the
ordinary people.
▪ Mixed Economy: it is an economic system in which both the state and individuals can
own industries or land; it contains the elements of capitalism and socialism.
So - Discuss the Harambee concept of economic development in Kenya.
Harambee was a Capitalist economic policy that was used by the president of Kenya, Jomo
Kenyatta. Harambee was a call to dedication, hard work and unity among the Kenyan people.
President Kenyatta called for political stability and working together in harmony if the country was
to attract the foreign investments. He did not want to lose the experience and knowledge of the
whites and that is why he encouraged people to work together to make Kenya a developed
nation.
Achievements of Harambee Failures of Harambee

1. Blacks were resettled on land previously The gap between the rich and poor widened
owned by whites.
74
2. Urban cities grew rapidly Many blacks became poor and the land became
dry, and people moved to cities and overcrowded
the cities.
3. The economy developed and tourism As the economy begun to collapse many
expanded as tourists visited the country. investors left Kenya and unemployment
increased
Hospitals and schools stopped function as Kenya
lacked funds to pay staffs.
4. Foreign investors opened business in
Kenya.
The markets became saturated and people were

unable to sell their food and people became poor
5. The production of coffee and tea and poverty increased.
created jobs.
6. Communities chose to work on projects Local politicians became involved in running the
that brought economic and social projects but only for their own use.
benefits such as health, building
schools, health centres and water
projects.
SO - Discuss the Ujamaa concept of Socialistic economic development in Tanzania.
Ujamaa was a Socialistic economic policy introduced by Julius Nyerere the founding president of
Tanzania. Ujamaa meant family hood and togetherness. He believed that he could achieve his
aim when there is cooperation, harmony and unity among the tribes. President Nyerere joined
small and isolated villages into larger and more effective villages, that he called Ujamaa villages.
The government provided water, roads, clinics and educations to the villages. Experts were
employed to advice the villages on technology and agriculture. His aim was to achieve the
agricultural independence in Tanzania. As part of national planning, the government took over the
banks, large factories and business (nationalization of private property).
The achievements of Ujamaa The failures of Ujamaa
Education expanded and literacy rate The production at commercial farming
increased to 91%. declined and farmers relied on
government for financial support.
Small farms joined together into larger Many people were forced to leave their
farms homes by police, at times they destroyed
their homes and food reserves this caused
famines in some cases.
Farmers worked together and shared The forced removal of people from their
everything. homes caused hunger because they had
to start from the scratch again. The food
production dropped and was worsened by
drought.
75
Roads, clinics and schools were uilt; water The socialist economy that was previously
tapes were provided to villages. enjoyed in Tanzania ceased to exist and
mixed economy was embraced.
Many doctors, engineers and teachers
were trained and sent to work at centres
built in the villages. The state was forced to borrow money
from the IMF and World Bank to help the
country to recover.
Private companies were overtaken by the The state-owned companies were running
state. at loss and forced the state to set up new
businesses to replace those that were
nationalized. The export declined.
Self-reliance failed as there was no

external support from the state to keep the
production going.
SO – Distinguish between Socialism in general and African Socialism in particular
Socialism in general African Socialism in particular

The state owns and controls the means of Was seen as a fundamental and pre-
Production. existing condition of traditional African
societies.
The individual cannot own the business. The aim of socialism was seen as similar
Land and the capital are owned by the state on with those of African independent
behalf of the nation. movements.
Focused on agriculture and famers decide

The government decides what should be what to produce
produced.
Socialism was seen as a reaction against Here was no class differences and
Capitalism. struggle among African societies.
Land and the capital are owned by the state on Was seen as reaction against colonial
behalf of the nation. systems.
The state works out the economic plans
according to which factories and businesses
Work.
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SO - Discuss the humanism concept of economic development in Zambia.
Zambian Humanism was an economic policy started by President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia
(1964 -1994). It was a mixture of Capitalism, Socialism, and traditional African values. In his
understanding Kaunda emphasized the importance of human that they should be at the center of
production.
Both private and public sectors worked together as partners. He formed state-owned enterprises
such as INDECO, to control the industries and commercial companies in Zambia.
Characteristics of Zambian humanism;
Encouraged freedom and dignity of all persons in Zambia.
Encouraged fairness, non-exploitation and support of self-reliance.
Individuals were important.
Respect freedom and dignity of all individuals.
Fairness, non-exploitation, hardworking, self-reliance were respected and promoted.
The achievements and failure of Zambian Humanism.

