BMCT Merged Invert
BMCT Merged Invert
CEM
Stone and rocks
Classification
Brick
03
Paint & Distemper and Varnish
One Shot
One Shot DEVES.H PATHAK SIR
Glass & Steel
One Shot DEVES.H PATHAK SIR
Lecture No. 01 DEVES.H PATHAK SIR
Lecture No.- 02 DEVESH PATHAIK SIR
Lecture No.- 03 DEVESH PATHAIK SIR
Stone Masonry
One Shot
Concrete
Introduction of BMC
Constituent of port and cement (Raw material)
Trick:
(ygj) – (lkbZ) – (eLr )
L – SAI – MAST
lime > Silica > Alumina > Ironxide > Magnesia > Alkalies > SO3
Sulphate
63% 20% 6% 3% 2% 1% tried
1.5%
Approx 1% both
• Lime
• Silica
(ii) Quick setting → Alumina
(ii) hardness → Magnesia oxide
(iii) soundless
• Sulphur
• lime
• magnesia
(iv) mitral setting lime
• gypsum
• silica
Test name Purpose Imp. Points
Fineness Test Measure mean size of grains Sieve method → use 30N sieve → Find %
Air per mobility method → Nurse & Balne’s method
Sedimentation method → Wanger turbidity method
• In Air per mobility method fineness measured in % residue
by weight
OPC 10 2250
PPC 5 3000
RHC 5 3250
10 mm diameter plunger
50 mm length
Setting time (0.85 to get FST Vicat apparatus
P%) Square needle, (1 × 1) mm
Compressive To check compaction strength • cube of 50 cm2 surface area eryc side = 50 cm
strength test (P/4 (OPC) MPa
• take cement : sand 1 : 3
+ 3)% Grad 3 day 7 day 28 d
• min 3 cube
± 1 hr ± 2hr ± 4 hr
• 27 ± 2°C
33 16 22 23
• cube cast in 2 layers in leak proof method
43 22 33 43
53 27 37 53
Tensile strength To get tensile strength Min 6 Briquette OPC
test or (P/5 + 3 days 2MPa
2.5)/Brigette test 7 days 2.5MPa
Heat of hydration To get tensile strength Colorimeter method
test (i) Rate of Hydration :
C4AF
C3A
Fraction
Hydrated C3S
C2S
log time, days
Trick: 4 – 3 = 1
4 3 1 2
C4AF C3A C3S C2S
Bought compound:
(viii) PPC • made by Pozzolanic martial like Rise husk, Fly ash, shale etc
• Use in mass concreting & place of high temperature.
(ix) Air entraining cement • Mode by air entraining agent like oil/fat/wood raise/vinsol resin etc.
• Grater resistance to freezing & throwing action
• Improve workability
• Reduce strength
• Higher IST, FST than OPC
(x) Blast furnace slag cement • Best for marine works
• For pipe carrying water containing chemicals,
• Sewage pipe
• Work exposed to sulphate environment in the soil or in grad water.
(xi) White & a lord Portland cement • For Flooring works
• Plastering of walls
• Or nonmental works
(1) Lime • If lime is present in lumps, It absorbs moisture, swells & cause disintegration of brick.
• prevent cracking, shrinkage, warping of green brick
(2) Iron pyrite • If iron pyrite present → It oxidise the brick → Crystallise the brick → splitting of
brick
Defects in Bricks
Defect Explanation/reason
(i) Over-Burning of • if Brick overburnt → Soft molten mass → Brik loose shape → such Brick not use for construction
Brick
(ii) Oder-Burning • If Brik not burnt properly → pores not closed due to less-heat
of Brick higher degree of water absorption ↑ → strength ↓↓
Such brick not reamended for construction.
(iii) Bloating • This defect is observed as spongy sweller mass over the surface of burnt brick
• This defect is caused due to presser of Excess carbonaceous matter & sulpher in clay Brick
(iv) Black core • When Brick clay contains luminous matter or carbon and if they are not completely removed
oxidation. The brick result in black core mainly because of improper burning.
(v) Efflorescence • Cause because of Aikalies present in Brick when brick comes in contact with moisture, water is
absorbed, after drying → white power patches on brick surface (ugly appearance)
(vi) Checks or This is because of lump of lime or excess of water.
cracks
(vii) spots If sulphide is present in brick clay it causes dark surface spot on brick such brick not only harmful but
also unsuitable for exposed masonry work.
(viii) Blisters Broken Blisters generally caused on the surface of sewer pipes and draintiles due to air imprisoned
during moulding.
(ix) Laminations It is by the entrapped air in voids of clay
• Laminations produce lamina on the brick faces which weather out on exposure such bricks are weak
in structure
(x) Chuffs Deformation of the shape of brick cause by the rain water falling on hot bricks
2. Color
Uniform deep red/cherry color as indicative of uniformity in chemical composition and thoroughness in the burning of brick.
5. Soundness
When 2 bricks are struck together, a metallic sound should be produced.
6. Water absorption
W24 20% of its dry weight when kept immersed in water for 24 hours.
7. Crushing strength
10 MPa
{Note: common building brick should have min. crushing strength = 3.5 MPa}
8. Brick earth should be free from stones, grit, organic matter etc.
9. Brick should not break into pieces when dropped flat on hard ground from a height of 1 meter.
10.When soaked in water for about 24 hours, should not show deposits of white salts when allowed to dry in shade.
11.Brick should have low thermal conductivity and should be sound proof.
Note:
Asper IS : 1077-1992 standard size of common building brick –
19 9 9
cm
19 9 4
Test of Bricks
water absorption depend on porosity
Water Absorption test all brick absorb water by copilbry adi on.
Absorption
(i) Dry bricks kept in oven (110 ± 5°C) till it attains constant mass (W1) the cool then weight-4
(ii) Brick immerse in water at (27 ± 2°C) for 24 hours
(iii) Bricks taken out of water and wiped with a damp cloth & weight (W2) recorded.
Water absorption in W24%
W − W1
= 2 100
W1
Note:
1st class brick W24
20%
nd
2 class brick 22%
3rd class brick 23
Common Building Brick 25%
• In some source 3rd class Brick 25% is given
(i) Dry bricks kept in oven (110 ± 5°C) till it attains constant mass (W1) the cool then weight-4
(ii) Specimen immersed in water
↓
Heated to boiling in 1 hr. and boiling continuously done for 5 hours.
Followed by cooling down to 27 ± 2° by natural loss of heating within 16-hours.
(iii) Brick taken out of water and wiped with a damp cloth & weight (W3) recorded.
• Water absorption
W − W1
W5 % = 3 100
W1
Note:
Saturation coefficient
24hour water apsorption(W24 )
=
5hour water apsorption(W5 )
aim → to Predict durability of Brick.
→ Rate of how much water a brick draws in during the first minute after contact with water
AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.9
BMC
Surface to dry
→ Very low section brick should be covered and kept dry on jobsite
Note:
(i) Generally bricks are soaked in water before use in masonry work so that they don’t absorb water from cement.
(ii) Average water absorption shall not be more than 20% by weight upto 12.5 class brick and 15% by weight for higher class.
(iii) For water absorption less than 5% danger of frost action is negligible.
3. Efflorescence test:
Aim → to check presence of soluble salts ‘or’ alkalis
• Place brick specimen in glass dish containing water to a depth of 25 mm in well ventilated room, after all the water is
absorbed or evaporated again water is added for a depth of 25 mm after second evaporation the bricks are observed for
white/grey deposits.
Note:
For upto class 12.5 → should not be more than moderate (10-50%)
For higher class → should not more than slight ( 10%)
4. Warpage test
Warpage → Bend or twist out of shape, especially from a straight or flat form.
Sampling: 10 bricks are taken randomly from a lot as a sample for warping test.
Apparatus: Warpage of brick is measured with the help of flat steel or glass surface and measuring ruler graduated in 0.5 mm
divisions or wedge of steel 60 × 15 × 15 mm.
Procedure
1. Resnove any adhering to the surface of Brice
2. Concave warpage: The flat surface of the brick is placed along the surface to be measured selecting the location that gives
the greatest deviation from straightness. The greatest distance of brick surface from the edge of straightness is measured by a
steel ruler or wedge.
3. Convex warpage: The brick is place on the plane surface with the convex surface in contact with the flat surface and the
distance of 4 corners of brick are measured form the flat surface the largest distance is reported as warpage.
Result: The highs of the distance measured in concave and convex warpage tests is reported as warpage.
5. Hardness Test
No impression should be left on the brick surface when scratched with a finger nail.
6. Soundness Test
2 bricks are stress with each other. They should not break and should produce a clear ringing sound.
7. Structure Test
A brick is broken and its structure is examined, it must be homogenous, compact and free from any defect such as hales,
lamps etc.
(i)
Again
cut
Full Brick
Queen Closes Queen Closes
half (Quater)
Longitudinally
cut in 2 parts
60°
45° to
(King Closer)
Trick Mid-Mid Cut Bevelled closer
(Trick mid-corner cut) (Mitred closer)
90°
Manufacturing of Brick
Drying
Burning
Brick
Moulding
Artificial Natural
1. Stretcher Bond:
Stretcher → longer face of Brick
→ 19 × 19 face in modular Brick
• In this bond, all bricks are arranged in stretcher courses, However care should be taken to break vertical joints.
4
3
2
1
Stretches
(Elevation)
2. Header Bond:
Neader → shorter face of brick (9 × 9 cm)
• All bricks arranged in the head or course
4
3
2
1
3
3
bat 4 bat
4 Header
(Plan)
(Elevation)
Stretcher
Heater
Elevation of English Bond
• In English bord, to break continuity of joint, queen closer used (all longitudinally in 2 parts)
4. Flemish Bond
In each course comprise of alternate after and stretcher.
• Samplers to break continuity queen closed required.
Types
2. Hydraulicity
Property of lime by which it sets or harden in damp places (where there is no circulation of air)
3. Setting
Hardening of lime after it has converted into paste.
6. Milk of lime
A thin fluid pourable suspension of slaked lime.
AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.16
BMC
Note:
Purest form of lime stone → white clause
Impure form of lime stone → kankar
Types of lime
Imp.
It sets under water and in thick damp condition with a air circulation.
Note:
Day → gives hydraulicity to lime
Clay % ↑ slaking ↓↓
Hydraulicity ↑↑
Test on stones
1. Acid Test → more performed on sand stone, aim of test: is to investigate how much atmospheric action can be resisted by
stone.
AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.17
BMC
7 days
Process: Sample of stone 50 – 100 gm ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → if sharp edges & its surface free form powder → Then good for building
1% Hcl
material purpose.
Note: if sped men contains CaCO3 then its edge are broken and powder is formed on surface such stone has poor weathering
resistance.
2. Attrition test
Aim → Predicts rate of wear of stone against the grinding action under traffic primarily used for stones to be used in road
construction.
• Test performe in Devil’s attrition test machine.
lossin weight
%wear = 100
initial weight
3. Crushing test
Sample size = 40 × 40 × 40 mm cube
Plywood 5 mm
Stone
Load bearing surface
Load rate = 14 MPa/min
4. Crystalline test
aim → to determine durability or weathering quality of stone.
Sample size = 40 × 40 × 40 mm ube min example = 4
• dry for 72 hr. then weight → 14% solution Na2SO4 For 2 hr. → dry at 100°C & weight
Change in weight → noted, repeat 5 times.
Note:
Although CaSO4 crystallization in the pores of stone causes decay of stone due to weathering, But as CaSO4 has low solubility
in water
• It is not used for test.
@ -12°C
Stone in water Free Ching Put in atmosphere
For 24 hr. machine for
24 hours
6. Hardness Test
Apparatus used → Dorry’s Testing machine
loss in weight ( gram)
• Coff. Of hardness = 20 –
3
• Use → to judge stone suitability for use
7. Impact Test
aim → to determine toughness of stone
• The height of drop is increased successively from 1 cm to n cm in nth fall when specimen break here n gives the toughness
index for stone.
8. Micro-scopic test
aim → to predict Quality of stone
Apparatus → microscope
9. Smitch test
aim → to find presence of any soluble matter
Chips
Glass
• If clear water then free from soluble matter
Imp.
(ii) Crushing strength = min 100 MPa
(iii) durability – high
(iv) Hardness → min hardness coefficient = 17 for road work
If hardness coefficient < 14 not used in road work
(v) % wear by Attrition Test < 3%
(vi) resistance to five
(vii) Specific gravity 2.7
(viii) Water absorption 0.6%
(ix) Texture: should be free from cracks, cavity.
(x) toughness index (by impact test)
High toughness 19
Moderate 13-19
Not tough < 13
By steam or By steam or
electrically electrically
operated operated
Deterioration of stones
1-alternate drying & wetting
2-Frost action
3-Movenment of water/chemical
4-Vegetation or organism growth.
Imp.
Rocks
Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock Stratified rock Un Stratified rock
• From by • From by • When igneous • Rock showed • Not showing
coding & weathering action & sedimentary layer of structure layered str.
solid fraction of existing rock under gone
of magma & lava considerable Ex. Sand stone Ex. Granite
Ex. mud stone change with high lime stone Trap marble
sand stone pressure & temperature state
lime stone
Name Type of Rock of
lignite
rock Metamorphic rock Calcareous rock Argillaceous rock Silliciaus rock
shale
zypsum Granite Igneous Gneiss
• Rock having • Main component • Main component
sand Basalt Laterite calcium carbonate clay & Alumina silica
gravel as their main
Mud Sedi State component Ex. 1. Mud stone Ex. 1. Granite
stone 2. State 2. Sand stone
Sand Sedi Quartz or Quartzite Ex. 1. Lime stone 3. Latrite 3. Quartz
Stone 2. Marble 4. Clay 4. Trap
Lime Sedi Marbal
Stone
Igneous rock
Plutonic Volcanic
(Intrusive) (Extrusive)
• Formed beneath • Formed at earth
earth • Andesite
• Basalt
Ex. Diorite • Rhyolite
Granite] • Dacite
Gabbro
Pegmatite
Peridotite
Example: White lead, Red lead, zinc load, oxide of Iron, Titanium white, antimony white, Aluminium power, lithophone.
