Designation: C 364/C 364M – 07

Standard Test Method for

Edgewise Compressive Strength of Sandwich
Constructions1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 364/C 364M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope D 5229/D 5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption

1.1 This test method covers the compressive properties of Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Ma-
structural sandwich construction in a direction parallel to the trix Composite Materials
sandwich facing plane. Permissible core material forms include D 5687/D 5687M Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite
those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Prepara-
and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding tion
surfaces (such as honeycomb). E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units E 6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the ing
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in E 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for a
must be used independently of the other. Combining values Characteristic of a Lot or Process
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
standard. ASTM Test Methods
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the E 1012 Practice for Verification of Test Frame and Speci-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- Force Application
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. E 1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
2. Referenced Documents E 1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-
2.1 ASTM Standards: Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases
C 274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions E 1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and Core
D 792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela- Materials in Computerized Material Property Databases
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
3. Terminology
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D 2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced 3.1 Definitions—Terminology D 3878 defines terms relating
Resins to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology
D 2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plas- C 274 defines terms relating to structural sandwich construc-
tics tions. Terminology D 883 defines terms relating to plastics.
D 3039/D 3039M Test Method for Tensile Properties of Terminology E 6 defines terms relating to mechanical testing.
Polymer Matrix Composite Materials Terminolgoy E 456 and Practice E 177 define terms relating to
D 3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite statistics. In the event of a conflict between terms, Terminology
Materials D 3878 shall have precedence over the other terminologies.
D 3878 Terminology for Composite Materials 3.2 Symbols:
b = width of specimen
CV = coefficient of variation statistic of a sample population
for a given property (in percent)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on L = length of specimen
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.09 on
Sandwich Construction.
P = force on specimen
Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originally Sn-1 = standard deviation statistic of a sample population for
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C 364/C 364M– 06. a given property