The achievements of Zambian Humanism. The failure of Zambian Humanism.
Number of owned business increased. The gap between the rich and the poor
increased
Demand for skilled workers increased the Poverty and class differences increased
need for secondary and technical schools
Railways lines built and manufacturing The state failed to develop the rural areas,
industries increased. people moved into towns causing high
unemployment
Private and public sectors worked together The development became centralized and in
as partners. the rural areas the development became
stagnant
By 1970s governments built fertilizer factory, 5. The wealth black elite made up 80 % of all
textile mills, an explosive factory and oil high-ranking officials in Zambia, the human
products pipe lines. value they once professed as the value of
the state stopped to exist.
By 1970s the price of copper weakened and
Zambian economy declined.
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Unrest broke out in some part of Zambia,

officials and political leaders were accused of
corruption.
SO - Discuss the operation of a mixed economy with reference to the situation in Namibia.
The Namibia constitution provides for a mixed economy, which is a composition of capitalism
(where people are free to invest money in order to make more money) and Socialism (where the
government will use public funds to start and maintain businesses). In Namibia economic
situation, the Private sectors play a major role in the economy and the state contributes as a
major partner. For examples: the Agricultural sector makes an important contribution to the
economy and provide 40% of the labour force and 70% of the Namibian population depends on
agriculture, the Fishing industry gives 21% of the Namibian total income from export; Tourism
industry is the fastest growing industry as well as the Mining industry which contributes 42 %
of the country’s annual income e.g. NAMDEB, is the diamond mining company that was formed
as a jointly partnership between the government and De Beers company and government plays a
role by providing social services such as education, health, roads and transport.
Possible questions
Multiple questions.
Choose the correct answer
1. Which of the following was the economic system used by Jomo Kenyatta?
A. Harambee
B. Ujamaa
C. Humanism
D. Nepotism
2. Who introduced the Harambee concept?
A. Jomo Kenyatta
B. Kenneth Kaunda
C. Jose Eduardo du Santos
3. Define Mixed Economy:
A. An economic system that all means of production is owned privately.
B. An economy system that all means of production is owned by the state.
C. An economic system that combine both socialism and capitalism.
D. An economic system that both the state and individuals owns no means of production.
4. In African socialism
A. The government decides what should be produced.
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B. All productions is exported Production is compulsory

C. Production is compulsory
D. Focused on agriculture and famers decide what to produce.
5. A success of Zambian Humanism.
A. Private and public sectors worked together as partners.

B. The gap between the rich and the poor increased
C. Poverty and class differences increased
D. Government lost all skilled workers
Structure questions
a) In what ways did the concept of Harambee affect the lives of people in Kenya? Explain
your answer. (4)
a. In what ways mixed economic system affect the lives of the Namibian people? explain
your answer.
b) Why did Jomo Kenyatta decided to introduce the Harambee Economic system? Explain
your answer. (3)
b. Why was the mixed economic system introduced in Namibia? Explain your
answer. (3)
c) How successful was the Harambee system towards economic development in Kenya?
c. How successful is the mixed economic system to the economic development of
Namibia? Explain your answer. (3)
d) Name and explain two characteristics of African socialism? (4)
e) Name two essential services the government of provide to ensure there is a mixed
economy in Namibia?
f) Write a paragraph about humanism as an economic system in Zambia.
g) What did the people of Kenya think of the capitalism system that their country followed?
Explain your answer.
g. what did the people of Kenya think about Harambee concepts? Explain your question.
g. what do people think of the mixed-economic system with reference to Namibia? Explain your
answer.
h) The following are three types of economic systems
• Capitalism
• Socialism
• Mixed economy
Which one of the three economic systems is the most successful system for an African country?
Write down your choice and give three reasons why you have chosen it. Also explain why the
other two are not as important as your choice.
7.2: The economic crisis in Africa
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SO - Mention causes of underdevelopment in Africa.
1. Weakening of African economy 8. Land confiscation

2. Colonial oppression 9. contract labour system
3. Lack of infrastructures 10. Poor farming techniques
4. Colonial exploitation 11. Soil Erosion
5. Using of African wealth to 12. Lack of education
develop Europe. 13. Few communication networks.
6. Transportation of Africa’s raw 14. Livestock confiscation
material to Europe. 15. Deforestation
7. Lack of human rights 16. Single product dependency
17. Bosh encroachment
So - Discuss the factors that caused the economic crisis in Africa after independence (e.g.
debt; oil crisis; underdevelopment; foreign aid; famine; HIV and AIDS; Civil war,
education.)
Civil wars-Wars have a disastrous effect on infrastructures and economy of any country. After
independence, the number of civil wars in Africa increased significantly.
Natural Disasters-Africa often experiences natural disasters such as droughts and floods. Africa
does not produce enough extra food to counter these periods of difficulty.
Oil crisis-During the 1970s, the demand for oil increased tremendously. African countries had to
import oil at very high costs, which put pressure on economy.
HIV and IDS-The AIDS epidemic puts tremendous pressure on the workforce in Africa. Many
people between 18-40 years of age are infected and affected and cannot work productively. The
provision of medicine, orphan’s grants adds pressure to the economy and government.
Corruption-Many African leaders use the economy of their countries to enrich themselves and
their families, while their countrymen live in poverty.
Lack of capital-Most African countries lack the capital to ensure they use their natural resources
fully, such as mineral wealth. Some countries cannot afford to mine their mineral wealth and they
rely on foreign companies to so.
Foreign Debt-African leaders used foreign loans to finance different projects in Africa. These
loans left their countries with huge debts. Many countries cannot pay back the interest on these
loans, let alone repay the loan itself.
Raw materials-A lack of skills knowledge forces African countries to export raw materials. The
country receives a low price for raw materials, which are then processed and resold to Africa at
very high prices.
Education-Poor education limits effective service delivery and maintenance of existing
infrastructure.
SO - Describe measures taken by African countries to combat their economic problems.
Lagos plan: It was formed in 2001 in which leaders agreed to sustain their economy, creating the
national and sub-regional organizations to ensure self-reliance
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NEPAD: This was an initiative of the OAU. It encouraged the projects of economic development,
promotion of democracy in Sub-Sahara Africa and making Africa attractive to foreign investors.
IMF and World Bank: African countries are encouraged to borrow money from the banks to
finance their projects of economic development, and encourage agriculture in Africa to promote
self-reliance to avoid high interests from the banks.
SADC: it was formed to allow independent states of the regions to develop independently of the
powerful South African economy and avoid duplication of the development scheme, integrates
transport network and improves infrastructure for all member states.
SACU: the union was made to have one custom structure controlling imports and exports in the
region. Member states are Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa.
ECOWAS: it was formed in Lagos, Nigeria in which member states agreed to integrate the
economies of member states and to promote economic growth.
SO - Describe measures taken to overcome underdevelopment in Namibia.