3. Pigrnents
fn → used to hide the surface imperfection, and gives desired lor
• They also improve impermeability of paint film & enhance its resistance to weathering.
4. Solvents (Thinner)
• These are oils used to thin paints & increase the spread
They make the paints of workable consistency & evaporate during drying of film.
Example: Naptha, Spirit, Petrdeum, turpentine oil
5. Driers (plasticizers)
• These are added in paint for specific purpose
• to accelerate drying of vehicle → (as catahst)
• for oxidation
AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.23
BMC
• for condensation.
• for polermisation
Example:
• Litharge
• lead acetate
• read lead
• manganese dioxide
Varnish:
Varnish is nearly homogenous solution of resin in oil, alcoholor turpentine.
Varnish objectives
(i) To intensify or brighten the surface.
(ii) To render brilliancy to the painted surface.
(iii) to protect from atmospheric action.
Ingredient of varnish:
(i) resin
(ii) Solvent/thinner
(iii) Drier
Type of Varnish
Base Thinner
White chalk Water
• Binder → glue/casein
• color pigment
• cheaper than paints
• distempers washed away when used in exposed surfaces.
• distempers are workable and easy in application
Imp.
• Most suitable for plastered surface as well as white washed surface of interior walls.
mettalic oxide +
enamels: oil +
petrochemical sprit +
resinens matter
Types of paint
• This paint can produce any flat color & needs only thinners
added to it prior to painting.
Asbestos paint • Asbestos was very inexpensive and was used as filler in
many different products throat may industries.
Aluminium point:
• Aluminium paint is a coating material which is made from a mixture of oil-varnish and Aluminium pigment in form of
thin flakes.
• It is used for painting wood work and the metal surface.
• It is highly heat resistant and also resistant to corrosive action
• It has brilliant – silvery shining texture therefore paint has advantage of being visible in the darkness.
Defects in paint:
Tree
Annular sing used for Agepradiction
Endogenous tree Exogenous tree grow outward mostly used for angg. Application
grow inward
Certifertrce In Himalya derived tree
• limited stage thin
engineering jungle
application (Soft axed) (hand hood )
Ex. Bamboo (Evergreen tree) (Board leaf tree)
Cane (csra ) • leaves don’t fall till • Leaves fall in autum and appear in spring.
Plam (rkM+) new Grows • Don’t show distinct annular ring.
• Needle sh ape leaves Ex. Vhd] egkxksuh] “kh”ke] vksd] lky] ccwy
• Cone shape forts
• Distinct annularring
Ex. gs{nksj
phM-
Pine
Timber
Group E (X103N/mm2)
A 12.6
B 9.8-12.6
C 5.6-9.8
Durability
Avg. life
Class 1 Highest > 25 year
Class 2 High 15-25 year
Class 3 Moderate 5-15 year
Class 4 Low < 5 year
Pith (1)
Heartwood (2)
Outer
base
(6) Sapwood (3)
Inner
base Cambium layer (4)
(5)
3. Sapwood/Laburnum/xylenes
• Outer annual rings between heart wood & cambium.
• light in color & weight.
• It takes active part ingrowth of tree and xylem cassies water & nutrient upto leaves.
• It does not impart any strength.
4. Cambium layer
A thin layer of sap in between sapwood & inner basic
• It indicates portion of sap which is yet to be converted into sapwood hence decides the future growth of trees.
7. Medullary rays
Radial fibre extending from pith to cambium layer.
fn (1) to hold annular ring tightly together.
Special points
Timber Use
(1) Alder Furniture, electric guitar
(2) A sanfona In musical instrument, heavy
construction, frunition flooring
(3) Mulbery Sport 1 industry
(4) Balsa Construction & model aircraft,
bridges model tests.
Sawing of timber
Saw
cuts
• quick, economical
• saw cuts parallel slices/planks
• Planks are liable to warp & twist because of unequal shrinkage of central portion (hear wood) bounders the ends by
sapwood, showing higher shrinkage.
• Wastage of timber → Minimum
Sawcuits
• Cutting is done tangentially to annular ring and right angle to medullary rays.
• rays are cut, the section is weak thus planks warp significant on drying.
3. vaster/rift sawing
Sawact
Sawact
• Radial sawing will produce the strongest timber medully rays are not cut as sawing is done parallel to rays.
• Strongest timber hence planks are suitable for hard wearing and abrasivealtion.
Timber
• A solution of special chemicals called antipyrine issued to coat the timber to make it more fire resistant.
• When temperature rises, they either melt or give off gases which hinder combustion.
Seasoning of Timber
• Process by which moister content in a freshly cut tree is reduced to a suitable level, by doing so the durability of timber is
increased.
Objective of seasoning
1 - To reduce the weight
2 – To increase strength, durability, workability
3 – To allow the timber to burn easily if used as full
4 – Remove sap from timber
5 – Reduce tendency to split & decay
Note:
Moisture content in well seasoned timber
= 10 – 12%
Method of seasoning
A. Natural seasoning (air seasoning)
• Very cheap
• Very simple
• Slaw process
• Basic principle is to stack the timber so that plenty of air circulate around each piece, the timber is stacked with wide
spaces between each piece horizontally and with strips of wood between each layer ensuring that these is vertical separation
too and natural air is allowed to blow in between the timber stacse to bring moisture content 20-25%
B. Artificial seasoning
In this method timber is seasoned in a chamber with regulated heat, control humidity and proper air circulation, therefore
specific conditions for different species can be maintained.
1. Outreasoning (Boling)
• Timber is immersed in water
• Water boiled for 3-4 hrs. then dried slowly
• In stead of boiling water hot stream may be circulated on timber, the process of seasoning is fast, but costly.
kiln
• In progressive kiln, the carriages carrying timber travel from one end to other end of kiln, hot air is supplied from
discharging and so that temp. increases is gradual from charging end to discharging end. This method of seasoning used on
large scale
3. Chemical seasoning (used solution of suitable salt)
• immerse timber in salt solution then dried in kiln.
Preliminary treatment by chemical seasoning ensures uniform seasoning of outer & inner parts of timber.
4. Electrical seasoning
AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.33
BMC
High frequency AC current pass through timber – Resistance to electric current is low, when moisture content is high
• Measure of resistance can be used to stop seasoning at appropriate level. It is costly process.
Preservation of timber
Objective 1-To increase life of timber
2 – To make timber structure durable.
3 – To protect the timber structure from attack of fungi & insect.
Types of preservatives
Imp.
1 – As cu Treatment
1 – AS205.2H2O → arsenic pentoxide
3 – CuSO4.5H2O → cupper sulphate
4 – u2 cr207 → potassium dichromate.
Or
Na2cr207.2H20 Sodium dichromate.
• gives protection again + white ants
• surface treated with this preservative can be painted, polished, varnished, waxed.
2 – Chemical salts
CuSO4
Hg Cl2
NaF
Znd2
Odourless, non-inflammable
3 – coal tar
AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.34
BMC
Imp.
4 – Creosote oil → Best antiseptic
(tar and oil type)
→ Black or brown liquid.
Imp.
Brushing
Spraying
Dipping
La wry Rueping
method process
6 – Charring process
Defect in timber
Defect due to fungi Defect due to Defect due to Defect due to Defect due to
scasoriuns Insect natural force conversion
Fungi Attack
Note:
Baderia don’t cause serious damage except discoloration.
2-decay process proceeds more in low density ( soft texture and higher moisture content)
Causes
1. absence of son light, presence of dampness, presence of sap, stagnant air & warmth.
2. Where there is no circulation of free air (i.e nonventilated Basement, damp situation (toilet, kitchen))
3. Easly attack on unseasoned soft wood
4. By charring, Painting, tarring of on seasoned timber.
3. Wet rot
• Wet rot fungi causes chemical decomposition of timber convert wood into greyish Brown powder
Cause :
1. Alternate drying & welting condition {shrinkage & saddling accuses}
2. Improper seasoned timber exposed to rain & wind.
5. White rot
Attack on lignin of wood and wood attains white mass consisting of cellulose.
6. Heart rot
When decay of wood at the centre of trunk and Branches due to fungi attack over heart wood.
• It reduces strength, sound → hallow (when hit by hammer)
Very Imp:
Rot: Rot in timber is decomposition/putrefaction generally caused by dampatrmosphere. Which causes emission of gases
mainly carbonic acid & hydrogen.
1 – Spring:
(crook or free side bend)
→ Curvature of timber in plane of its wide face.
3 – Cup:
• Curvature of timber in transverse dirtied.
4 – Twist : Spirally distortion along length. (curvature both along the length & width)
5 – Split
Endsplit
• Separation of fibre along grain extends from 1 end of plane to other end.
6 – Wrap: Timber has armature along length and in the plane. (when piece of timber has twisted out of shape)
7 – Checks: It is a crack which separates fibre of wood due to rapid drying, It does not extend from one end to another.
8 – Honeycombing: due to stress developed during drying, various radial & circular cracks develop in the interior portion of
timber, which resembles with honey comb texture.
Tirmites
(White ants Bealtles Masine borers
• Termites make tunnel inside the timber in different direction at centre leaving outer shell intact, therfore timber piece mass
look sound till it completely fails.
Note:
Teak, sal → can resist white ant (termite) attack.
4 – Wane: Due to on sound milling practice, corners of wood section having same part of bark
(Basically presence of original round corner)
Wane
Imp.
Burl or
Rindgals excre scene
Coarse grain Winderaule
1 – knot:
knot
Knots are formed in the timber, when free loose its branch.]
• In the sawn pieces of timber, the stump of fallen branches appears as knots. Knots are dark and hard pieces
• Grains are distorted in this portion knots are source of weakness.
2 – Foxiness: red or yellow tinge in wood ‘or’ reddish brown stains/spots around the pith of tree discolouring the timber.
4 – Burl (excrescence): Formed when tree receivers shock or injury in its young age.
{due toits in jury, growth of tree is completely upset and irregular projections appear on body of timber.}
Rind galls → due to unsuccessful attemps at the formation of branches these are distinct outgrowth resulting due to swelling
caused by growth of layers of sap wood over wounds after branch is cut.
5 - Rind galls: Same as burl
6 – upset/ruptures:
• when wood fibres are injured by crushing or compression.
(during growth or Bad felling of tree)
7 – Twisted Fires:
• Caused by twisting of the young trees constantly in one direction by fast blowing wind.
Note:
Plank sawn from tree with normal growth are strong than the one sawn from trees with twisted fibre.
8 – Wind cracks: if wood is exposed to atmospheric agencies, Drien cracks on the out side of a log due to shrinkage of the
exterior surface.
Such shrinkage results into crack, These are not very deep carack.
9 – Shakes
1. Heart shake
2. Star shake
Cracks wider at circumference (base) and diminishing towards centre of the tree.
• Cracks arises from severe frost and Fierce heat of sun.
• Star shakes appear as the wood dries below fibre saturation paint.
• It is fault leading to separation of log into no. of pieces when sawn.
3. Radial shake
Similar to star shakes but they are fine, irregular, numerous split starts from bark and sapwood and extends to heartwood
& pitch
• Ocaeres when outer tissue dry at faster rate than inner ones, this defect can also accuse during seasoning process due to
excessive heat of sun or cold of frost
4. Arpshake
appears as arve split which party or wholly separates annual ring form one onsetter.
AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.42
BMC
5. Ring shake
Admixture
Mineral admixture are added after grinding of cement clinker, they replace the cement by 10-70 by mass.
Imp.
Antibleeding ragout – SO2(SO4)3
Use of admixture
(i) to reduce water cement without changing workability.
(ii) to increase workability without changing water content
(iii) 1 & 2 both
(iv) to accelerate the initial set of concrete (to speed up the rate of strength development at early ages)
(v) to decelerate initial set of concrete
(vi) to improve durability
(vii) to reduce permeability
(viii) to decrease density of concrete
(ix) to decrease/reduce segregation
Durability of concrete
It is defined as its ability to resist weathering action, chemical-attack, abrasion or any other process of deterioration.
(i) Temp. (i) Sulphate attack (i) Cinder → pyroclastic material (Extrusive Igneous rock)
(ii) Moisture (ii) Akali aggregate reaction (ii) Vinease → Promotes acid attack
(iii) Freezing & Thawing (iii) chloride iron attack-corrosion (iii) Chloride iron attack-corrosion
(iv) Ice-melting (iv) carbonation
(v) Acid attack
1. Acid attack
When concrete exposed to acid, concrete disintegrate depending on the type and concentration of acid.
• The most vulnerable part of cement hydrate is Ca(OH)2, but CSH gel can also be attacked.
• If acids are able to reach the reinforcing steel through cracks/porosity of concrete then corrosion can ocaure which will
cause cracking.
2. Sulphate attack
• Sulphate in solution form, find entry into porous concrete and react with the hydrated cement products.
• Calcium Aluminate hydrate (C-A-H) react with sulphates and produce sulphoaluminate which results in increase in
volume of solid phase which can go upto 227%, a gradual disintegration of concrete takes place. This phenomenon is
known as sulphate attack.