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 C 364/C 364M – 07
tc = core thickness joints, voids or other core and facing discontinuities, out-of-
tfs = nominal facesheet thickness plane curvature, facing thickness variation, and surface rough-
xi = test result for an individual specimen from the sample ness.
population for a given property 6.2 System Alignment—Unintended loading eccentricities
x = mean or average (estimate of mean) of a sample will cause premature failure. Every effort should be made to
population for a given property eliminate undesirable eccentricities from the test system. Such
s = facesheet compressive stress eccentricities may occur as a result of misaligned grips, poor
specimen preparation, or poor alignment of the loading fixture.
4. Summary of Test Method If there is any doubt as to the alignment inherent in a given test
4.1 This test method consists of subjecting a sandwich panel machine, then the alignment should be checked as discussed in
to monotonically increasing compressive force parallel to the Test Method D 3039/ D 3039M.
plane of its faces. The force is transmitted to the panel through 6.3 Geometry—Specific geometric factors that affect edge-
either clamped or bonded end supports. Stress and strength are wise compressive strength of sandwich panels include
reported in terms of the nominal cross-sectional area of the two facesheet fiber waviness, core cell geometry (shape, density,
facesheets, rather than total sandwich panel thickness, although orientation), core thickness, specimen shape (L/W ratio), and
alternate stress calculations may be optionally specified. adhesive thickness.
4.2 The only acceptable failure modes for edgewise com- 6.4 Environment—Results are affected by the environmen-
pressive strength of sandwich constructions are those occurring tal conditions under which the tests are conducted. Specimens
away from the supported ends. The sandwich column, no tested in various environments can exhibit significant differ-
matter how short, usually is subjected to a buckling type of ences in both static strength and failure mode. Critical envi-
failure unless the facings are so thick that they themselves are ronments must be assessed independently for each sandwich
in the short column class. The failure of the facings manifests construction tested.
itself by wrinkling of the facing, in which the core deforms to
the wavy shape of the facings; by dimpling of the facings into 7. Apparatus
the honeycomb cells; by bending of the sandwich, resulting in 7.1 Micrometers—The micrometer(s) shall use a 4- to 6-mm
crimping near the ends as a result of shear failure of the core; [0.16- to 0.25-in.] nominal diameter ball-interface on irregular
or by failure in the facing-to-core bond and associated surfaces such as the bag-side of a facing laminate, and a flat
facesheet buckling. anvil interface on machined edges or very smooth-tooled
surfaces. The accuracy of the instrument(s) shall be suitable for
5. Significance and Use reading to within 1 % of the sample length, width and
5.1 The edgewise compressive strength of short sandwich thickness. For typical specimen geometries, an instrument with
construction specimens provides a basis for judging the load- an accuracy of 625 µm [60.001 in.] is desirable for thickness,
carrying capacity of the construction in terms of developed length and width measurement. .
facing stress. 7.2 Test Fixtures:
5.2 This test method provides a standard method of obtain- 7.2.1 Spherical Bearing Block, preferably of the suspended,
ing sandwich edgewise compressive strengths for panel design self-aligning type.
properties, material specifications, research and development 7.2.2 Lateral End Supports—Via (1) clamps made of rect-
applications, and quality assurance. angular steel bars fastened together so as to clamp the
5.3 The reporting section requires items that tend to influ- specimen lightly between them (the cross-sectional dimensions
ence edgewise compressive strength to be reported; these of each of these bars shall be not less than 6 mm [0.25 in.],
include materials, fabrication method, facesheet lay-up orien- such as that shown in Fig. 1; (2) fitting the specimen snugly
tation (if composite), core orientation, results of any nonde- into a lengthwise slot in a round steel bar, where such bars shall
structive inspections, specimen preparation, test equipment have a diameter not less than the thickness of the sandwich plus
details, specimen dimensions and associated measurement 6 mm [0.25 in.], and are suitably retained on the spherical
accuracy, environmental conditions, speed of testing, failure bearing block surfaces; or (3) casting the ends of the specimens
mode, and failure location. in resin or other suitable molding material. The cast ends of the
specimen should be ground flat and parallel, meeting or
6. Interferences exceeding the specimen end tolerances shown in Fig. 2 and
6.1 Material and Specimen Preparation—Poor material Fig. 3.
fabrication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, and 7.3 Testing Machine—The testing machine shall be in
damage induced by improper specimen machining are known accordance with Practices E 4 and shall satisfy the following
causes of high data scatter in composites in general. Specific requirements:
material factors that affect sandwich composites include vari- 7.3.1 Testing Machine Configuration—The testing machine
ability in core density and degree of cure of resin in both facing shall have both an essentially stationary head and a movable
matrix material and core bonding adhesive. Important aspects head.
of sandwich panel specimen preparation that contribute to data 7.3.2 Drive Mechanism—The testing machine drive mecha-
scatter are incomplete or nonuniform core bonding to facings, nism shall be capable of imparting to the movable head a
misalignment of core and facing elements, the existence of controlled velocity with respect to the stationary head. The