▪ Rural electrification from Kunene to Zambezi region by Northern electricity to install
electricity lines in northern regions.
▪ NOLIPEP was established under the ministry of agriculture to help farmers in improving
their production through animal husbandry.
▪ DFN offers financial and technical support to disadvantage entrepreneurs.
▪ The directorate of Veterinary services started with compulsory vaccination of animals
against foot and mouth diseases in western part of the Zambezi region
▪ NACP is run by Agri-Bank and is responsible with providing loans to small farmers in the
communal farming areas.
Possible questions
1. Which of the following did not contribute to the economic crisis in Africa?
A. Condition of trade and the world economy
B. Wars and political instability
C. The OAU
D. Natural disasters and diseases.
2. NAPAD was established in:
A. 1997
B. 2011
C. 1980
D. 2001
3. Which factor is causing the economic crisis in an independent Africa?
A. No corruption
B. No foreign debt
C. AIDS free Africa
D. Underdevelopment in rural areas.
4. Financial and technical assistance is provided to Namibia’s disadvantaged entrepreneurs by
the
A. SADC
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B. NACP
C. RSDP
D. DFN
5. The Lagos plan was
A. A strategy for Africa’s development
B. A peace treaty
C. A plan for Namibia’s economy
D. A UN plan
Structured question
a) What was the effect of colonialism on Africa’s economic development? Explain your
answer.(4)
b) Why did Africa go into economic crisis after colonial ended? Explain your answer.(3)
c) How important is economic development for Africa? Explain your answer. (3)
d) Name and explain two causes of underdevelopment in Africa. (40
d. Name and explain any two factor that caused economic crisis in Africa after
independence. (40
e) Name any two measures taken by African countries to combat economic problems? (20
f) Write a paragraph and describe measures taken to overcome underdevelopment in
Namibia? (5)
g) What did African leaders think about Africa’s economic crisis? (5)
h) The following are an example of the three factors that contributed to the economic crises in
Africa:
• Civil war
• HIV/AIDS
• Foreign debt
Which one of these factors do you think affected the economy of African countries mostly?
Write down your choice and give three reasons why you have chosen it. Also explain why
the other two are better than your choice. (6)
WORLD HISTORY
THEME 8 : Social, Political and Economic Development.
8.1 Nationalism and Fascism

SO - Discuss how the Treaty of Versailles supported the nationalist aspirations of the
people in Eastern Europe in 1919.
After the World War 1, the allied Nations (Britain, France, Russia and USA) drew up the treaty of
Versailles. As a result the treaty supported the nationalist aspirations of the people of Eastern
Europe as follows: Czechoslovakia was established from lands that were taken from Old Austria-
Hungary Empire; Austria-Hungary was separated into two small nations; Poland became a free
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nation; Romania was increased in size and received land from Austria-Hungary Empire; Serbia,
Croatia, Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia became independent nation.
SO - Explain the origin and development of fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany
The origin of fascism in Italy.
Fascist party was founded in 1919 by Benito Mussolini, who was against Socialist and
Communism. Mussolini became known as the second duce. The term ‘fascist’ refers to a bunch
of sticks (representing unity) that had been a symbol of certain leaders in ancient Rome. Fascism
originated because Italy suffered from the weak economy as the result of the WWI, therefore Italy
remained in huge debts and low industrial output. It was established due to demonstration and
arrests of unhappy citizens. In 1922, Fascist party became the official party in Italy.
❖ The development of fascism in Italy.
Fascism developed in Italy because it attracted people who were angry, poor, jobless, and
wanted change as well as protection against communism. In October 1922 Mussolini marched to
Rome where he demanded for the formation of fascist movement. King victor Emmanuel Ⅲ had
to appoint Mussolini as prime minister. He took the title II Duce (the leader) by November 1922
and ruled as a dictator. His soldiers Blachshirts used violence and intimidation.
After using intimidation of voters, the fascist party received 65 % of the votes in 1924 elections.
Matteotti, a socialist deputy leader was murdered for writing a book to denounce fascist acts of
violence by gangs of fascists in 1924.After 1928 fascist party became the only legal party in
Italy. In 1929, he signed a Lateran Treaty with Roman Catholic Church, to make a Roman
Catholic religion as a compulsory in Italian schools.
▪ The characteristics of fascist party:
Dictatorship
Totalitarian – the state controls all aspects of life,
Militarism- the army need to receive more respect and power
Propaganda
Hatred for Jew
Opposition for communism
The use of force to obtain their goals.
Wearing black shirts
Hatred for Jews and blacks
▪ The origin of Nazism in Germany
Nazism was an ideology created by Adolf Hitler. It was first called Germany workers’ party
(1919). In 1920 its name changed to national socialist party, shortened as Nazi Party. It started
because people were unhappy about the decision of the leaders who sign the treaty of Versailles.
▪ The development of Nazism in Germany
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In 1921 Hitler became the leader of the Nazi party. He increased the membership of the party
with former soldiers who hated communists. Hitler also gained the support of the Germans by
blaming the allied nations, the treaty of Versailles, the communists and Jews for the problems of
Germans. In November 1923, Hitler and the Nazi party tried to overthrow the government in
Bavaria; Hitler was arrested, and sentence for a period of 5 years for treason. He wrote the book
called Mein Kampf while in prison.
The following was written:

The main aspect of his foreign policy was as follows: to take back the land that was taken by the
treaty of Versailles, to unite the German- speaking people, to take extra land, to rearm Germany.
The Principles of the Nazi party: National socialism meant loyalty to the father land, state control
of the economy, strength lay in total loyalty to one leader, the Fuhrer, the Jews were to be blamed
for the surrender of the German army in WW1, Germans needed Lebensraum (living space) and
Aryans (non-Jews descent, the Nordic type) were genetically master race, all other races
especially Jews were inferior.
❖ How Hitler came to power.
Nazi party became popular among the youth because of the use of force, intimidation and
propaganda by the party supporters and the military wing of the Nazi Sturmabteilung (SA) ‘’the
Brown shirts’’.
The economic crisis of 1929, that made New York stock exchange to collapse resulting to
economic difficulties around the world, gave Hitler the chance to convince the Germans that
strong leadership under Nazi Party needed was needed as the solution to the Germany’s
problems. Unemployed German turned to Nazi for employment and Nazi gained more support.
In 1932, the Nazi party became the biggest party in Reichstag (Germany Parliament) and
President Hindenburg appointed Hitler as a chancellor of Germany in 1933.
In 1933, Hitler’s party supporters burned down Reich Stag (German parliament), he ordered the
arrest of President Hindenburg and Hindenburg was killed and then in 1934 Hitler became the
president.
How Hitler made Germany great/ rebuilds Germany.
Be the president Hitler introduced a totalitarian regime and a strong central government.
He banned all other political parties and trade unions. He formed different organisations such as
the youth organisation to change the minds of the youth in order to suit Nazi system, The
Gestapo (secret police) to arrest identified state enemies, to round up Jews and send them to
concentration camps .He formed a new group called Schutzstaffel (SS) as a military organisation
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that was loyal to him.
He enlarged Sturmabteilung (SA) to protect his political meetings and to disturb other political
parties ‘meetings. He builds Concentration camps to keep political prisoners such as the Jews,
homosexuals, communist, Jehovah’s Witness, criminals and prostitutes. Nazi party had total
control of the media.
• Evaluate the impact of Nazism and Fascism on the European society in general , and
on Germany and Italy in particular.)
❖ Evaluate the impact of Nazism on the European society in general, and on Germany in
particular.)
Evaluate the impact of Nazism on Germany in particular.