• This can be controlled by →
• Sulphate resisting cement
• Quality concrete
• Pozollona
• High pressure stream curing
Progressive manifestation of swelling results in disruption of concrete with the spreading of pattern cracks and eventual
failure of concrete structure this phenomenon → (Alkali attack)
4. Frost Action
• Concrete affected due to being permeable or by temp below because of expansion of absorbed water on freezing ice builds
up in large causing large expansion in local areas cause designation.
Durability Criteria:
Exposure Description Min Min Min RCC min Max.
Category RCC PCC Nominal cement water
grade grade cover (kg/m3) cement
ratio
Mild Protect against weather 20 - 20 300 0.55
or aggressive condition.
(Except if location in
coastal area)
AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.45
BMC
Note:
1. Mild → If ϕmin ≤ 12 mm then wave reduced by 5 mm
2. Severe, very severe → if ≥ M35 then cover reduced by 5 mm
Proportioning of Concrete
Process of sticking quantity of cement, sand, coarse agg. And water.
• In concrete to obtain desired strength & quality props proportion need to be ensured.
Aim
i. Desired workability
ii. Desired strength
iii. Desired impermeability
(Water tightness & resistance to penetration of harmful chemicals from outside)
iv. Desired durability (to resist environment attack)
v. Cost of material & labour required should be min.
→ The optimum water cement ratio for the concrete of required compressive strength is decided from graph & compression
developed from various experiments.
Defect in Concrete
1. Cracks: Acceptable limit = 0.1 − 0.3 mm
As per IS 456
Miss exposure category = 0.3 mm
Moderate exposure category = 0.2 mm
Severe exposure category = 0.1 mm
Reasons:
1. Use of unsound material
AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.48
BMC
Note
Shrinkage: It is used to describe the various aspect of volume changes in corrects due to loss of moisture of difference stages
due to different reasons.
2. Crazing
• Development of a network of fine random cracks on surface of caused by difference in shrinkage b/w surface & interior.
3. Efflorescence
• Appearance of white patches on the surface of concrete member.
Reasons:
1. Use of poorly washed aggregate.
2. Salty water used
Remedies: Coat surface by water repellent.
4. Segregation
• Segregation of constituent matter of concrete because they have different specific gravity.
or
Segregation of coarse aggregate from concrete during transportation separation.
Causes of Segregation:
1. Excess water in concrete in mix.
2. Dropping concrete from height.
3. Badly proportional mix (poor aggregate grading)
4. Use of larger proportional max. size aggregate. (In this case aggregate will settle down at bottom of mix.)
5. Over vibration
6. For the floating and tamping.
Note :
• Honey combing in concrete: Honey are hollow spaces and cavities left in concrete mass on surface or inside the concrete
mass where concrete count not reach.
Reasons:
1. Improper vibration during concrete
2. Less cover to steel bars
3. Use of very stiff concrete
4. Segregation of concrete
5. Presence of more percentage of bigger size aggregate in cement.
Note :
Sand Streaking in Concrete
• A streak of exposed fine aggregate in the surface of formula concrete caused by bleeding.
How to avoid sand streaking
1. Reduce water concrete
2. Add air entrained admixture
3. Increase cement content
4. Adding flashy as displacement.
5. Bleeding
• Separation of water from a freshly mixed concrete to the top surface → Bleeding.
{Because of low specific gravity}
Reasons:
1. Highly wet concrete
2. Bad proportional mixes
3. Excessive vibration imported to concrete to achieve full compaction.
6. Laitance
• When water comes up with cement particles to the surface. It is called “Laitance”.
• Capillary action works here.
Bulking of Sand
1. The presence of moisture in sand increases the volume of sand.
2. Bulking is due to the fact that.
Moisture causes film of water around sand particles which increases the volume of sand.
3. The moisture exerts surface tension and keeps every particle away from each other denying any point contact between there.
4. The finer the moisture more will be bulking for given moisture content.
5. When moisture content is increased by adding more water, the sand particle pack near each other and amount of bulking of
sand decreases.
Note
It is noted from figure.
Increase in moisture content of 5-8% the increase in volume can be as such as 20 %.
Significance of Bulking.
1. Bulking affects volumetric proportion of sand, and hence if suitable allowance is not made for it, if will increase cost of
cement and worked.
2. It will lead to under samed mixtures which are very difficult for working & laying.
Gradient of Aggregates
zone -1 ⎯⎯
→ Wasest sand
zone -2
zone -3
zone - 4 ⎯⎯
→ Finest sand
• Fineness modulus increases with increase in size particles.
• From grading zone 1 to 4, the fine aggregates becomes progressively finer. The ratio of fine to coarse aggregate should be
progressively reduced.
iii. An aggregate falls in a particular grading zone of its % passing through 600 μ sieve falls in its range and is not allowed to
fall outside the limit of other sieve by more than 5%.
iv. The permissible limit for crushed stone on 150μ sieve is increased to 20%, but it does not affect % allowance permitted to
other sieve sizes.
Batching ⎯⎯
→ Mixing ⎯⎯
→ Transporting ⎯⎯
→ Placing ⎯⎯
→ Compacting ⎯⎯
→ Curing ⎯⎯
→ Finishing
1.
Note:
1. For smaller works manual batching is done.
2. For large size works weigh bucket equipment used.
3. Now a days automatic batching plants sagging from small to large capacity are available
Note
Weight Batching→
The correct dry weight of each size range of each material is calculated from their actual weight and then weight of water is
measured about making compensation for absorbed & surface water.
2. Mixing of Material
Aim → To obtain homogeneous uniform color and consistent concrete of desired strength.
1. Tilting mixer: T
• Use for large construction works.
• When agg. Size > 75 mm use.
Note
Paving mixer → For concreting of rigid pavement
Nominal volume of mixed concrete in cubic feet in one batch.
3. Transportation of Concrete
Note:
Mixing + Transportation + Placing + Compaction 30 min. (IST of OPC)
Methods:
1. Mortar Pan: Labour intensive metho
• Use for small work.
• There are no chance of segregation.
• In that weather more loss of water may happen.
2. Wheel borrow/Hand Buggies or Hand
Used on level, road construction.
• Segregation can occur if done on rough roads.
→ Power buggies → Use of power to move
3. Tower bucket: Vertical host inform of tower escaped and wheel borrow moves within guide rails.
Advantage: Initial cost → Less and can be used in congested area as it requires less space.
4. Bucket & Ropeway:
• Used for works in valley over high piers and long dam sites.
5. Truck mixer and dumper:
• Improved & better method for long road concreting.
Note:
• If long distance involved, agitator should be used (max 1.5 hr distance) (Enroot agitation to prevent it from segregation)
4. Placing of Concrete
Note:
1. For dry mix in the weather
- 0.30 − 1 hr allowed
Note:
Under water concreting “using tremie pipe”
• It uses vertical pipe through which concrete (high slump 150-200 mm) is placed by gravity feed below water level.
• Bottom end is closed with thin-polythene
• When pipe is completely filled by concrete, pipe is slightly filled and given after causing tearing of polythene sheet result
into discharge of concrete.
• It should avoid washout of cement due to turbulent water contact with the concrete while it is flowing this produces a more
reliable strength of product.
5. Compaction of Concrete.
• Process of removal of entrapped air
So as to increase density increase strength & durability of concrete.
Note:
Voids in harden Decrease in
concrete compressive strength
5% 30%
10% 60%
Ways of Compaction:
1. Hand rotating
2. High & Shock Pressure
3. Centrifugation & Spinning
Or
4. Mechanical vibration
Vibrator Types
1. Internal vibrator/Needle Vibrator or Immersion Vibrator:
• Most used
• Depth not more than 600 mm (D 600 mm)
2. Form Vibrator
Used in congested reinforcement where need vibrator cannot used.
Ex. Columns, Thin walls, Pre cast unit
3. Screed Vibrator/Surface Vibrator: (D < 200 mm)
• Is directly placed on the concrete mass for compaction of shallow cements such as road surface, concrete floors.
• Depth 200 mm
4. Vibration stable:
Efficient in compacting stiff and harsh concrete mix required for manufacturing of pre cast dement.
AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.56
BMC
5. Plate Vibrator:
Compaction of prefabricated roof elements, door & window frame and railway sleeper.
6. Cursing on Concrete:
Note:
As per IS → 456
• Concrete members shall be kept under curing for a minimum period of 7 days for OPC at 90% humidity and min 10 days
where mineral admixtures are blended cements used.
Objective of Curing:
1. To prevent loss of moisture from concrete.
(Loss due to evaporation or any other reason)
(Supply additional moisture gain of strength)
2. To ensure hydration process completely.
3. To keep capillary pores saturated.
4. To increase durability, impermeability of concrete and reduce the shrinkage.
5. It improves wear resistance and other resistance qualities.
Effect of Improper Curving.
1. Chances of ingress of chlorides & chemicals → very high
2. Cracks formed due to plastic shrinkage
3. Rates of carbonation increases.
4. Durability decreases due to high permeability.
Method of Curing
(Ponding Method) Use
1. Shading of concrete work or stagnating water For large concrete surface such as road slab, roof slab
2. Gunny bags For structural concrete
3. Sprinkling of water For vertical surface lite column
4. Membrane curing A places of scarcity of water
5. Stream curing For precast concrete member
• To increase the rate of strength development.
• Put concrete member
@ 93°C → low pressure
→ High pressure
• It reduce shear strength of concrete
• Results in increased resistance to sulphate at track and to
freezing thawing
7. Finishing
• Process of levelling & smoothing the top surface of freshly placed concrete to achieve desired appearance.
• Done by levelling.
1. Screeding:
Strike off the excess concrete to bring the top surface to proper grade.
2. Floating :
Removing the irregularities on surface of concrete which are still left after screeding.
• Fawning done by wooden float
3. Trowelling : Final operation of Finishing to be done after all excess water has evaporated by steel float. (Conical shape,
gives very smooth finish)
Note:
• A datum temp. of is taken for maturity calculation since hydration is stared at thistemp.
• A sample of concrete curved at 18°C for 28 days is taken as fully matured concrete.
Maturity at 28 days = 28 × (18 – (– 11)) = 19488°C-hr
Gel space ratio of concrete
• Ratio of volume of hydrate cement paste to the sum of volume of hydrated cement and of capillary pores.
0.657C
• Gel space ratio =
319C + Wo
C → Weight of cement in gram
Wo → Volume of mixing water in ml
Or
Wo → Water cement ratio × weight of cement
• S = 240 x3
Constant 240 : intrinsic strength of gel in N/mm2.
Note:
Cube strength more than cylinder because contact area of standard cube mould with upper plate in testing machine is more
which results into more confinement thus more strength.
• Specimen placed in testing machine on 2-38 mm dia. rollers with c/c distance of 600 mm, than load is applied through 2
similar rollers mounted at the 3rd points of supporting span i.e. spacing 200 mm c/c.
a → distance between line of fracture and nearest support, measured on centre line of side of specimen.
3. Split Tensile Strength Test: (Indirect Test)
300 mm
• Specimen l
d = 150 mm placed horizontally b/w the loading surface of CTM (compression testing machine)
•
Compression was applied diametrically and uniformly along the length of cylinder until failure of cylinder along vertical
diameter.
• On application of load uniform tensile stresses, acts over 2/3rd of loaded diameter.
1. Aggregate Shape
• (Flaky aggregate, having → Low strength) elongated aggregates.
• Round aggregate are more workable than angular aggregate.
• Angular aggregate results into higher strength {Better interlocking and higher bond characteristics}
2. Aggregate Grading
• Well graded aggregates
→Voids
→ Less cement
→ Less drying shrinkage
→ Quantity of concrete produced → more durable.
Thus well graded aggregates → High strength of concrete
3. Strength of Aggregates
• For preparing high concrete we have high strength aggregates, but vice versa is not true.
Note:
We must read proper mix design foensuse high strength concrete.
5. W/C Ratio
AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.61
BMC
• Lower the W/C ratio, higher the strength of concrete provided concrete is workable.
(Separate discussion → Given)
7. Surface of Aggregate
• If high → W/C high → Lower strength
9. Compaction
• Higher comp active efforts → Lower voids air → Higher strength
Age Strength
1 day 16%
3 day 40%
7 day 65%
14 day 90%
28 day 99%
Note:
• Above specifications are valid for OPC & where ambient temp. don’t fall below 15°C and adequate curing is done.
• For other cement & lower temp. the stripping/removal time recommended above may be suitably modified/changed.
3.
1. Concrete is heterogeneous multiphase material, whose rheological behaviour is influenced by elastic properties and
morphology.
2. As a result, the stress strain curve does not exactly Hooke’s law.
Note:
Static modulus of elasticity does not truly represents elastic behaviour of concrete due to creep. It will get affected max.
seriously at higher stresses.
AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.64
BMC
Workability of Concrete
1. Workability is referred to as the case with which a concrete can be transported, placed and consolidated without excessive
bleeding or separation.
2. Workability defined as internal work done in overcoming the frictional forces between concrete ingredients for full
compaction. So water functions as a lubricant so that concrete can be compacted upto maximum possible extent.
Workability Test
1. Slump test:
→ Not for very wet concrete not for very dry concrete.
• Put would over smooth, horizontal rigid and non absorbent surface.
• Fill in 4 layers.
• Each layer tamped 25 times by rod.
• After top layer has beam rodded, the concrete is struck off level with a trowel & tamping rod.
• The mould is removed immediately by lifting it vertically.
• The concrete will then subside and this subsidence is refer as slump (in mm)
• The difference b/w the height of mould and highest point of subsided concrete.
Workability
True
slump Collapse> Shear>
slump
(mm)
Note:
Shear slump indicates a non-cohesive concrete & may lead to segregation.