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 C 364/C 364M – 07

FIG. 1 Edgewise Compression Test Setup

velocity of the movable head shall be capable of being 8. Sampling and Test Specimens
regulated in accordance with 11.6. 8.1 Sampling—Test at least five specimens per test condi-
7.3.3 Force Indicator—The testing machine force-sensing tion unless valid results can be gained through the use of fewer
device shall be capable of indicating the total force being specimens, as in the case of a designed experiment. For
carried by the test specimen. This device shall be essentially statistically significant data, consult the procedures outlined in
free from inertia lag at the specified rate of testing and shall Practice E 122. Report the method of sampling.
indicate the force with an accuracy over the force range(s) of 8.2 Geometry—The test specimens shall be as shown in Fig.
interest of within 61 % of the indicated value. 2 (inch-pound units) and Fig. 3 [SI units].
7.3.4 Strain Gage—Capable of measuring strain to at least 8.3 Specimen Preparation and Machining—Guide D
5687/D 5687M provides recommended specimen preparation
0.0001 mm/mm [0.0001 in./in.] and having a gage length not
practices and should be followed where practical. Of particular
greater than two thirds of the unsupported length of the
note in this end-loaded compression test is the machining
specimens to be tested, nor less than three unit cells if the
quality and dimensional accuracy of the loaded ends, and the
facesheet is a composite fabric material form. overall flatness and parallelism of the sandwich panel, as
7.4 Conditioning Chamber—When conditioning materials denoted in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.
at non-laboratory environments, a temperature/vapor-level 8.3.1 Labeling—Label the test specimens so that they will
controlled environmental conditioning chamber is required that be distinct from each other and traceable back to the panel of
shall be capable of maintaining the required temperature to origin, and will neither influence the test nor be affected by it.
within 63°C [65°F] and the required relative humidity level
to within 63 %. Chamber conditions shall be monitored either 9. Calibration
on an automated continuous basis or on a manual basis at 9.1 The accuracy of all measuring equipment shall have
regular intervals. certified calibrations that are current at the time of use of the
7.5 Environmental Test Chamber—An environmental test equipment.
chamber is required for test environments other than ambient
testing laboratory conditions. This chamber shall be capable of 10. Conditioning
maintaining the entire test specimen at the required test 10.1 The recommended pre-test specimen condition is ef-
environment during the mechanical test. fective moisture equilibrium at a specific relative humidity as

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 C 364/C 364M – 07

Dimension Recommended Range

Length, L (in.) L#83t
Width, W (in.) 2.00 # W # L; W $ 2 3 t; W $ 4 3 cell widths (honeycomb only)
t, total panel thickness (in.) As required, in order to be representative of intended use
Facesheet thickness, tfs(in.) As required, in order to be representative of intended use
Core thickness, tc(in.) As required, in order to be representative of intended use

FIG. 2 Test Specimen Dimension (inch-pound version)

established by Test Method D5229/D5229M; however, it the reporting requirements prior to test for proper selection of instrumentation
test requester does not specify a pre-test conditioning environ- and data recording equipment. Estimate the specimen strength to aid in
ment, conditioning is not required and the test specimens may transducer selection, calibration of equipment, and determination of
equipment settings.
be tested as prepared.
NOTE 1—The term moisture, as used in Test Method D5229/D5229M, 11.1.3 The environmental conditioning parameters.
includes not only the vapor of a liquid and its condensate, but the liquid 11.1.4 If performed, sampling method, specimen geometry,
itself in large quantities, as for immersion. and test parameters used to determine facing density and
10.2 The pre-test specimen conditioning process, to include reinforcement volume.
specified environmental exposure levels and resulting moisture 11.2 General Instructions:
content, shall be reported with the data. 11.2.1 Report any deviations from this test method, whether
10.3 If there is no explicit conditioning process, the condi- intentional or inadvertent.
tioning process shall be reported as “unconditioned” and the 11.2.2 If specific gravity, density, facing reinforcement vol-
moisture content as “unknown.”
ume, or facing void volume are to be reported, then obtain
11. Procedure these samples from the same panels being tested. Specific
gravity and density may be evaluated in accordance with Test
11.1 Parameters to be Specified Before Test: Methods D 792. Volume percent of composite facing constitu-
11.1.1 The specimen sampling method, specimen geometry, ents may be evaluated by one of the matrix digestion proce-
and conditioning travelers (if required). dures of Test Method D 3171, or, for certain reinforcement
11.1.2 The properties and data reporting format desired. materials such as glass and ceramics, by the matrix burn-off
NOTE 2—Determine specific material property, accuracy, and data technique in accordance with Test Method D 2584. The void