▪ Hitler turned Germany from democracy into a Totalitarian Dictatorship.
▪ The Nazi government had total control over all aspects of life. Such as:
Education – all education would serve the state and teach absolute loyalty to Hitler. Mein Kampf
was the guiding light for all education.
The youth – boys joined the Hitler youth to prepare for military service, and girls joined the young
maidens to prepare for parenthood.
Culture – all cultural activities were controlled by joseph Goebbels. (The minster of propaganda
and enlightenment) with the purpose to control the media, radio and newspapers.
Laws - repressive laws were issued that separated and segregated Jews from political, social
and sporting life.
Birth control - married couples received financial motivations to have more children so as to
expand the Aryan race.
Economic – the number of unemployed dropped. People were recruited in public works, high
ways and in the army.
Military - was made compulsory for all young men and it was rearmed with the most modern
weapons.
Legal system – served the Nazi. Build concentration camps to punish state enemies.
▪ The Gestapo hunted enemies of the Nazi. Ignored human rights.
Evaluate the impact of Nazism on the European society in general.
▪ When Hitler came on power, he united all the Germany-speaking people all over Europe. And
expanding Germany territories in order to gain Lebensraum.
▪ German troops occupied Rhineland
German pilots flew on the side of General Franco during the Spanish civil war
German reamed into a powerful military state
Austria was joined to Germany in spite of it being forbidden by the treaty of Versailles.
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▪ Britain and France did not stop Hitler from taking away these countries, they believed that
Germany was not treated fairly therefore it had the rights to take what- ever he wanted (policy
of appeasement).
▪ On 24th August 1939, Hitler signed Nazi-Soviet pact with Stalin (Russia), both promised not
to attack each other but to help one another when one is attack.
On the 3rd September 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany after
Evaluate the impact of fascism on the European society in general.
• Mussolini used the chance he got to get involved in politics in the world for example, when the
Greek soldier shot an Italian general and four members on the border between Greece and
Albania.
• Mussolini attacked and occupied the Island of Corfu after the country refused to apology
for the attack.
• In the year 1935, he attacked Abyssinia; the LON was unable to stop Italy from occupying
Ethiopia and used mustard gas to kill the people.
• In the same year, Mussolini sent troops to help General Franco who wanted dictatorship in
Spain, Italy together with Germany they signed Rome-Berlin Axis, and in May 1939, they
signed a formal alliance called Pact of Steel, promising each other in disputes with other
nations.
Evaluate the impact of fascism on Italy in particular.
• The fascist government solved the unemployment problem by building the road, bridges,
canals, hospitals and schools.
• There was big increase in the production of hydroelectric power, iron, steel and wheat.
• All teachers and lecturers were required to swear an oath to defend the fascist regime
• Government controlled all aspects of life and ruled by fear and intimidation
• No freedom of speech
• Political opposition was limited.
• Many people lost the jobs and poor standard of living conditions increased.
• People blamed Mussolini and the fascist party government for their problems.
Possible questions
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1. Who was responsible for spreading political propaganda to ensure public support for the NAZI
ideology?
A. Hindenburg
B. Goebbels
C. Himmler
D. Rohm
2. Hitler and Mussolini signed an agreement called the:
A. Rome- Berlin Axis
B. Yalta agreement
C. Rome- Tokyo pact
D. Nazi- Soviet Pact
3. Who did the Nazi particularly despise and murder in their millions
A. Black people
B. Christians
C. Jews
D. Muslims.
4. What does ‘Lebensraum’ mean?
A. Left alone
B. Living space
C. Righteousness
D. German born
5. Which country did Italy invade in 1935?
A. Spain
B. Abyssinia
C. Germany
D. Poland
6. Which one of the following reasons created a climate in Germany for the Nazi Party to gain
support?
A. There was economic collapse.
B. There was full employment
C. There was no government
D. There was a strong adherence to the church.
7. The supporters of Mussolini was called the:
A. Communists
B. Socialists
C. Nazis
D. Fascists.
Part A
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a) What was the effect of Nazism on Germany? Explain your answer. (4)
b) Why was Nazi party formed in Germany? Explain your answer.
c) How important was Nazism for the development of Germany? Explain your answer.
d) Name and explain aims of gestapo? (4)
e) Name any two Nazi ideologies which were written in Hitler’s Mein Kampf.(2)
f) Write a paragraph and explain the development of Nazism in Germany? (5)
g) What did the Germans think of the impact of Nazism on Europe? (50
h) The following are the three ways in which the Nazi Party ruled the German people.
• No freedom of speech
• Media was controlled by the state
• Only one political party
Which one of the three measures above affected the German people the most? Write down your
choice and give three reasons why you have chosen it. Also explain why the other two are not as
important as your choice. (6)
Part B
a) In what ways did Fascist Party affect the lives of the Italian people? Explain your answer.
b) Why was the Fascist Party introduced in Italy? Explain your answer.
c) How successful was the fascist party towards the economic development in Italy? Explain
your answer.
d) Name and explain two features of Fascism. (4)
e) Name two reasons why the Fascist government sign the Lateran treaty accords with the
Roman Catholic Church.(2)
f) Write a paragraph and explain the origin and development of Fascism in Italy. (5)
g) What did the European think about the Italian attack on the African people? Explain your
answer. (5)
8.2 Communism
SO - Define Communism?
▪ Communism is was an ideology that was based on Karl Marx’s writing to describe the social
order or system of government established under a ruling communist party.
▪ It can also be known as an economic system, which refers to the way that a country
generates and share its wealth.
▪ Communism is an economic system in which the distribution of property and resources is
primary controlled by the government.
SO - List the basic features of Communism.
Economic features of Communism Political Features of communism

Political features Economic features
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It is a single party state. The theory states All credit is centralized in hands of the state
that there is no opposition in an ideal state. bank
It is ruled by a single leader with dictatorial Jobs are assigned by the state
powers.
It is a classless society-everyone is equal.
There are no parliaments-the top party
members make decisions. Education is free
It promotes world revolution Communal or public ownership of economic