Degree of Consistency Slump (mm) CF VB Uses
workability (Sec)
Extreme low Moist earth 0 0.65-0.70 > 20 Precast paving slab
Very low Very dry 0-25 0.7-0.8 12-20 Roads vibrated by power operated
machine
Medium Plastic 50-100 0.85-0.95 3-6 • Flat slab reinforcement moderately
section
• RCC section
(manual vibrator)
AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.66
BMC
Note:
Concrete of very low workability not suitable because this concrete can not be fully compacted for in the manner described
in test.
• In this agg size 40 mm
• Weight of concrete (Falling freely) in the cylinder is determined to the nearest 10 gm is known as wt of partially computed
concrete.
• Cylinder is refilled with concrete from the same sample in layers of 50 mm deep, each layer being heavily rammed or
preferably vibrated so as to obtain full compaction.
• The mass of concrete in the cylinder should be measured & it is known as mass of fully compacted concrete.
Mass of partially compacted concrete
Compacting factor =
mass of fully compacted concrete
3. Vee-Bee Consistometer test
• Consistency expressed in VB degree → Recorded in second beam.
• This test determined time required for transforming (by vibration), a concrete specimen in the shape of conical frustrum into
cylinder.
4. Flow test : (High & Very High Workability)
• Including flowing concrete which would exhibit collapse slump.
Need of NDT
A. In New Structure
i. Quality control of construction.
ii. Monitoring of strength development in relation to formwork removal curing, prestressing, load application.
iii. Uncertainties concerning the level of workman ship involved in construction operation affecting harden properties of mists
concrete.
iv. Non compliance of material supplied in terms of works specimen test results or other specified requirement.
B. In Existing Structure
i. Due to external & internal chemical attack, fire explosion and other environmental effect.
• By NDT we can find deterioration of concrete.
ii. Assessment of load carrying capacity of existing structure.
For change of its uses or for change of owner ship
Merits/Advantages of NDT
i. Don’t cause any damage to structure/specimen
No wastage of material hence saves lot of time and money.
ii. Easy to perform (Relatively)
iii. Measurement can be done on concrete at site (insite) and hence representative samples are not required.
iv. NDT useful to study variation in quality of concrete with time and external influence.
v. We can perform test on existing concrete structure hence can devise repair plan.
vi. These test can be categorised into those that assess the strength of concrete insite and those that determine other
characteristics of concrete.
Used to evaluate durability and uniformity of concrete and to estimate its strength and elastic properties.
5. Radioactive and Nuclear Method:
Uses x-ray and gamma ray penetration test for measurement of density and thickness of concrete. Also neutron scattering
and neutron activation method are used for moisture and cement contest determination.
6. Magnetic & Electrical Method
Magnetic method → Determine cover to bars
Electrical method → To get Moisture contest & (microwave absorption, thickness of concrete technique)
7. Acoustic Emission Technique:
To study the initiation and growth of cracks in concrete.
1.69
Lecture No.- O4 By- Devesh Sir
Torsion Design
02
RCC IS recommendation
SHORT NOTES
DEVESH PATHAK SIR
R.C.C
1 BASIC INTRODUCTION
OF RCC
Introduction of RCC
Francois Coignet was a French industrialist of the nineteenth century. Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete as a
technique for constructing building structures.
Joseph Monier founded ferro-cement. John Smeaton is considered the father of Civil
Engineering. Joseph Asphdin founded Portland cement. Francois Coignet was a French
industrialist and the first to use iron-reinforced concrete.
• tc PCC esa fdlh vU; Material dk Reinforcement ¼izcyu½ djds Concrete dh Tensile Strength dks c<+k fn;k tkrk gS rks
mls RCC dgrs gSA
• Reinforcement ds :i esa lkekU;r% Steel dk Use fd;k tkrk gSA
• RCC ,d Composite Material gSA
Note:
• mijksDr Table esa (M-Mix) rFkk mlds side esa fy[kk gqvk Number dks Concrete dh Compressive Strength dgrs gSA tks fd
Concrete 150 mm ds Cube dh 28 days rd Curing ¼rjkbZ½ djus ds i'pkr~ izkIr gksrh gSA
• M-60 ds Above IS-456:2000 valid ugha gS vFkkZr~ M-60 ds Åij okys Concrete ds fy, Experimental Analysis fd;s tkrs gSA
Characteristics Strength
• ;g Concrete dh og Strength gS tks Test Result dh 95% dh iqf"V djrk gSA rFkk dsoy 5% Test Result viuh Strength ls
igys Fail gks tk;sA
• 1 Sample dk eryc 3 Specimen gksrk gsA rFkk izR;sd Specimen esa Strength dk Variation ± 15% ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A
Cubical (Specimen)
• 1 Sample = 3 Specimen
• Specimen ij Loading ges'kk Side Faces ij Apply dh tkrh gSA
• Specimen Size = 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm
Note:
• Cylinder dh rqyuk esa Cube Specimen dh Strength 1.25 Timex ¼xquk½ gksrh gSA tcfd Cube dh rqyuk esa Cylinder Specimen
dh Strength 0.80 Timex ¼xquk½ gksrh gSA
• Strength of Cylinder = 0.80 of Cube Strength (80% of Cube Strength)
• Strength of Cube = 1.25 of Strength of Cylinder (1.25% of Cylinder Strength)
Aggregate
• lkekU; RCC Work ds fy, Nominal Size of Aggregate 20 mm fy;k tkrk gSA ysfdu ;fn laHko gks rks bldh Size dks 40 mm
rd c<+k;k tk ldrk gS rFkk Congested Reinforcement ds Case esa 10 mm size Hkh j[kk tk ldrk gSA
Note:
Aggregate dh Max. Size, Member dh Thickness ds 1/4th ls vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg,A
Water
• Concrete ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk Water, Drinking Water gksuk pkfg,A vFkkZr% bldh pH Value = 6.5 to 8.5 ds chp esa
gksuh pkfg,A
• Concrete ds fy, Sea Water dk use ugha fd;k tkrk gS D;ksfa d blesa Salt dh ek=k lcls vf/kd gksrh gSA
• Concrete ds fy, iz;ksx fdls x;s Water Source ls cuk;h x;h Concrete Mix o Distilled Water (Neutral Water pH = 7) ls
cuk;h x;h Concrete Mix dh Strength esa difference 10% ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A
Exposure Conditions
1. Mild Exposure
tc Concrete dh Surface, Atmospheric Effects ls vFkok fdlh vkØed fLFkfr (Dangerous Situation) ls safe gksA2. Moderate
Exposure
tc Concrete dh Surface vR;f/kd o"kkZ o Snowfall ds izfr Safe gks vFkkZr~ Concrete dh Surface fdlh Salt Chemical ds Contact
esa uk gksA
3. Severe Exposure
;fn Concrete dh Surface vR;f/kd o"kkZ Snowfall vkSj ,d ds ckn ,d Drying and Welting gksuk vFkok Sea Water ds Contact esa
Safe jgsA
5. Extreme Exposure
tc Concrete dh Surface Acid Rain, bR;kfn ds Contact esa gksrh gS rks mls Extreme Exposure dgrs gSA vFkok Tidal Zone esa gksA
Proportions of Concrete
Lean Concrete Rich Concrete
C:S:A C:S:A
• M-5 → 1 : 5 : 10 M-15 → 1 : 2 : 4
• M-7.5 → 1 : 4 : 8 M-20 → 1 : 1.5 : 3
• M-10 → 1: 3 : 6 M-25 → 1 (Cement) : 1 (F.A) : 2(C.A)
Lean Concrete
Lean Concrete dk Use lkekU;r% Foundation ds Base es]a Flooring ds Base es]a vFkok Mass Concreting etc esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Reinforcement
• tc PCC ds lkFk esa fdlh vU; Material dk use djds bldh Tensile Strength dks c<+k fn;k tkrk gS rks bls Reinforcement
dgrs gSA
• Reinforcement ds :i esa Steel dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS D;ksfa d Coefficient of Thermal Expansion yxHkx Concrete ds leku
gksrk gSA
Grades of Steel
• Fe-250 → Mild Steel
• Fe-415 → TOR Bar
• Fe-500 → TMT Bar
Example:- Fe-250
• Fe → Ferrous
• 250 → Yield Stress of Steel (fy)/fy = 250 N/mm2
Creep
• Concrete esa Creep ml ij Permanent Stress dh Value ij depend djrk gSA lkFk vU; Factors ij Hkh depend djrk gS tks
fuEu gS
1. Types of Loading
2. Quality of Material
3. Time Period of Loading
4. Age of Concrete
5. Temperature etc.
• Creep Strain dh value, Creep Coefficient dh Help ls Kkr dh tkrh gSA
• fdlh Concrete Member esa Creep Strain dk eku] Elastic Strain ds vykok Develop gksrk gSA
• Total Strain () = Elastic + Creep
Creep Coefficient
Creep Coefficient is the Ratio of Ultimate Creep Strain to Elastic Strain.
Ultimate Creep Strain
• Creep Coefficient = Elastic Strain
Shrinkage
Concrete esa Total Shrinkage fuEufyf[kr ckrks ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
1. Concrete ds Components ij
2. Environmental Condition ij
3. Water-Cement Ratio ijA
4. Quantity of Cement ijA etc.
***Concrete esa Total Shrinkage 3 × 10–4 (0.003) ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A
Stripping Time
• Concrete dh Casting ls ysdj Shuttering dks Remove djus rd ds Time dks Stripping Time dgrs gSA
• fdlh Concrete ds fy, Stripping time, Span, Type of Cement, Type of Loading rFkk Grade of Concrete vkfn ckrksa ij depend
djrk gSA
Cover
• Reinforcement ds fy, iz;kZIr Cover cuk;s j[kus ds fy, fdlh Nominal Thickness ds Cement Block dk Use fd;k tkrk
ftls Cover dgk tkrk gSA
• Reinforcement dks Cover Provide djus ls Concrete o Steel ds chp Stress-distribution leku :i ls gks ikrk gSA rFkk Steel
dks Atmospheric effects ls Hkh cpk;k tk ldrk gSA
• Cover lkekU;r% nks izdkj dk gksrk gSA
1. Clear Cover
2. Effective Cover
Placing
• Concrete dks Plant ls Transport djds Site ij Mkyuk Placing dgykrk gSA
• Concrete dh Placing djrs le; Free Fall Height 1.5 m ls vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg,A
curing
• Concrete dh Surface dks yxkrkj Wet cuk;s j[kuk pkfg, ftlls Hydration Process vklkuh ls gks lds rFkk Concrete ds
Surface ij de ls de Cracks Develop gksA
• ;fn Concrete esa Admixture dk Use fd;k x;k gks rks mldk Curing Time Period 14 days rFkk Normal Condition esa Curing
Period 7 days fy;k tkrk gSA
Ultimate Stress
• Permissible Stress = Factor of Safety
• tc fdlh Beam ds dsoy Tensile zone esa Reinforcement provide fd;k tkrk gSA rks mls singly R/F Beam dgrs gSA
• IS-Code ds vuqlkj Singly R/F Beam ds Tensile zone esa fLFkr Concrete, fdlh Hkh Type dk Tensile Load, Bear ugha djrh
gSA
Note:
• Stirrups dks Secondary R/F/(Transverse R/F)/Shear Reinforcement ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
• T = st.Ast
𝒙
Lever Arm (z): 𝒛 = 𝒅 − 𝟑
Lever Arm :
𝑥𝑐 𝑘.𝑑 𝑘
• 𝑍=𝑑− 3
=𝑑− 3
= 𝑑 (1 − 3 )
• Z = J.d
• Where J = Lever arm Factor
𝑘
• 𝐽 =1−
3
Types of Section:
(1) xa > xc → Over Reinforced section
(2) xa < xc → Under Reinforced section
(3) xa = xc → Balanced section
(1) Under Reinforced section: (xa < xc)
→ bl Type ds section esa Concrete viuh Permissible stress rd igq¡pus ls igys gh steel viuh Permissible stress rd igq¡p
pqdh gksxhA
• vFkkZr~ bl izdkj ds section esa steel igys Fail gksrh gSA tks Fail gksrs le; i;kZIr Warning nsrh gSA (Ductile Failure show djrk
gSA)
• IS-code lkekU;r% Under Reinforced section dks design djuh dh lykg nsrk gSA
• bl izdkj ds section ds fy, xc > xa gksrk gSA
• bl Type ds section ds fy, Moment of Resistance →
𝑥
• Moment of Resistance (𝑀𝑟 ) = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 3)
• Under R/F section esa Failure Tension Zone esa gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ steel Fail gksrh gSA
(2) Over Reinforced section: (xa > xc)
• bl Type ds section esa steel ls igys concrete vius permissible stress rd igq¡p tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ Concrete, Brittle Failure nsrk
gSA tks fd Safety purpose ls safe ugha gksrk gSA
• IS code ds vuqlkj over R/F section dks design djus ls cpuk pkfg,A
• bl Type ds section ds fy, Moment of Resistance →
𝑏.𝑥.𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥
• Moment of Resistance (𝑀𝑟 ) = 2
(𝑑 − 3)
• bl Type ds section esa compression zone esa Failure gksrk gS vFkkZr~ concrete Fail djrh gSA
(3) Balanced section: (xa = xc)
• tc Concrete o steel nksuksa esa develop, Actual stress ,d lkFk vius Permissible stress rd igq¡p tk;s rks mls Balanced section
dgrs gSA
• bl section esa compression o Tension zone nksuksa ,d lkFk Fail gksrs gSA
• bl Type ds section ds fy, Moment of Resistance →
• Moment of Resistance
• (Mr) = st.Ast (d – x/3)
Or
𝑏.𝑥.𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥
• 𝑀𝑟 = 2
(𝑑 − 3)
• C=T
𝑏. 𝑥𝑐 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
= 𝜎𝑠𝑡 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡
2
𝑏. 𝑘. 𝑑𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
= 𝜎𝑠𝑡 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡 .