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 C 364/C 364M – 07

Dimension Recommended Range

Length, L (mm) L#83t
Width, W (mm) 50 # W # L; W $ 2 3 t; W $ 4 3 cell widths (honeycomb only)
t, total panel thickness (mm) As required, in order to be representative of intended use
Facesheet thickness, tfs(mm) As required, in order to be representative of intended use
Core thickness, tc(mm) As required, in order to be representative of intended use

FIG. 3 Test Specimen Dimensions (SI version)

content equations of Test Method D 2734 are applicable to both speed of testing can be adjusted. The suggested standard head
Test Method D 2584 and the matrix digestion procedures. displacement rate is 0.50 mm/min [0.020 in./min].
11.2.3 Following final specimen machining, but before 11.7 Test Environment—If possible, test the specimen under
conditioning and testing, measure the specimen length and the same fluid exposure level used for conditioning. However,
width. The accuracy of these measurements shall be within 1 % cases such as elevated temperature testing of a moist specimen
of the dimension. Measure the overall specimen thickness; the place unrealistic requirements on the capabilities of common
accuracy of this measurement shall be within 625 µm [60.001 testing machine environmental chambers. In such cases, the
in.]. Record the dimensions to three significant figures in units mechanical test environment may need to be modified, for
of millimeters [inches]. example, by testing at elevated temperature with no fluid
11.3 Bond the specimen in the end-fixtures if such fixtures exposure control, but with a specified limit on time to failure
are used, in accordance with the requirements of 7.2.2, 8.2 and from withdrawal from the conditioning chamber. Record any
8.3. modifications to the test environment.
11.4 Condition the specimens as required. Store the speci- 11.8 Specimen Installation—Install the specimen/bonding
mens in the conditioned environment until test time, if the test block assembly into the test machine test fixture.
environment is different than the conditioning environment.. 11.9 Loading—Apply a compressive force to the specimen
11.5 Following final specimen conditioning, but before at the specified rate. Load the specimen until rupture.
testing, re-measure the specimen length and width as in 11.2.3. 11.10 Data Recording—Record force versus head displace-
11.6 Speed of Testing—Set the speed of testing so as to ment, and force versus axial strain (if strain gages are used),
produce failure within 3 to 6 min. If the ultimate strength of the continuously, or at frequent regular intervals; for this test
material cannot be reasonably estimated, initial trials should be method, a sampling rate of 5 to 10 data recordings per second,
conducted using standard speeds until the ultimate strength of and a target minimum of 300 data points per test are recom-
the material and the compliance of the system are known, and mended. If a compliance change or initial damage event are

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 C 364/C 364M – 07
noted, record the force, displacement, strain (if available), and TABLE 1 Three-Place Failure Mode Codes
damage mode at such points. Record the maximum force, the First Character Second Character Third Character
failure force, and the head displacement at, or as near as Failure Failure Failure
Code Code Code
possible to, the moment of rupture. Type Area Location
11.11 Alignment—Prior to testing an unfamiliar specimen Facesheet Compression F At End A Top T
configuration, or upon experiencing either end-failures or Facesheet Delamination B Gage (>1xt G Middle M
Buckling from end)
unusual bending failures, it is recommended that a strain-gaged Honeycomb Facesheet D Various V Bottom B
specimen be used to determine the amount of bending inherent Dimpling
in the test configuration. In order to obtain uniform inter- and Core Compression C Unknown U Various V
Core Shear S Unknown U
intra-lab results, follow the following alignment procedure: Overall Panel Buckling P
11.11.1 A minimum of two axial strain gages, centrally Explosive X
located on opposite faces of the test specimen, is required. If Other O