assets
Political power to be held by a strong central
government There is no private ownership-everything
belongs to the state.
SO - Give examples of countries that practiced communism
1. Russia
2. China
3. Laos
4. North Korea
5. Vietnam
6. Cuba
Possible question
1. Communism ideology is based on the writings of:
A. Yuan Sikai
B. Karl Marx
C. Sun Yat-sen
D. Mao Tse-tun
2. The first president of the Republic of China in 1912 was
A. Mao Tse-tung
B. Chiang Kai-shek
C. Yuan Sikai
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D. Sun Yat-sen
3. The principle of a democratically elected government was supported by the
A. Communism party
B. Manchus
C. Kuomintang
D. War lords
4. Which country practised communism?
A. USA
B. Russia
C. Britain
D. France
5. When did Russia became a communist state?
a) 1914
b) 1917
c) 1919
d) 1921
a) In what ways did the three distinctive features of communism affect the lives of the
people? Explain your answer.
b)
d. Name any two basic features of communism. (2)
f) Write a paragraph on the economic features of communism (5)
8.3 Cold War
SO: Define the term “Cold War”
It was the period of suspicions and hostilities between USA and Russia.
It was a time when both sides built up military weapons to protect themselves from one another in
case of an attack from other side.
It was not physical at war but it was a war between mutual antagonistic, each feared and
mistrusted each other whereby each side began propaganda against each other.
90
SO: Discuss the origin of Cold War
• Cold war began in 1945 after World War2. USA, Britain and USSR met at Yalta conference
to discuss about what will happen to Germany once is defeated and Eastern Europe
countries;
• Countries agreed to divide Germany into four zones and to be occupied by USA, Britain,
France and Russia and they also agreed that Countries in Easter Europe should be granted
independence.
• They also agreed that Russia should withdraw from Eastern Europe, the Yalta Conference
failed because USSR refused to withdraw from Eastern Europe but continued to keep them
unwillingly as communist states (Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia).
• USA accused USSR for using force in Eastern Europe and USSR argued that the people of
Eastern Europe should support each other as one block.
• The border between Eastern and Western Europe was called IRON CURTAIN.
• All these led tensions between the two super -power countries.
Possible questions
1. Cold war was a conflict between which two ideologies:

A. Maoism and Nationalism
B. Communism and Capitalism
C. Fascisim and Nazism
D. Regionalism and nationalism
2. Which two countries who were involved in the cold war?
A. USSR and Russia

B. USSR and USA
C. Russia and Germany
D. USA and Germany
3. Which one of the following was a war of suspicions, accusations and mistrusts?
A. Winter war
B. Cold war
C. First world war
D. Second war
a) In what ways did the cold war affect the lives of the people of the world? Explain your answer.
(4)
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b) Why were the USSR and the USA enemies? Explain your answer (3)
c) How important was nuclear power i the cold war? Explain your answer. (3)
D) Name and explain any two reasons that caused the cold war? (4)
e) Name the two superpowers that were involved in the cold war era. (2)
f) Write a paragraph and describe the development of cold war. (5)
f). Write a paragraph on the cold war. (5)
g) How did the people of the world think about the cold war between the super powers? Explain
your answer. (5)
h) The following are three reasons for the outbreak of cold war.
• Policy differences
• Distrusts and suspicions
• The USA acting as a policeman of the world
Which one of the reasons above contributed most to the outbreak of cold war? Write down three
reasons and explain why the other two are less important. (6)
8.4 League of Nations and the United Nations
SO - Describe the aims and the functions of the League of Nations and the United Nations
The aims of the LON
• To discourage aggression from any nations.

• To encourage countries to cooperate in terms of business and trade
• To encourage countries to disarm.
• To promote the living and working condition of the people all over the world.
The function of the LON
• To sort out international disputes by arranging meetings where countries could discuss
issues.
• To impose economic sanctions (restrictions) with countries who fail to follow the instructions
of the LON.
• To promote equality, development and social justice in the world.
The aims of the UNO
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• To maintain peace and security.

• To promote friendly relationship between member states.
• To promote international cooperation.
• To respect the equal rights and self-determinations for all people.
What are the functions of the UNO?
• To impose decisions that is made by the UN Security Council.

• To conduct the research into areas of concern and need throughout the world.
• To make recommendations to the member states on matter of economic, political and social
concerns through the Social and Economic council.
• To run and control the UN special agencies such as WHO, UNESCO, FAO, and World Bank.
Possible question
1. The League of Nations was formed in.

A. 1945
B. 1930
C. 1920
D. 1919
2. Not an aim if the League Nations.
A. To discourage aggression from any nations.

B. To encourage countries to disarm.
C. To promote the living and working condition
D. To encourage arm struggle.
4. The League of Nations was established after World War 1 because……..

A. The allied powers won the war
B. The USSR won the war
C. Germany lost the in world war 1
D. To help prevent a repetition of the massive destruction caused by World War1.
5. Why was America not a member of the League of Nations?

A. Woodrow Wilson refused membership
B. Did not have enough capital to join
C. The USA unwilling to be dragged into problems facing countries after the war.
D. Was in an economic crisis
6. Which one of the following is not a reason for the failure of the League of Nations?
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A. Italy conquered Germany

B. America was never a member
C. Britain controlled many countries
D. France was more concerned about his affair
7. The idea of forming the League of Nations was suggested by…….
A. Lloyd George
B. Robert Mugabe
C. Thabo Mbeki
D. Woodrow Wilson
8. Why did the countries agreed to establish the League of Nations?
A. To rearm the countries of the world