2
𝑘𝜎 𝐴𝑠𝑡
100 × 𝑐𝑏𝑐 = × 100
2𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝑏. 𝑑
50. 𝑘. 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑡
= 𝑃𝑡 % ∴ 𝑝𝑡 =
𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝑏. 𝑑
50𝑘. 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
𝑃𝑡 % =
𝜎𝑠𝑡
Lever Arm:
𝑥
• 𝑍1 = 𝑑 − 3
• Z2 = d – d'
𝑏𝑥.𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥
• 𝑀𝐵𝑎𝑙 = 𝑐1 × 𝑧1 = 2
(𝑑 − 3)
𝑥
• 𝑀𝐵𝑎𝑙 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡1 (𝑑 − 3)
Types of section:
(A) Under R/F section:
• Failure occurs in Tensile zone.
• 𝑀𝑟 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑦)
𝑥
𝐶1 ⋅ +𝐶2 ×𝑑′
• 𝑦= 3
𝐶1 +𝐶2
Note:
(1) Compression zone esa mifLFkr steel dks concrete ds Equivalent Area ds convert djus ds fy, (1.5 m) ls xq.kk dj nsrs
gSA tcfd Tensile zone ds fy, dsoy (m) ls xq.kk djrs gSA (According IS code)
(2)
Note:
1) tc problem Type-II esa cbc Kkr gks tk;s rks fuEu fyf[kr Relation ls st dks Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
𝑀⋅𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥𝑐
• =
𝜎𝑠𝑡 𝑑−𝑥𝑐
• Assume → 𝑥𝑎 = 𝑥𝑐
2) Compression zone esa mifLFkr steel esa mRiUu stress Kkr djus ds fy, fuEu fyf[kr Formula use dj ldrs gSA
• 𝜎𝑠𝑐 = 1.5𝑚𝜎𝑐𝑏 ′
𝜎𝑐𝑏 (𝑥−𝑑′)
• 𝜎𝑐𝑏 ′ =
𝑥
Steel Beam Theory:–
→ tc Compression zone a Tension zone nksuksa esa Equal Amount of Area of steel dk Reinforcement dj fn;k tkrk gS rks bl
प्रकार ds Beam Steel Beam Theory ds vUrxZr design fd;k tkrk gSA
• bl Type ds Beam lkekU;r% Uneconomical gksrs gSA D;ksafd Beam eSa Used concrete dh strength dk dksbZ Hkh Use ugha gksrk
gSA vFkkZr~ concrete dksbZ Hkh Load Bear ugha djrh gSA
According to Principle of Steel Beam Theory:-
1) Beam Section dh concrete dks calculation esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
2) Compression a Tension nksuks Steel & Equal Amount of stress mRiUu gksrk gSA vFkkZr
𝜎𝑠𝑐 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡
3) Compression o Tension steel ds Area dks Equal eku fy;k tkrk gSA vFkkZR
4) bl Type ds Beam dh Lever Arm] compression o Tension Force nksuksa steel ds centre of Gravity ds chp dh distance gksrh gSA
•
Moment of Resistance →
For compression zone →
• 𝑀𝑟 = 𝐶 × 𝑍 = 𝜎𝑠𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑑1 )
For Tension zone →
• 𝑀𝑟 = 𝐶 × 𝑍 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 . 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑑1 )
Total MoR →
• 𝑀𝑟 = 𝜎𝑠𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑑1 ) = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑑1 )
Flanged Beam:-
→ tc slab rFkk blds uhps Mkys tkus okys Beam dks Monolithically cast ¼,d lkFk <kyuk½ fd;k tkrk gS rks mls Flanged
Beam dgrs gSaA
→ ;fn Flanged Beam slab ds nksuksa fdukjksa ij fLFkr gks rks mls L & Beam dgrs gSA rFkk e/; esa fLFkr gks rks mls T&Beam
dgrs gSaA
• T&Beam o L Beam ds Flange part dks ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd compressive strength esa ;g viuk ;ksxnku nsrk gSA vFkkZr~
Bear djrk gSA
• T&Beam o T&Beam ds Åijh slab dks Flange rFkk uhps yVds gq;s Hkkx dks web/Rib/stem dgrs gSaA
Where
• Bf → effective width of flange • b → Actual width of flange
• bw → width of web/Rib/Stem • dw → depth of Web/Rib/Stem
• d → effective depth of T-Beam • D → Overall depth of T-Beam
• Df → depth of flange/thickness of slab • Ast → Area of steel in tension zone
• l → Effective span of beam • l0 → distance between point of zero moment
• l0 → 0.7 l (For Continuous Beam) • l0 → l (For simply supported beam)
Advantage of T-Beam Consecutions: –
(1) Slab dk dqN हिस्सा Beam ds lkFk feydj compression stress dks Bear djrk gSA ftldh otg ls Neutral axis ds Åij
fLFkr Compression Area Increase dj tkrk gS vkSj T & Beam vU; Beam dh rqyuk esa T;knk Load Carry djrh gSA
(2) Monolithic construction gksus ds dkj.k lHkh Span dh slab] continuous :i ls cast dh tkrh gSA ftlls slab esa Bending
Moment de mRiUu gksrk gSA
(3) Rectangular Beam esa T&Beam Most Economical gksrh gSA vFkkZr~ T& Beam O;oLFkk Use djus ls 40% concrete rFkk 50%
steel dh cpr gksrh gSA
Effective Width of T-Beam (bf):-
• According to IS : 456 : 2000 →
𝑙0
• 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑙
+ 𝑏𝑤
( 𝑏0 +)
• 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏 → Whichever is less
Analysis of T-Beam:–
(A) Analysis of singly R/F T-Beam
𝑏𝑓 ⋅𝑥𝑎 2
• = 𝑚 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑥𝑎 )
2
Compressive force → • Tensile Force →
1
• 𝐶= 𝜎 ⋅𝑥
2 𝑐𝑏𝑐
× 𝑏𝑓 • 𝑇 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑏𝑓 × xσcbc
• C= 2
• Lever arm →
𝑥
• 𝑍=𝑑−3
MoR for compressive zone
𝑏𝑓 ⋅𝑥⋅𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 𝑥
• 𝑀𝑟 = 𝐶 × 𝑍 = 2
(𝑑 − 3)
Note
1) T-Beam esa Actual N.A dh Position Kkr djus ds fy, ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd N.A ;k rks Flange ds vUnj fLFkr gS
vFkok Flange ds ckgjA
2) vf/kdrj Conditions esa ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd N.A. T;knkrj Flange ds ckgj Web esa fLFkr gksrh gSA vr% Actual N.A fudkyrs
le; loZizFke N.A dks Web esa ekurs gq, Calculation djsaA
3) ftl T-Section dh N.A Web esa fLFkr gksrh gS ,sls T-Section Ideal ekus tkrs gSA rFkk Most Economical gksrs gSA
4) Calculation dks Easy cukus ds fy, (Case No-III) esa (N.A ls Åij okys½ Web Part dks Neglect fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksfa d
;g cgqr de Moment of Resistance carry djrk gSA
Design of T-Beam
Step-I
• fn;s x;s Span o Load ds vk/kkj ij Bending Moment Kkr dj ysA
Step-II
• Section dk mi;qZDr dimension eku ysAa
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
• 𝑑= 12
to 0
1 2
• 𝑏𝑊 = (3 to 3) of 𝑑 or bW = 2 to 3 times of thickness of slab
Step-III
• Effective Width of Flange IS: 456: 2000 ds vuqlkj Kkr dj ysA
𝑙0
• 𝑏𝑓 = 6
+ 𝑏𝑤 + 6 𝐷𝑓
𝐴+𝐵
• 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + Whichever is less
2
Step-IV
• Lever arm (0.87 d to 0.92 d) rd eku ysaA (Generally = 0.90 d)
Step-V
• Area of Tensile Steel Calculate dj ysa
𝑀𝑟
• 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜎
𝑠𝑡 ⋅𝑍
Step-VI
• Section dh Actual Neutral Axis fuEu Formula ls Kkr dj ysaA
𝐷𝑓
• 𝑏𝑓 ⋅ 𝐷𝑓 (𝑥𝑎 − 2
) = 𝑀 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 𝑥𝑎 ) →
𝑏𝑓 .𝑥𝑎 2
• tc 𝑥𝑎 < 𝐷𝑓 → 2
= 𝑚. 𝐴𝑠𝑡(𝑑 − 𝑥𝑎 )
Step-VII
• Concrete o Steel esa mRiUu Stress dh tk¡p dj ysa
L-Beam/Ell-Beam
• L-Beam dh design, T-Beam dh rjg gks dh tkrh gS rFkk blesa Hkh mrus gh Type ds Problem curs gS ftrus T-Beam esa curs
gSA
• vFkkZr T-Beam ds Actual N.A o MOR ds lHkh Formula ;gk¡ ij Valid gSaA
• ;g Section ds Design dk Old Method (Traditional) gSA ftlesa Material dh Strength dks Under Estimate dj fn;k tkrk gSA
ftldh otg ls Heavy vFkok Bulk Section cukus iM+rs gSA
• Heavy vFkok Bulk Section gksus dh otg ls Material Consumption vf/kd gksrk gS vFkkZr~ ;g Design Method Most
Uneconomical gks tkrk gSA
• mlesa Material ds fy, Factor of Safety vf/kd fy;k tkrk gS] tks fuEu fyf[kr gSA
Factor of Safety
• Concrete → 3
• Steel → 1.78
• Direct Compression → 4
• ;g Method Deterministic Approach (Theoretical) ij vk/kkfjr gSA
• ;g Method esa Member dh Strength dks yxHkx Ultimate Strength ds cjkcj eku fy;k tkrk gS] ftldh otg ls fdlh
Particular Material dk Consumption cgqr de gksrk gSA rFkk ;g Design Method Most Economical gksrk gSA
• ysfdu bl Design Method esa Serviceability Criteria ij ckr ugha fd;k tkrk gSA ftldh otg ls bl Design Method dks use
esa ugha fy;k tkrk gSA
• ;g Method Probabilistic Approach ij depend gSA vFkkZr~ fdlh Hkh Structure ij Future esa dkSu&dkSu ls Load vk ldrs gS
mu lc ij fopkj djds Section dkss Design fd;k tkrk gSA
• bl Method esa → Limit State of Strength/Collapse ability rFkk Limit State of Service ability nksuksa Criteria dks /;ku esa j[kdj
Section dks Design fd;k tkrk gSA
• bl Method esa WSM dh rjg Factor of Safety uk ysdj Partial Factor of Safety fy;k tkrk gSA
• Bending/Flexure • Durability
• Torsion • Deflection
• Shear • Corrosion
• Tension • Fire Resistance
• Compression • Vibration
• Non-Repairable Cracks due to Fatigue • Repairable Cracking due to Fatigue
• Material dh Characteristics Strength og Strength gS ftldh iqf"V 95% Test Sample vo'; djs vFkkZr~ 5% Test Sample gh
ml Strength dks izkIr djus ls cafpr jg tk;sA
• Test Sample esa 3 Number of Specimen gksrs gSA rFkk izR;sd Specimen esa Strength Variation ± 15% ls vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg,A
Characteristics Load
• fdlh Structure ij yxus okyk og Load ftldh Possibility 95% rd] mlds Design Period esa cnyus dh uk gks mls
Characteristics Load dgrs gSA
• ,slk Load ftldh cnyus dh Tendency 5% rd gksA
Note
• IS Code ds vuqlkj] ds fy, Concrete dh Compressive Strength mldh Characteristics Strength dk dsoy 67% fy;k tkrk
gSA vFkkZr~ 0.67 fck
• fsd = 0.87 fy
• fd = Design or Factored Strength of Material
• m = Partial Factor of Safety () for Material
• fck = Characteristics Strength of Concrete (0.45 fck)
• fsd = Design Strength of Steel (0.87 fy)
Note
• LSM Method esa vkus okys Load dks Over Estimate fd;k tkrk gs rFkk Material dh Strength dks Under Estimate fd;k tkrk
gSA ysfdu WSM Method esa dsoy Material ij FOS Apply fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ dsoy Material dh Strength dks Under
Estimate fd;k tkrk gS tcfd Load dks Over Estimate ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
• vr% LSM Method }kjk design djrs le; Design or Factored Load ds vk/kkj ij Bending Moment ज्ञात fd;k tkrk gSA
• LSM Method esa nks ckj FOS use dh tkrh gS tcfd WSM esa 1 ckj FOS yxk;h tkrh gSA
Note
• Wind Load rFkk Earthquake Load dHkh Hkh ,d lkFk fdlh Structure ij ugha vkrs gSA vr% design djrs le; bu nksuksa esa ls
ftldh Value Maximum gks mlds vk/kkj ij Load Combination Kkr dj fy;k tkrk gSA
• tc Structure dks Sliding and Resistance against Overturning Provide fd;k x;k gks rks Dead Load ds lkFk 0.9 xquk djrs gSA
• tc rhuksa Load dk Combination ,d lkFk fy;k tkrk gS rks Factor 1.2 Multiply fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd rhuksa Load dk ,d lkFk
Higher Magnitude ij gksuk cgqr de Possible gSA
Q. Calculate the design Load for Beam if it is Having Working Load as following? Dead Load = 20 kN, LL = 15 kN,
Earthquake Load = 17 kN Wind Load = 15 kN.