more complete shear and bending information is desired,

four-to twelve-gage configurations per Practice E 1012 may be
used.
11.11.2 Zero the strain gage readings prior to specimen the first character to describe the failure type, the second
installation in the test fixture and, if a bolted test fixture is used, character the failure area, and the third character the failure
torque the fixture screws to their nominal torque and record the location. Fig. 4 illustrates commonly observed failure modes.
strain gage readings. End failures that occur at the bond to the loading blocks or
11.11.3 Apply compressive force to the specimen at the within one specimen-thickness of the end-clamps are not
specified rate while recording data, until approximately 10% of acceptable failure modes and the data shall be noted as invalid.
the anticipated ultimate force is achieved. Reduce the compres- The following failure modes are considered to be acceptable:
sive force to 150 N [35 lbf] at an equivalent unloading rate and 11.12.1 Facesheet Buckling—One or both facesheets ex-
check strain gage output for proper alignment per the following hibit a buckling type of failure, often initiated by facesheet-to-
step. core debonding.
11.11.4 Review the recorded strain gage data for evidence 11.12.2 Facesheet Compression—Short-column compres-
of specimen bending. A difference in the stress-strain or sion failure of one or both facesheets prior to any core or
force-strain slope from opposite faces of the specimen indi- bondline failure, often followed by global buckling of sand-
cates bending in the specimen. Determine percent bending at wich panel.
the maximum applied force for each of the back-to-back gage
11.12.3 Facesheet Dimpling—In honeycomb panels, intra-
locations using Eq 1 (or following Practice E 1012 for three or
cell dimpling of the facesheet(s).
more strain gage locations):
11.12.4 Core Compressive Failure—Out-of-plane facesheet
e12e2
By 5 Percent Bending 5 e 1e · 100 (1) deformation initiates local core crushing, often followed by
1 2
global buckling of sandwich panel.
where: 11.12.5 Core Shear Failure—Out-of-plane facesheet defor-
e1 = indicated strain from gage on one face, and mation initiates local core shear failure, often followed by
e2 = indicated strain from gage on opposite face. global buckling of sandwich panel.
The sign of the calculated Percent Bending indicates the
direction in which the bending is occurring. This information is 12. Validation
useful in determining if the bending is being introduced by a
systematic error in the test specimen, testing apparatus, or test 12.1 Values for ultimate properties shall not be calculated
procedure, rather than by random effects from test to test. for any specimen that breaks at some obvious flaw, unless such
11.11.5 Rapid divergence of the strain readings on the flaw constitutes a variable being studied. Retests shall be
opposite faces of the specimen, or rapid increase in percent performed for any specimen on which values are not calcu-
bending, is indicative of the onset of panel instability. If either lated.
of these conditions is found to exist in the strain gage data, or 12.2 A significant fraction of failures in a sample population
if percent bending at the maximum applied force exceeds 10%, occurring at the ends shall be cause to reexamine the means of
examine the fixture, specimen and load platens for conditions force introduction into the material. Factors considered should
which may promote specimen bending, such as the presence of include the fixture alignment, potting compound, specimen
gaps, loose fixture components, or platen misalignment. Read- surface characteristics, and uneven machining of specimen
just the test set-up as necessary to minimize bending of the ends.
specimen at the specified low magnitude of compressive force.
Repeat 11.11.2 through 11.11.3 to ensure that the specimen 13. Calculation
does not buckle or undergo excessive bending prior to final
loading. 13.1 Ultimate Strength—Calculate the ultimate edgewise
11.12 Failure Modes—Record the mode and location of compressive strength using Eq 2 and report the results to three
failure for each specimen. Three-place failure mode descrip- significant figures:
tors, summarized in Table 1, shall be used. This notation uses s 5 Pmax/[w~2 tfs!# (2)

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FIG. 4 Commonly Observed Failure Modes for Edgewise Compressive Strength

where: xi = measured or derived property.