B. To prevent the future wars
C. To support colonialism
D. To discourage people not to work together
9. Which of the following was the founder member of the League of Nation?
A. Britain
B. Germany
C. USA
D. USSR
10. Who was the American president suggested the formation of the League of Nations?
A. Woodrow Wilson
B. John Kennedy
C. Harry Truman
D. Franklin Roosevelt
11. Which country on the west coast of Africa was a member of the League of Nations?
A. Liberia
B. Senegal
C. Togo
D. Cameroon
a) In what ways did the formation of the League of Nations affect the people in Europe?
Explain your answer. 4)
b) Why was the LON formed? (3)
c) How important was the formation of the LON in the history of the world? Explain your answer.
94
(3)
d) Name and explain any two structures of the LON. (4)
e) Name any two strong countries that were not member of the LON. (2)
f) Write a paragraph and explain why the LON failed. (5)
g) What did the countries of Europe think about the LON? Explain your answer. (5)
h) The following are three aims of the LON.
• Collective security
• To encourage countries to disarm
• To protect the living and working conditions of the people in Europe
Which aim contributed to the peace-keeping in Europe? Choose, give three reasons and explain
why the other two are less important.
Topic: The United Nations Organizations (UNO)
1. Where was the United Nations formed

A. Yalta
B. Moscow
C. San Francisco
D. Dumbarton
2. when was the UN established
A. 26 June 1940
B. 26 June 1945
C. 26 June 1942
D. 26 June 1943
a) In what ways did the formation of the UNO affect the people in Europe?
b) Why was the United Nations formed? (3)
c) How important was the formation of the United Nations in the history of the world? Explain
your answer. (3)
d) Name and explain any two aims of the United Nations. (4)
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e) Name any two permanent members of the Security Council. (2)
f) Write a paragraph and explain the success and achievement of the UN. (5)
f). Write a paragraph and explain about the Security Council of the UNO. (5)
f). Write a paragraph about the General Assembly of the UNO. (5)
g) What did the countries of the world think about the UN? Explain your answer. (5)
h) The following are the three structure of the UN.
• The General Assembly

• The Security Council
• The Secretariat
Which of these structures is more successful in acting as a peace-keeping body? Choose and
give three reasons and explain why the other two are less important. (6)
Topic 8.5 Regional and National co-operation
SO - List the aims of the following organisations: EEC;COMECON; OPEC;SADC
Lists of Regional and Reasons Members states for each organization.

National Co-operations. for their
formation.
EEC To integrate France, Belgium, Luxemburg,

the
(European Economic economies Netherland, West Germany,
Community) of the
European Italy. Joined later, Denmark, Greece,
Was formed in Countries Ireland, Portugal, Spain and UK.
1957. To create
common
It started with 6 market in
members Europe.
Abolition of
trade
barriers
between
states
Free
movement
96
of people
and capitals
within
member
states
COMECON It tied the Albania, Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia,

economies Hungary, USSR, Mongolia, Poland,
(Council of Mutual of the Romania, Vietnam and Yugoslavia.
Economic Assistance) member
states to
Was formed in 1949 by that of the
USSR for countries in USSR.
Eastern Europe. To increase
the trade
among
member
states
OPEC To unite all Algeria, Angola, Iran, Ecuador, Iraq,

Oil- Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar,
(Organizations of Producing
Petroleum Exporting countries. Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates,
To protect
Countries) it was formed the interests
on 17 September 1960. of the
member
states.
To stabilize
the price of
oil.
97
SADC To Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi,

coordinate
(Southern African national and Zambia, Tanzania, Swaziland, Zimbabwe,
Development Community) regional Mauritius, DRC, SA,
was formed in 17 August policies.
1992, Windhoek, Namibia. To reduce Madagascar, Namibia, Mozambique,
It was a forerunner of the tariffs Seychelles
SADCC which was formed between
in Zambia in 1980. member Joined in 1997 and left on 1 July 2004
states. and rejoined later in 2006.
To have a
complete
integration
throughout
the whole
region.
Possible questions
1. which of the following countries is a member of EEC (European Economic Community)

A. Austria
B. Greece
C. Poland
D. Vietnam
2. The abbreviation IMF stands for

A. International Maintenance Foundation
B. International Money Foundation
C. International Marketing Foundation
D. International Monetary Fund.
3. Which continent was represented by COMECON?

A. Asia
B. Africa
C. Antarctica
D. America
4. Which of the following was a failure of COMECON?
A. Too little us of computers
B. Overuse of technology
C. Spending too much money on weapons
D. Relied on decentralised planning.
98
a) In what ways did the formation of the European Economic Community (EEC) affect the
lives of the people in Europe? Explain your answer. (4)
b) Why was the EEC formed? Explain your answer. (3)
c) How important was the formation of the EEC in the history of Europe? Explain your
answer. (3)
d) Name and explain two reasons for the formation of COMECON. (4)
e) Mention any two reasons for the establishment of OPEC. (2)
f) Write a paragraph and explain the reasons for the formation of OPEC. (5)
g) What did the countries of the world think about the formation of OPEC? Explain your
answer. (5)
h) Here are three Regional and National Cooperation that were formed.
• EEC
• COMECON
• OPEC
Which of three regional bodies played a significant role in the developing the economies of the
member states? Choose, give three reasons and explain why the other two played fewer roles.
(6)
Topic 8.6. The World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF)
SO - Describe when and why the World Bank and IMF were established.
When was the World Bank and IMF formed?
Both the World Bank and IMF were formed in 1945 after the WWII. The World Bank is also known
as International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). The World Bank’s largest
sponsors are USA, Japan, Britain and France.
Why was the World Bank formed?
To finance the economic development in developing countries.
Was formed as a developmental institution.
To provide loans to the poor nations so that they can reconstruct their economies.
To provide expert advice to the developing nations on how to develop their nations.
To promote the economic and social progress of the people in developing nations.
Why was the IMF formed?
Is a cooperative institution that seeks to maintain an orderly system of payments and collections
of revenues between states
It administers money in which member states can borrow and pay with interests.
It supervises the spending of money and exchange- rate policies of member states.
It supervises the logical and stable growth of the world economy.
SO - discuss how the fund is made available to member states.
99
Money is made available after the receiving countries have agreed to the economic policy reform
in their countries. This means that to get fund, countries have to follow the policy designed by the
World Bank and IMF. This plan is called a Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) and this
meant that;
The borrower nation is required to reduce imports and increase exports in order to get enough
money to repay the loan.
The country has to sell state properties to the private companies to get profits.
To reduce the price of the country’s currency (devaluing the currency)
SO – Discuss how the IMF and World Bank are often accused as being unfair in their
lending policies by the Third World Countries.
Third World Countries accused IMF and World Bank that it had unfair lending practices. The
World Bank has been criticised for the following reasons:
▪ For imposing a free market system.