Ans. Load Combination
Maximum of 1.5 (DL + LL), 1.5 (DL + WL/EL), 1.2 (DL + LL + WL/EL)
Maximum of 1.5 (20 + 15) = 52.5 kN, 1.5 (20 + 17) = 55.5 kN, 1.2 (20 + 15 + 17) = 62.4 kN
So, Beam will be design for 62.4 kN Load
Actual Stress-Strain Curve of Mild Steel Ideal Stress-Strain Curve of Mild Steel
4.3 3
𝑓𝑐𝑘 .𝑥𝑢 2 (0.19× +0.17×(0.43+ ×0.57))
• 𝑦=
2 8
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 .𝑥𝑢
• y = 0.42 xu
Compression Force
• Cu = Area of Stress Block × Width of Beam = 0.36 fck. xu × b
• Cu = 0.36 fck. b. xu
Tensile Force
• Tu = Stress × Area
• Tu = 0.87 fy. Ast
Lever Arm
• Z = d – y = d – 0.42 xu
• It is the Perpendicular distance B/W Cu & Tu
0.0035𝑑 700𝑑
𝑥ulim = 0.87𝑓𝑦 or 𝑥ulim =
0.0055+ 1100+0.87𝑓𝑦
𝐸𝑆
0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑏𝑑 4.6𝑀𝑢
(𝐴𝑠𝑡 )lim = [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑏𝑑2
Note
As per IS Code: 456 : 2000
1. (IS 456:2000) ds According Over Reinforced Section ugha Design fd;s tkrs gSaA vFkkZr~ tc dHkh Over Reinforced Section
izkIr gks rks ,sls Condition esa mldks Balance ekudj Design dj fn;k tkrk gSA
2. Parabolic Area Kkr djrs le;] Rectangle ds Area dks 2/3 ls xq.kk djds Kkr dj fy;k tkrk gSA
2 2
Parabolic Area = 3× Rectangle Area = 3b.d
C.G. of Parabola
3 3
𝐶. 𝐺 = 𝑑 or 𝑏
8 8
Mu = Mulim + Mu2
Mu2 = Mu - Mulim
Compression Force
Tensile Force
• Tu = 0.87 fy. Ast
• Tu1 = 0.87 fyAst1
• Tu2 = 0.87 fyAst2
• Tu = Tu1 + Tu2
Lever Arm
• Z1 = d – 0.42 xu
• Z2 = d – d'
Value of fsc
Grade of Steel d'/d
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Fe – 250 217 217 217 217
Fe – 415 355 353 342 323
Fe – 500 424 412 395 370
Ex:- d' = 30, d = 400 mm, fe – 500 than fsc = ?
𝑑′ 30
Ans. = = 0.075
𝑑 400
By Interpolation
12 12
• 𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 424 − (0.075 − 0.05) = 424 − × (0.025) = 418 N/mm2
0.05 0.05
tc N.A Flange esa fLFkr gks vFkkZr (xu < Df) gks rc T-Beam dk Analysis, Rectangular Beam dh rjg gh fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu
(b) dh जगह (bf) fy;k tkrk gSA
Step – I
𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚 . 𝑨𝒔𝒕
𝒙𝒖 =
𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝒇𝒄𝒌 . 𝒃𝒇
Step – II
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟓𝒅
𝒙ulim = 𝟎.𝟖𝟕𝒇𝒚
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓 + 𝑬𝑺
Step – III
Case – I
𝐷𝑓
If 𝑥 ≤ 0.43
𝑈
𝐷𝑓
𝑀𝑈 = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑥𝑈 . 𝑏𝑊 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢 ) + 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑊 )𝐷𝑓 (𝑑 − )
2
Case – II
𝐷
If 𝑥 𝑓 > 0.43
𝑈
𝐷𝑓
I. 𝑑
≤ 0.20 ⇒ 𝑥𝑈 = 𝑥𝑈 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝐷𝑓
𝑀𝑈 = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑥𝑈 𝑙𝑖𝑚. 𝑏𝑊 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑈 𝑙𝑖𝑚) + 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑊 )𝐷𝑓 (𝑑 − 2
)
𝐷𝑓
II. 𝑑
> 0.20 ⇒ 𝑥𝑈 = 𝑥𝑈 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑦𝑓
𝑀𝑈 = 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 . 𝑥𝑈 𝑙𝑖𝑚. 𝑏𝑊 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑈 𝑙𝑖𝑚) + 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 (𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑊 )𝑦𝑓 (𝑑 − 2
)
𝑦𝑓 = 0.15𝑥𝑈 + 0.65𝐷𝑓
Note
Value of ‘yf’ should not be more than ‘Df’.
4 CODAL PROVISION
(FOR BEAM)
(I) Effective span
• A for SSB :-
𝐿+𝑑
• 𝑙 = 𝑀 𝑖𝑛. 𝑜 𝑓 [ 𝑊 𝑊
𝐿+ +
2 2
𝐿+𝑑
• 𝑙 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 [ 𝑊 (Whichever is less)
𝐿+ 2
NOTE:
• Roller vFkok Rocket bearing support, Horizontal rFkk Vertical Load dks Resist djrk gSA tcfd Moment dks Allow djrk
gSA
• Reaction = RV o RH
• Mr = 0
D. Cantilever Beam:
𝑑
• 𝑙=𝐿+
2
E. Rigid Frame:
• Frame ds case esa Effective span, vertical Member ds C/c distance ds cjkcj fy;k tkrk gSA
2. Longitudinal reinforcement:
• Member esa Min. area of steel, brittle Failure ls cpus ds fy, Member dks i;kZIr Ductility provide djus ds fy, Mkyk tkrk
gSA
II. Maximum RF:-
• (Ast) max. ≤ 4% Of gross C/s area
Member esa max. Area of steel dks blfy, Limited.
• (Ast) max. ≤ 0.04 b.D
dj fn;k x;k gS ftlls mldk Proper compaction fd;k tk ldsA
NOTE:
Is Code us Beam ds Compression.
• Minimum Nominal cover fuEufyf[kr criteria dks è;ku esa j[kdj decide fd;k tkrk gS&
I. Types of member→
Ex. Slab, beam, column, footing etc.
II. Exposure condition→
Ex. Mild, Moderate, severe, very severe, Extreme etc.
III. Fire Resistance→
(Ex. 30 Minutes to 4 hrs)
• R/F ds fy, i;kZIr cover cuk;s j[kus ds fy, fdlh Nominal thickness ds cement block dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
• Cover lkekU;r% steel dks corrosion rFkk Weathering effect ls cpus ds fy, Provide fd;k tkrk gSA
• i;kZIr cover provide djus ls concrete o steel ds chp stress distribution leku :i ls gks tkrk gSA
• cover lkekU;r% fuEufyf[kr izdkj ds gksrs gSA
I. Clear cover/ min. Nominal cover
II. Effective cover
• Genral condition esa fofHkUu Types ds Members ds fy, Cover fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls fy;k tkrk gS&
Member clear cover (SP–cover) Clear cover (IS – 456)
Slab 20 mm 20 mm
Beam 25 mm 20 mm
Column 40 mm 40 mm
Footing 50 mm 50 mm
• Nominal cover vFkok Clear cover, Exposure condition ds vk/kkj ij fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls fy;k tkrk gSA
• As per IS code: 456: 200→
Exposure condition Min. Grade of concrete for RCC Min. Nominal Cover
Mild M–20 20 mm
Moderate M–25 30 mm
Severe M–30 45 mm
Very severe M–35 50 mm
Extreme M–40 75 mm
6. Lateral stability:
60b
• Unsupported length ≤ Minof {250b2
d
• b = Width of Beam
• d = Effective depth of beam
25b
• Unsupported length ≤ Min of {100b2
d
• b = Width of Beam
• d = Effective depth of beam
7. Effect of shrinkage:
A. Beam section esa deflection, Differential shrinkage dh otg ls gksrk gS D;ksafd Tension zone esa steel T;knk Provide
djus dh otg ls shrinkage de rFkk compression zone esa steel dh ek=k de gksus dh otg ls shrinkage T;knk gksrk
gSA
• Shrinkage dh otg ls deflection dks] Tension o compression nksuksa esa Equal area of steel provide djds jksdk tk ldrk
gSA
B. Total deflection in Beam:
•
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
• 𝑦𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ≤ 250
For (Loads + Temperature + shrinkage + creep)
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
• 𝑦𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ≤ 350
For (Temperature + shrinkage + creep)
• fdlh Beam esa Total deflection 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
250
ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,] tc lHkh Vkbi ds Loads, temperature, shrinkage rFkk
creep ds Effect dks Hkh Consider fd;k tk;sA
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
• fdlh Beam esa Total deflection [( 350 ) 𝑜𝑟20𝑚𝑚] (Whichever is less) ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A tc Temperature,
shrinkage rFkk creep ds izHkko dks consider fd;k tk;sA
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
• 𝑦𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ≤ 350
𝑜𝑟20𝑚𝑚(𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠) (Temp. , Shrinkage , creep)-Secondary Effect
• Secondary effect→ ,d Vkbi dk effect gksrk gS tks uk pkgrs gq;s Hkh vk tkrk gSA Ex. temperature, creep, shrinkage
etc.
C. Deflection control:
• Exact deflection dks calculate djuk dkQh dfBu task gS] vFkkZr~ bldksa simple djus ds fy, IS : 456 : 2000 us dqN
Conditions तय dj d[kh gS tks fuEufyf[kr gS&
• Valid upto (10 meter) span only: –
Member 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒏 𝒍
( )
𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒅
Cantilever beam/slab 7
S.S.B/slab 20 One way slab
Continuous beam/slab 26
Mild steel HYDS bar
simply supported slab 35 28
continuous slab 40 32 Two way slab
• Max. C/C spacing B/W main Bars should not be more than (300 mm or 3 d) (whichever is less):-
3d
• S / Min.of
300MM
• Max. c/c spacing B/W distribution bars should not be more then (5d or 300 MM) (whichever is Less):
5d
• S / Min.of
300MM
• Some Important statements:
1. Is 456 : 2000 ds vuqlkj Plain cement concrete (PCC) ds fy,
Min. Grade of concrete (M–15) rFkk RCC ds fy, (M–20)
Grade fy;k tkrk gSA tcfd IS 456 : 1978 ds According Min. Grade of RCC (M–15) fy;k tkrk gSA
2. ;fn Building dh Height 15 ehVj ls vf/kd gks rFkk og Seismic zone III, IV & V esa gks rks Min. Grade of RCC (M–
25) fy;k tkrk gSA
3. Pre-stressed concrete ds fy, Min. Grade of concrete fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls fy;k tkrk gSA
• Pre – Tensioned member → M – 40
• Post – Tensioned member → M – 30
4. Beam rFkk Column esa 12 MM ls de diameter ds main bar ugha Provide fd;s tkrs gSA tcfd slab ds case esa 10 MM
ls de dia ds Bar ugha Provide fd;s tkrs gSA
• Some Important IS code:–
5 SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
𝐷 1
𝑉𝐴𝑦̄ 𝑉 ⋅ 𝑏 × ( 2 − 𝑦) × 𝑦 + 2 (𝐷/2 − 𝑦)
𝜏= = 𝑏𝐷 3
𝐼⋅𝑏 ×𝑏 12
𝐷 𝐷 𝑦
12𝑉( −𝑦)(𝑦+ − )
• 𝜏= 2
𝑏𝐷3
4 2
1
12𝑉(𝐷/2−𝑦)(𝐷/2+𝑦)×
• 𝜏= 2
𝑏𝐷 3
𝐷 2
6𝑉[( ) −𝑦 2 ]
2
• 𝜏= 𝑏𝐷 3
𝐷2
6𝑉( −𝑦 2 )
4
• 𝜏= 𝑏𝐷 3
… (i)
𝐷
• 𝑦2
𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐷2 𝐷2
6𝑉( − )
4 4
• 𝜏 𝑏𝐷 3 𝑚𝑖𝑛
• τmin = 0
• ymin = 0
𝐷2
6𝑉 3 𝑉
4
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏𝐷 3
= 2 𝑏⋅𝐷
3
• 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔
τmax = 1.5τavg
Example:
• fdlh SSB ij vkus okys shear stress dh otg ls Support ds utnhd 45° vFkok 135° ds Angle ij Inclined crack develop gksrs
gSA bl crack dh width Bottom Surface ij Max. rFkk N.A dh rjQ tkus ij yxkrkj ?kVrh tkrh gSA
• mijksDr developed cracks Mid span ij 90° dk Angle cukrs gSA
• bUgh Cracks dks jksdus ds fy, Shear Reinforcement dh Requirement gksrs gSA tks fuEfyf[kr :i esa fn;k tk ldrk gSA
A. Vertical stirrups ds :i esAa
B. Bent-up Bar or Inclined Bar ds :Ik esaA
C. Both vertical stirrups & Bent-up Bar ds :i esaA
(A) Vertical stirrups:
• lkekU;r% Vertical stirrups dk diameter 6mm – 12 mm rd fy;k tkrk gSA ftldks compression zone ls ?kwekdj Tension
zone rd yk;k x;k gksrk gSA
• Vertical stirrups, Rectangular, square, Triangular, Trapezoidal, circular fdlh Hkh shape esa gks ldr gSA
• lkekU;r% Main Bars dks 22-24 Gauge ds Binding wire ls ck/kk tkrk gSA
• Shear Resistance ds vk/kkj ij vertical stirrups one-leg, two-legs, Three legs, Four legs vFkok six leg okys gks ldrs gSA
• •
By WSM :
𝑉𝑏
• 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 𝐴 ⇒ 𝑉𝑏 = 𝜎𝑠𝑣 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑣 ⋅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
𝑠𝑣 ⋅𝜎𝑠𝑣
• If α = 45°
• Vb = 0.707 Asv·σsv
By LSM :
𝑉𝑢𝑏
• 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 𝐴
𝑠𝑣 ×0.87𝑓𝑦
• VUb = 0.87fy·Asv.Sin
If α = 45°
• VUb = 0.615 fy·Asv
Note
Value of ‘k’
Thickness of Slab Up to 150 mm 175 mm 200 mm 225 mm 250 mm 275 mm 300 mm or more
Value of ‘k’ 1.30 1.25 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.05 1
Note :
The above value of ‘k’ does not valid for flat slab.