s = ultimate edgewise compressive strength, MPa
[psi], 14. Report
Pmax = ultimate force prior to failure, N [lbf],
14.1 Report the following information, or references point-
w = width of specimen, mm [in.], and.
tfs = thickness of a single facesheet, mm [in.]. ing to other documentation containing this information, to the
maximum extent applicable (reporting of items beyond the
NOTE 3—Accurate measurement of facing thickness is difficult after control of a given testing laboratory, such as might occur with
bonding or co-curing of the facings and core. The test requestor is material details or panel fabrication parameters, shall be the
responsible for specifying the facing thickness to be used for the
responsibility of the requestor):
calculations in this test method. For pre-cured composite facings which
are secondarily bonded to the core, the facing thickness should be NOTE 4—Guides E 1309, E 1434 and E 1471 contain data reporting
measured prior to bonding. In these cases the test requestor may specify recommendations for composite materials and composite materials me-
that either or both measured and nominal thicknesses be used in the chanical testing.
calculations. For co-cured facings, the thicknesses are generally calculated
using nominal per ply thickness values. 14.1.1 The revision level or date of issue of this test method,
13.2 Statistics—For each series of tests calculate the aver- 14.1.2 The name(s) of the test operator(s),
age value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (in 14.1.3 Any variations to this test method, anomalies noticed
percent) for ultimate edgewise compressive strength: during testing, or equipment problems occurring during testing,
14.1.4 Identification of all the materials constituent to the
S D x5
n
( xi
i51
/n (3)
sandwich panel specimen tested, including for each: material
specification, material type, manufacturer’s material designa-
tion, manufacturer’s batch or lot number, source (if not from
Sn21 5 ŒS S D D S D
n
( xi2 2 n
i51
x 2
/ n21 (4) manufacturer), date of certification, and expiration of certifi-
cation,
CV 5 100 3 Sn 2 1/x (5) 14.1.5 Description of the fabrication steps used to prepare
the sandwich panel including: fabrication start date, fabrication
where: end date, process specification, cure cycle, consolidation
x = sample mean (average), method, and a description of the equipment used,
Sn−1 = sample standard deviation, 14.1.6 Nominal facesheet thickness, and if composite, ply
CV = sample coefficient of variation, %, orientation, stacking sequence, density, filament diameter, tow
n = number of specimens, and or yarn filament count and twist, sizing, form or weave, fiber

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 C 364/C 364M – 07
areal weight, matrix type, facing matrix content, volume 14.1.17 Relative humidity and temperature of the testing
percent reinforcement, and void content, laboratory,
14.1.7 If requested, report facing density, volume percent 14.1.18 Environment of the test machine environmental
reinforcement, and void content test methods, specimen sam- chamber (if used) and soak time at environment,
pling method and geometries, test parameters and test results, 14.1.19 Number of specimens tested,
14.1.8 Sandwich core and adhesive properties, such as 14.1.20 Speed of testing,
nominal thickness, density, and (if honeycomb) cell size, and 14.1.21 Individual ultimate edgewise compressive strengths
ribbon direction, and average value, standard deviation, and coefficient of
14.1.9 Results of any nondestructive evaluation tests, variation (in percent) for the population,
14.1.10 Method of preparing the test specimen, including 14.1.22 Force versus crosshead displacement data, and
specimen labeling scheme and method, specimen geometry, force versus strain data (for each specimen so instrumented),
sampling method, and specimen cutting method, 14.1.23 Failure mode and location of failure for each
14.1.11 Calibration dates and methods for all measurements specimen.
and test equipment,
14.1.12 Details of loading blocks and apparatus, including 15. Precision and Bias
dimensions and material used, 15.1 Precision—The data required for the development of a
14.1.13 Type of test machine, alignment results, and data precision statement is not available for this test method.
acquisition sampling rate and equipment type, 15.2 Bias—Bias cannot be determined for this test method
14.1.14 Measured length, width, and overall thickness for as no acceptable reference standards exist.
each specimen (prior to and after conditioning, if appropriate),
14.1.15 Method of potting ends of specimens, if any; 16. Keywords
adhesive, cure cycle, and pressure, 16.1 edgewise; facing compressive stress; sandwich; sand-
14.1.16 Conditioning parameters and results, wich construction

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