▪ Many projects had poor results.
▪ Money was unwisely lent to country with corrupt government.
▪ Money came with conditions promoted capitalist beliefs.
▪ They did not always take the country’s specific circumstances into account.
▪ The conditions also took away a government’s power and gave more power to countries
like USA.
▪ Borrowers did not have freedom to choose witch economic policy to follow.
Possible questions.
1. When was the World Bank established?

A. 1943
B. 1941
C. 1945
D. 1940
2. Why was the world bank established

A. To help third World Countries
B. As a bank of UN money
C. To provide money to rich countries
D. To rebuild the League of Nations.
a) In what ways did the establishment of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund
affect the people in Europe and Africa? Explain your answer. (4)
b) Why was the World Bank established? (3
100
c) How important was the establishment of the World Bank and IMF? Explain your answer.
(3)
d) Name and explain two ways in which funds were made available by the World Bank and
IMF to countries that needed such a fund. (4)
e) Mention any two reasons for the establishment of the IMF. (2)
f) Write a paragraph and explain how the IMF makes the fund available to the countries
needed them. (5)
g) What did the countries of the World feel about the lending policies of the both World Bank
and IMF to the third World countries? Explain your answer. (5)
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REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA

KAVANGO WEST REGIONAL COUNCIL

1. Mr. Joy Earnest

When Excellence Becomes A Tradition, Greatness Will Sky-Rocket.

6.4 DEMOCRATISATION IN AFRICA ................................................................................. 71

THEME 1: THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM

1.1 The development of Namibian nationalism

SO: Define the term “Namibian Nationalism”

• A desire of Namibian leaders to form an independent country.

• Feeling that people of a particular country to rule themselves.

SO: Name the factors that contributed to Namibian nationalism

Factors that contributed to Explanations.

2. Education Mission schools taught Namibians how to read and write

4. The United Nations The UN supported the independence of colonies and

5. World war II Namibians were recruited to help British in the war.

Chief Hosea Kutako and the Herero Chiefs’ council

Andimba Toivo ya Toivo

Reverend Michael Guthrie Scott

Dr Sam Shafishuna Nuyoma

Nationalist activities with reference movements

The Herero Chief’s Council (HCC)

The South African Progressive Association (SWAPA)

The Ovambo People’s Organisation (OPO)

Multiple choice questions.

A. To protect the interests of the Hereroes.

5. Which of the following was the earliest movement in Namibia?

A. Herero Chief Council.

1.2 The Ovambo People‘s Organisation (OPO)

SO: List reasons for the establishment of OPO

1. To fight the Apartheid Policies that SA introduced in Namibia

SO: Mention the founding members of OPO

SO: Discuss how OPO helped to organise strikes

SO: Describe the contract labour system

Multiple choice questions

A. They were not allowed to get married

A. To recruit more men for contract work.

1.3 South West Africa National Union (SWANU)

SO: Name SWANU’s founding members

The aims of SWANU

➢ To get independence through peaceful means

The establishment of SWANU.

It was formed in 1959 by members of SWAPA and Herero Chief’s Council.

Why SWANU failed to become a national movement.

1. SWANU stands for:

b) Why did SWANU fail? Explain your answer.

1.4 Other political organizations

SO- List the founding members of National Unity Democratic Organization

Founding members 1. Hosea 1. MishakeMuyong 1. Justus Garoeb

SO - Describe the aims of each of these political organizations.

⚫ Achieve independence in a enemy ⚫ To stop SA from creating

SO: Differentiate which of the political organizations contributed most to

⚫ ‘’CANU’’ united with ⚫ In 1977 NUDU ⚫ Was not very much

⚫ It strengthened ⚫ Took part in Namibia ⚫ It was created by

1. Who was the first president of DTA?

2. Who was the leader of Canu?

Topic 1.5: The Windhoek Massacre (10 December 1959)

SO: Define the term ‘Massacre’

⚫ The term Massacre means an indiscriminate and brutal slaughtering of many

Causes of the Windhoek Massacre