Value of (τc)max :
Concrete Grade M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 or more
(τc)max 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4.0
c/c Spacing
0.87𝑓𝑦 ⋅𝐴𝑠𝑣
• 𝑆 0.4𝑏 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑣
Step -2 : Section dh Nominal shear stress 𝜏𝑣 = 𝑏𝑑 Kkr djs ysrs gSA
Step -3 : Grade of concrete vkSj section esa fn;s x;s Reinforcement ds Percentage ds vk/kkj ij c rFkk (c)max. Kkr djs ysrs gSA
(Table - 19) and (Table-20)
Step -4 : ‘v’ rFkk (c)max. dks compare djrs gSA ;fn v > (c)max.- then section dks Redesign djrs gSA
𝜏𝑐
Step -5 : ;fn 𝜏𝑣 < 2
ls rks shear R/F dh Requirement ugha gksrh gSA
𝜏𝑐
Step -6 : ;fn 2
< 𝜏𝑣 < 𝜏𝑐 gks rks rc ukeek= ds shear reinforcement dh vko;drk gksxhA ftldh spacing fuEu Formula ls Kkr
dh tkrh gS&
0.87𝑓𝑦 .𝐴𝑠𝑣
• 𝑆𝑣 = 0.4𝑏
Step -7 : ;fn v > c but < cmax. rc bl case esa complete shear R/F dks Design fd;k tk;sxkA
→ ftlds fy, loZizFkr design shear strength of concrete (VC) Kkr djsA o vkus okys Total shear force ls ?kVkdj Net shear
force (VN) Kkr djsA
• VN = VU – VC
• mijksDr net shear force ds fy, Vertical stirrups provide djsAa
Note
c
(i) v No shear R/F is required
2
τc
(ii) τ v > But τ v < τc → Nominal shear R/F is required
2
0.87 f y . Asv
• Sv =
0.4 b
(iii) v c → proper shear R/F is required
0.87 f y Asv d
• Sv =
VN
(iv) v ( c )max → Redesign is required
→ steel Bars rFkk muds pkjksa vksj Mkyh xbZ concrete ds chp mRiUu surface Resistance dks Bond strength dgrs gSaA
→ Bond ds dkj.k Load iM+us ij Hkh steel Bars, concrete Block ds vUnj ls slip ¼ljdrh½ ugh gksrh gSA
• Cement concrete rFkk Steel Bar ds chp Bond fuEufyf[kr mik; djds c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA
(I) High Grade dh concrete dk use djdsA
(II) Concrete dh vPNh ls compaction djdsA
AE-JE SHORT NOTES : CIVIL ENGINEERING 1.50
R.C.C
Types of Bond :
1. Direct Bond/Anchorage Bond/Development Length
2. Flexural Bond/Local Bond
At equilibrium condition
• Bond strength = Tensile strength
π·ϕ·Ld·τbd = 0.87fy·Ast
𝜋
π·ϕ·Ld·τbd = 0.87𝑓𝑦 ⋅ 4 × 𝜙 2
0.87𝑓𝑦 ⋅𝜙
• 𝐿𝑑 = 4⋅𝜏𝑏𝑑
→ For LSM
𝜎𝑠𝑡 ⋅𝜙
• 𝐿𝑑 = → For WSM
4⋅𝜏𝑏𝑑
• Ld = development length
• fy = yield st. of steel
• ϕ = dia for bar
• τbd = design bond stress
0.87𝑓𝑦 ⋅𝜙
• 𝐿𝑑 = 5⋅𝜏𝑏𝑑
→ For LSM
𝜎𝑠𝑡 ⋅𝜙
• 𝐿𝑑 = 5⋅𝜏𝑏𝑑
→ For WSM
Note
• bd dh Permissible value IS:456 : 2000 ds According fuEufyf[kr gksrh gS &
Design Bond Stress for Concrete for Plain Bar in Tension
Grade of Concrete WSM LSM
M-15 0.6 -
M-20 0.8 1.20
M-25 0.9 1.40
M-30 1.0 1.50
M-35 1.10 1.70
M-40 or more 1.20 1.90
Remarks :
• IS code: 1786 ds vuqlkj] Deformed o Twisted Bar ds fy, mijksDr bd dh value dks 60% c<+k fn;k tkrk gSA
Tkcfd compression force dh fLFkfr esa mijksDr bd dh value dks 25% c<+k fn;k tkrk gSA
Fusion Bended Appoxy. coated (FBAC) deformed Bar ds fy, mijksDr bd dh value 80% gh yh tkrh gSA vFkkZr~
Q. M-25 & Deformed Bar in tension then τbd = ?
Ans. Bt WSM
τbd = 0.9 × 1.60 = 1.44 N/mm2
By LSM
τbd = 1.40 × 1.60 = 2.24 N/mm2
Q. What is the development length for a bar in LSM. If the grade of concrete M-25 and HYSD Fe-415 steel.
Ans. M-25 & Fe-415
τbd from table = 1.40 × 1.60 = 2.24 N/mm2
0.87𝑓𝑦 ⋅𝑑 0.87×415×𝜙
𝐿𝑑 = = = 40.29𝜙 ≈ 41𝜙
4𝜏𝑏𝑑 4×2.24
• Moment at section A – A→
M = T·Z = T·Jd …1
• Moment at section B – B →
M + dM = (T + dT) × J·d …2
From 1 & 2
dM = dT·J·d
𝑑𝑀
𝑑𝑇 =
𝐽⋅𝑑
• Bond strength = Surface area of Bars × Flexural Bond Stress
= (ΣO·dx) × τbf
• At equilibrium
dT = ΣO·dx·τbf
𝑑𝑀
𝐽⋅𝑑
= 𝛴𝑂 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 ⋅ 𝜏𝑏𝑓
𝑑𝑀 1
𝜏𝑏𝑓 = 𝑑𝑥
⋅ 𝛴𝑂⋅𝐽𝑑
𝑑𝑀
= Rate of change of moment
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑀
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑉(Shear Force)
𝑉
𝜏𝑏𝑓 = 𝛴𝑂⋅𝐽𝑑
• ΣO = Summitition of perimeter of all bars
• If ‘N’ No. of bars of equal to dia. Then
ΣO = N·πϕ
• V = Shear force
𝐾
• J = Lever Arm factor = 1 − 3
• d = effective depth of beam
• τbf = flexural bond stress
• V = Shear force
𝑊𝑙
• 𝑉= 2
(𝑆𝑆𝐵& 𝑈𝐷𝐿)
W
• V= 2
(SSB& Point load at centre)
• Z = d – 0.42 xu.
Bundled Bar:
→ Bundled Bar dh Total surface Area, Summaition of Individual Bar dh rqyuk esa de gksrk gSA
→ bundles Bar iz;ksx djus ij development Length (Ld) fuEu :i ls c<+ tkrh gSA
• 36 mm ls vf/kd dia ds Bars dks Bundles ds :i esa ugha iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Angle = 90°
Angle = 135°
Angle = 180°
ϕ = dia. of stirrups
Curtailment of bars :
(i) In simply supported beam Ast/3 bars and is continuous because Ast/4 bars should extend upto Ld/3 distance from
the inner face of support.
(ii) Each bar, which is to be cut, should be cut extending to a distance of effective depth ‘d’ or 12 which ever is greater from
the theoretical point of cut (T.P.C)
(iii) In simply supported beam let Nx bars can be curtailed at a distance of x from mid span. If at mid span let the No of
𝑙 𝑁
bars in NC then x can be calculate from the relatives. 𝑥 = 2 √𝑁𝑥
𝑐
The pint at a distance ‘x’ is T.P.C but for band point of view these bars are curtailed or bent up at a distance d or 12, which
ever is greater, beyond TPC.
• Due to warping to section and cracking of concrete analysis of RCC member to non circular section subjected to torsion
becomes complicated IS 456 : 2000 provides a simplified approach (based on stero bending theory) to design member
subjected to torsion into equivalent shear and equivalent moment.
6 DESIGN OF SLAB
• Slab og structural member gS ftldh ,d dimension (thickness) other two dimensions dh rqyuk esa cgqr de gksrh gSA
• Slab izkFkfed :i ls Flexure member gksrk gSA
• fdlh Hkh Building dk og structural member tks mlds Åijh surface dks <dus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] Slab dgykrk gSA
• Slab dh thickness 90mm ls 300mm rd dqN Hkh gks ldrh gSA
• Generally, normal structures esa 150 mm (Slab) ls vf/kd thickness ugha Provide djrs gSA
Types of Slab
• Slab dks fuEufyf[kr vk/kkj ij Classify fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1. On the Basis of Shape
I. Rectangular Slab
II. Trapezoidal Slab
III. Triangular Slab
IV. Any Other Slab
2. On the Basis of Bending Behaviour : Two Types
I. One-way Slab
II. Two-way Slab
3. On the Basis of Types of Construction :
I. Solid Slab/Slab
II. Flat Slab
III. Slab with Opening
IV. Waffle Slab
4. On the Basis of Types of Load :
I. Subjected to point load
II. Subjected to UDL load
Note :
• bl Topic esa dsoy Solid, rectangular, one- way vFkok Two – way UDL loaded slab dk design djsx
a sA
One-way Slab : (Rectangular, Solid, UDL Loaded)
• tc fdlh slab ij Bending Moment dsoy ,d Direction esa vf/kd izHkkoh gks rks mls one-way slab dgrs gSA
A. tc Rectangular slab dsoy nks supports ij supported gks rks og Always one way slab dgykrk gSA
• (One way slab irrespective of dimension ly & lx)
Flat Slab :
• tc fdlh slab dks directly column ds Åij Rest djk fn;k tkrk gS rks mls flat slab dgrs gSA ¼vFkkZr& fcuk Beam dh slab½
• dHkh&dHkh Flat slab ds uhps drop pannel or column capital Hkh Provide dj fn;k tkrk gSA ftldh otg ls Punching failure
ds Chances de gks trs gSA
• Flat slab ds fy, critical section, support surface ls 'd' distance ij gksrk gSA
(d = effective depth of slab)
• bl flat slab dh thickness, slab beam system okyh slab dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh gSA ftldh otg ls Uneconomical gks tkrh
gSA
• Flat slab dh thickness 125 MM ls de ugha j[kh tkrh gSA
I. Nominal Cover :
• Generally slab ds fy, Nominal cover 20 mm use fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu tc dia. of bar 12 mm ls de gks rks Nominal cover
dks 15 mm rd j[kk tk ldrk gSA
Reinforcement :
• Slab esa Compression R/F ugha Provide fd;k tkrk gSA
• Slab esa Shear R/F Hkh ugha Provide fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu tc Slab shear esa Fail djsa rks bldh thickness dks c<+kdj Failure
dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA
• tc Slab one = way gksrh gSA rks Mian R/f Shorter Span ds corresponding Provide fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk blh ds Perpendicular
direction esa distribution/temperature/shrinkage/secondary Bar provide fd;k tkrk gSA
• Generally distribution Bar, Temperature o shrinkage effect dks counter balance djus ds fy, Provide fd;k tkrk gSA
• Max. dia. of Bar, slab dh thickness ds 1/8th Part ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A
𝐷
• 𝜙 > 8 𝑚𝑎𝑥.
• D = thickness of slab
Max. spacing :
3d
• For main bar > Min. of
300mm
5d
• Max. spacing for distribution bar > Min. of (According to new revision)
300mm
Step-1
• 'd' vFkok l –effective dh mfpr value eku ysAa
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓
• 𝑑
= (value) × 𝐾1 × 𝐾2 × 𝐾3 × 𝐾4
Value :
Mild HYSD
Types of Slab Fe-250 Fe-415 & Fe-500
Simply supported slab 35 28
Continuous slab 40 32
Step-2
• Calculated ‘D’ by assuming suitable cover (d’)
Step-3
• Calculate dead load of slab and also design bending moment.
Step-4
• Calculate ‘d’ required for balanced section:
• Mulim = RU·b·d2 → LSM
or
• MBal = Q·b·d2 → WSM
• (d)required < (d)provided
• Assume b = 1000 mm
Step-5
• Calculate ‘Ast’ for for under R/F slab
•
0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⋅ 𝑏𝑑 4.6(𝐵𝑀)𝑈
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⋅ 𝑏𝑑2
• Above calculated ‘Ast’ should be more than (Ast) min.
Step-6
• Calculate distribution bar.
Step-7
• Check the slab for deflection , shear and bond.
Two-way Slab :
• Two –Way slab esa deflection nksuksa orthogonal direction esa mRiuu gksrk gSA
• ly → longer span
• lx → shorter span
• 2 vFkok 2 ls de izkIr gksrk gSA
𝑙𝑦
• Aspect ratio (r) = ≤ 2→ Two way slab
𝑙𝑥
• 𝑊𝑦 = 𝑊 − 𝑊𝑥
7 COLUMN
Limit State of Collapse]
in Compression :
• Column fdlh dh RCC rFkk Steel Structure dk og Member gS ftlds Åij Compressive Load vkrk gSA
• Column dks Orientation ds vk/kkj ij] Column vFkok Strut esa Classify fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• Vertical Member in structure → Column
• Inclined Member in Truss → Strut
Type of Column
• tc Column ij Load nksuksa Transverse Axis (x, y) ds Intersection Point ij yxs rks mls Concentrically Loaded Column dgrs
gSA
• fdlh Hkh RCC Structure ds fy, Concentrically Loaded Column dks Design ugha fd;k tkr gSA D;ksafd Exact Intersection
Point ij Loading djuk Possible ugha gksrk gSA
• tc fdlh Column ij Load dh Eccentricity ¼mRdsUnzrk½ mldh Transverse direction ds (x, y) 5% ds vUnj gks] rks mls Axially
Loaded Column dgrs gSA
• IS Code ds vuqlkj RCC Column Axially Load ds fy, Design fd;k tkrk gSA
• tc fdlh Column ij Eccentric Load dsoy ,d direction ds Corresponding yxs rks mls Axially Loaded With Uniaxial
Bending Column dgrs gSA
• tc fdlh Column ij Eccentric Load mldh nksuksa Transverse direction (x,y) ds Corresponding yxs rks mls Axially Loaded
With Bi-axial Bending Column dgrs gSA
Note :
• Concentrically loaded column → 5
• Axially loaded with uniaxial bending → 2, 4, 6, 8
A. Short Column :
• tc fdlh Compression Member ds fy, Slenderness Ratio 3 ls vf/kd rFkk 12 ls de gks rks mls Short Column dgrs gSA
• 3 < < 12 (Short Column)
• → slenderness ratio
• Short Column Always Crusting vFkok Crippling esa Fail djrk gSA
Note :
Pedestral :- (Column ds uhps cuk;k x;k pkSdkj Member)
• tc fdlh Compression Member ds fy, Slenderness Ratio () 3 vFkok 3 ls de gks rks mls Pedestral dgrs gSA
• ≤3
• Pedestral, PCC vFkok R.C.C nksuksa dk cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
• Pedestral, Always Crushing esa Fail djrk gSA D;ksfa d bldh Height cgqr de gksrh gSA
• ;fn Pedestral RCC dk cuk;k tkrk gS rks blesa Steel dh ek=k mlds c/s Area ds 0.15% ls de ugha gksuh pkfg,A
• Min. of area of steel for pedestral < 0.15% of cross of C/S area
Slenderness Ratio :
In SOM
Eff. length of column
• Slenderness ratio = Least radius of gyration
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓.
• Slenderness ratio =
𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛
In RCC
•
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓.
=
Least lateral dimension (LLD)
• B>D
LLD = D
Radius of Gyration
𝐼
• 𝑟 = √𝐴
𝐵𝐷 3
• 𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 12
𝐷𝐵3
• 𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 12
B>D
• Ixx < Iyy
(𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝐼𝑥𝑥 )
• 𝑟min . = √ 𝐴
𝐵𝐷3 𝐷
• 𝑟min = √12×𝐵⋅𝐷 = 2
√3
Column
Short < 32
Medium 32 to 120
Long > 120
3. On the Basis of Types of Reinforcement :
A. Tied Column
B. Spirally & Helically R/F Column
C. Composite Column
A. Tied Column
B. Spirally & Helically R/F Column:- (5% Strength T;knk gksrh gS½
C. Composite Column
• Composite Column
Unsupported Length of Column :
• Floor rFkk Beam ds Bottom Level rd dh Clear Length dks rFkk Height dks Unsupported Length of Column dgrs gSA
Effective Length of Column :
• leff
• fdlh Column dk og Part tks Effectively Buckling esa Participate djrk gS] Effective Length of Column dgykrh gSA
• Points of Zero Moment ds chp dh Length dks Effective Length of Column dgrs gSA
• Points of Contra-flexures ds chp dh Length dks Effective Length of Column dgrs gSA
Assumptions
1. Plain section before bending remains plane after bending
2. Tensile strength of concrete is ignored. All the tensile stresses taken up by steel only
3. For axially loaded column, maximum compression strain in all fibres is limited to 0.002
4. The maximum compression strain in the column subjected to axial compressive and bending when part of column section
is in tension is 0.0035
5. The maximum compressing strain in the column subjected to axial compression and bending when not tension is considered
anywhere in column section is (Ech = 0.0035-0.75Ecl)
Codal Provision
3. Longitudinal Reinforcement
A. Min. Area of Reinforcement
• Column esa Minimum R/F Creep Effect o Unanticipated Loading dks Counter-Balance djus ds fy, Provide fd;k tkrk gSA
8 Nos
5. Statement
• Column Section ds fy, Longitudinal R/F dk diameter 12 mm ls de ugha j[kk tkrk gSA (To Avoid Buckling)
• ϕmin ≥ 12 mm
6.
• fdlh Hkh Longitudinal Bar ds chp Maximum Spacing C/C 300 mm ls vf/kd ugha gksuh pkfg,A
7.
• Pedestral ds fy, Minimum Area of Reinforcement, 0.15% of Gross C/S Area fy;k tkrk gSA
8.
• Column ds fy, Minimum Nominal Cover 40 mm fy;k tkrk gS ysfdu 12 mm rd dh Bar ds fy, इसको 25 mm rd j[kk
tk ldrk gSA (But D 200 mm)
𝜋
• Volume of core = 4 ⋅ 𝐷𝑐2 × pitch
• Volume of spiral R/F = Area of spiral R/F × perimeter
𝜋
• Volume of spiral R/F = × 𝜙𝑠2 × 𝜋(𝐷𝑐 − 𝜙𝑠 )
4
𝜋
• 𝐴𝑔 = 4 × 𝐷 2
𝜋
• 𝐴𝑐 = 4 × 𝐷𝑐2
75 mm
• min. pitch/spacing max. of Dia. of core (Dc )
6
Note
• Axially Loaded Column ds fdlh Hkh Fibre esa Maximum Strain 0.002 ls vf/kd ugha gksuk pkfg,A
• PU = PC + PS
• 𝑃𝑈 = 𝑓𝑠𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑐
𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑐
• 𝑃𝑈 = 𝑓𝑐𝑐 (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ) + 𝑓𝑠𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑐
• 𝑃𝑈 = 𝑓𝑐𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴𝑔 − 𝑓𝑐𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 + 𝑓𝑠𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴𝑠𝑐
• 𝑃𝑈 = 𝑓𝑐𝑐 ⋅ 𝐴𝑔 + 𝐴𝑠𝑐 (𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 𝑓𝑐𝑐 )
Where,
• Ag = gross area of column
8 FOOTING
Footing
• ;g fdlh Hkh Structure dk lcls Bottom Most Member gksrk gS tks Column, Beam rFkk Slab etc ls vkus okys Load dks Soil
ds Åij Transfer djus dj dke djrk gSA
• Footing ges'kk Punching esa Fail gksrh gSA ftlesa Column Footing dks rksM+dj vUnj pyk tkrk gSA
• Punching Failure dks jksdus ds fy,] Footing dh depth vFkok thickness sufficient gksuh pkfg,A
• fdlh Hkh Structure dh Stability Footing rFkk Soil dh Bearing Capacity ij gh depend djrh gSA
• Footing dks fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls Classify fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Shallow Foundation
• tc fdlh Foundation dh depth mldh width ds cjkcj ;k mlls de gks rks mls Shallow Foundation dgrs gSA
• D≤B
I. Isolated Footing
• tc izR;sd Column ds fy, Individual Footing design dh tkrh gS tks mls Isolated footing dgrs gSA
• ;g Square, Rectangular, Trapezoidal, Circular fdlh Hkh Shape esa gks ldrh gSA
• bl izdkj dh Footing ds fy, Base Slab dh thickness 150 mm ls de ugha gksuh pkfg,A
V. Mat/Raft Footing
• bl Type dh Footing lkekU;r% Low Bearing Capacity okyh Soil ds fy, cuk;h tkrh gSA Ex- Black Cotton Soil
• tc dHkh Plot Area dk 70% Area Footing ds :i esa Use gks jgk gks rks bl Condition esa Mat/Raft Foundation cukuk T;knk
mfpr jgrk gSA
• tc cgqr T;knk Load vk jgk gks rc Hkh Mat/Raft Footing cuk;h tkrh gSA
Note:
Deep Foundation
• tc Footing dh Depth, Footing dh Width ls vf/kd gks rks mls Deep foundation dgrs gSA
• Generally Deep Footing dh Depth, mldh Width dh rqyuk esa cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA
• D >>> B
• Abutment → Bridge esa fdukjs okys Column
• Pier → Bridge esa chp okys Column
I. Pile Foundation
• bl rjg dh Foundation lkekU;r% Heavy Bridges vFkok High Rised Buildings esa cuk;h tkrh gSA
• Generally Pile Foundation dks Ground ds uhps Hard Strata ij fVdk;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ Pile Foundation ds fy, Åij Surface
dh Soil dh Bearing Capacity ls dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA
• bl rjg dh Foundation Building vFkok Bridges dks Lateral Stability Provide djrh gS vFkkZr~ budks Over turning o Sliding
ls cpkrh gSA
• Depth of footing ≮ 300 mm
Design Criteria
1. Depth of Footing
• fdlh Hkh Type dh Footing ds fy,] Depth 50 cm (0.5 m) ls de ugha gksuh pkfg,A
• Minimum Depth of Footing ≮50 cm
• Footing dh Depth, Soil dh Bearing Capacity rFkk Minimum Seasonal Variation of Water Table ij Depend djrh gSA
• izkjfEHkd rkSj ij Footing dh Depth Kkr djus ds fy, Rankine Formula dk use fd;k tkrk gS tks fuEu gS
𝑞 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 2
• Depth of footing 𝐷𝑓 = 𝛾 (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙) rankine formula
• q = gross bearing capacity
• = unit weight of soil
• ϕ = Angle of internal friction/Angle of repose
• Minimum Nominal Cover decide djrs le; Exposure Condition dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gSA
50 mm
• Min. nominal cover < max of
min.nominal cover as per exposure condition
• tc Footing, Pile ds Åij Rest dj jgh gks rks Footing Edge dh Depth 300 mm ls de ugha gksuh pkfg,A
• Df ≮ 300 mm
Or
• Df ≥ 300 mm
Note
• Masonary Wall ds fy, Critical Section, Centre Line ds lkFk&lkFk Wall ds Faces ij Hkh gks ldrk gS ;fn vPNh Quality dh
Masonary dh xbZ gks rksA
9 STAIRCASE
Types of Staircase:
1. By geometrical construction
2. By shape of staircase
General Dimensions:
Width = 1 m to 2 m
Residential Public space
Steps = 3 to 12 numbers
(T + 2R = 500) and (T × R = 40,000 to 42,000)
T and R for residential building
T = 250 to 300 mm
R = 150 to 180 mm
T and R for public building
T = 250 to 300 mm
R = 120 to 150 mm
Load Calculation
1. Live Loads:
5.0 kN/m 2 → In general
L =
3.0 kN/m → When overcrowding is unlikely
2
2. Dead Loads:
1
W1 = T R B 25 kN/m
2
1
W1 = RB 25 kN/m
2
W2 = ( B t B) 25 kN
= R 2 + T 2 t B 25 kN
R 2 + T 2 t B 25
W2 = kN/m
T
Based on Structural System
(i) Spanning Longitudinally
Both landing and Going span in the same direction
Fig: Effective span for stairs supported at each end by landing spanning parallel with the rises
Effective Span Le-
X Y Span in meters
<1m <1m G+X+Y
<1m >1m G+X+1
>1m <1m G+Y+1
>1m >1m G+1+1
10 RETAINING WALL
Retaining Wall
• Retaining wall is provided to retain earth at an angel steeper than angle of repose
β > ϕ → (Unstable)
β ≤ ϕ → (Stable)
PP = 1 K P s h 1 h
2
PP = 1 K P s h
2
• It becomes uneconomical it height of retained earth goes beyond 8 m.
• Stem, heel slab and toe slab bend like cantilever.
• Thickness of any slab should not be less than 150 mm.
• Stem is generally tapered with maximum thickness at bottom.
• Main reinforcement of stem is provided on back face.
• Main reinforcement of heel and toe slab is on top and bottom respectively.
• Critical section for heel and toe slab are at back and front of stem respectively.
• Critical section for bending stem is at the junction of base slab and stem.
• Active earth pressure produces.
o Disturbing force for sliding.
Disturbing force Pa = 1 K a s H 2 Pa H 2
2
Disturbing moment M = Pa H 3 = 1 6 K a s H 3 M α H3
• Restoring moment is obtained by self weight of retaining wall and soil above heel slab.
Restoring moment = (0.9 W) × Perpendicular distance b/w ‘W’ and toe point
Where W = W1 + W2 + W + W3 + W4
• Restoring force sliding is obtained from friction b/w base and soil below it. If friction is not sufficient then shear key is
provided and placed in such as way that main reinforcement of stem can be extended inside the shear key for anchorage.
Restoring Force = Friction + Passive Earth pr = μN + PP
Restoring force = μ(0.5W) + PP
• While calculating restoring force and restoring moment only 90% of DL is considered.
• FOS against overturning and sliding should not be less than 1.4
Restoring Force/Moment
1.4
Disturbing Force/Moment
• For most economical design, resultant of pressure from soil should pass through front face of stem.
• Resultant of active earth pressure and dead load should pass through middle 3rd of base slab dimension for no lifting
condition.
• In general length of base slab is (0.6 to 0.8) times height of retained earth.
• For preliminary design, stem can be placed at 1/3rd of length of base slab.
• After every 30 m, a joint is provided to take care of expansion and contraction of retaining wall.
• It is an inelastic method of analysis by which ultimate load carrying capacity of slab is calculated
• Plastic hinge in the slab is the form of line hinge corresponding to widest crack pattern.
• This is also termed as yield line.
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