PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 1
RESEARCH
Etymologically, research Research is not only Research is a
came from “re” and process of searching
about the discovery
“search”. "Re" is a prefix
of something for something to
that means again and
solve an existing
search is a word which unknown, it is
means to look for. problem.
coming up with a
Therefore, research is to
look for something new explanation of
(Chapman 1979) something that is
known.
RESEARCH
Research as systematic
Research can be
Research is also
understood as a systematic means it follows the also viewed as the
investigation or inquiry structure or method. formation of new
entailing collection of data, Therefore, whenever knowledge and the
documentation of critical collecting data, employment of
information, analysis, documenting information,
previous or existing
interpretation of analyzing, and
information (Williams
knowledge into a
interpreting information
2007). are conducted, a new and creative
particular method is used. way (O’Donnell 2012)
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

Research should be systematic.

01 The researcher needs to carry out a series of interrelated steps in
conducting the study. Such procedure must follow a well-planned,
sequential and organized structure from beginning to end.
The research paper is divided into macrosystem and microsystem.
The former refers to different chapters labeled with main headings,
while the latter consists of various elements detailing the contents of
each part.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

Research should be objective.

02 The researcher needs to present information that
are purely based on truths. It should always be
anchored on the factual basis in which the research
work is founded, thus being free from any bias or
personal opinion.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

Research should be feasible.

03 The researcher needs to consider the possibility and
practicality of conducting the proposed study. All
significant factors like time, budget and access to
resources must be analyzed to determine if the
research can actually be done.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

Research should be empirical.

04 The researcher needs to employ appropriate
methods, either quantitatively or qualitatively, to
produce evidence-based information. They can be
drawn from concrete experimentation, direct or indirect
observation, and verifiable experience.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
Research should be clear.
The researcher needs to use comprehensible
05 language to present information and convey
explanations throughout the research process. The
factors to be manipulated, measured or described in the
study, also known as variables, must be clarified using
literature from published and unpublished materials.
They should be explained well from the introductory
part of the research paper to ensure a deeper
understanding of the study to be conducted.
 PHASES OF RESEARCH

Conceptual Phase
01 Identifying the problem, reviewing the
literature, formulating the hypothesis,
developing the research framework, and
determining the research purpose and
objective
 PHASES OF RESEARCH

02 Design and Planning Phase

Selecting a research design,
developing study procedures, and
determining the sampling and data
collection plan
 PHASES OF RESEARCH

03 Empirical Phase
Collecting data, and preparing
data for analysis
 PHASES OF RESEARCH

04 Analytical Phase
Analyzing data, interpreting the
results, and making conclusions
 PHASES OF RESEARCH

Dissemination Phase
05 Communicating results
to appropriate audience, and
utilizing the findings
RESEARCH PROCESS
 RESEARCH PROCESS

Define the research problem.

01
To begin your research, you must look at a significant real-
life problem. Factors like area of interest, availability of
fund, socio-economic significance of the study, and the
safety measures to be undertaken should be considered in
finding and defining the research problem.
 RESEARCH PROCESS

Review the literature.

02
Read various publications or surf the internet to become
aware of the previous works already done about the
chosen topic. You may utilize different resources like
science books, magazines, journals, newspapers, or even
in the internet.
 RESEARCH PROCESS

Formulate hypothesis.
03
A hypothesis is a theoretical statement in
solving a logical relationship between
variables. It should be based on the problem
being solved.
 RESEARCH PROCESS

04 Prepare the research design.

Identify what is the best means to collect and

analyze data in the study to clarify and improve
the research problem, purpose, and questions.
 RESEARCH PROCESS

Collect data.
05
Use an appropriate data
collection method to elicit the
needed information
 RESEARCH PROCESS

Analyze data.
06
Utilize strategies and methods
that make sense of the data to
answer the research problem
 RESEARCH PROCESS

Interpret and report the

07 findings.

Put the information in perspective and present

the solution to the proposed problem based on
the findings of the investigation.
 IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN
RESEARCH

01 It promotes the aims of research. Ethics

guides the researchers in obtaining
knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error
by prohibiting fabrication, falsification
and misrepresentation of research data.
 IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN
RESEARCH

It upholds values that are essential to collaborative

02 work. Many researchers who are working in
different disciplines and institutions cooperate and
coordinate to accomplish a particular research.
With ethics in mind, they also maintain trust,
accountability, mutual respect, and fairness.
 IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN
RESEARCH

It ensures that researchers can be held

03
accountable to the public. Ethical norms
guarantee the public that researchers are
deemed responsible for committing any
form of research misconduct.
 IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN
RESEARCH

04 It builds public support for research.

People express and lend their
support by all means if they can trust
the quality and integrity of research.
IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN
RESEARCH
It promotes a variety of moral and social
05 values. Ethical principles help the researcher
avoid practices that can adversely harm the
research subjects and the community. Thus,
it encourages social responsibility, human
rights, animal welfare, compliance with the
law, and public health and safety.
 ETHICAL
CODES AND
POLICIES
FOR
RESEARCH
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH

01 Honesty

The researcher should strive to truthfully

report data in whatever form of
communication all throughout the study.
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH

02 Objectivity
The researcher should avoid being
biased. The study should not be
influenced by his/her personal
motives, beliefs and opinions.
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH

03 Integrity
The researcher should establish
credibility through the consistency of
his/her thought and action. He/she
should act with sincerity especially on
keeping agreements.
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH

Care
04
The researcher should never neglect even
the smallest detail of the study. All
information should be critically examined.
Records of research activities should be
properly and securely kept.
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH

Openness
05
The researcher should be willing to accept
criticisms and new ideas for the
betterment of the study. Research results
and findings should be shared to the
public.
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH

Respect for intellectual property

06
The researcher should not plagiarize.
Credit should be given to who or where it
is due. All authors cited and sources used
in the study should be properly
acknowledged.
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH

07 Confidentiality
The researcher should take steps to
protect all confidential communications
or documents from being discovered by
others.
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH
Responsible publication
08 The researcher should ensure that his/her
work is clear, honest, complete, accurate,
and balanced, thus avoiding wasteful and
duplicate publication. It should likewise
refrain from selective, misleading, or
ambiguous reporting.
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH
Responsible mentoring
09
The researcher should teach responsible
conduct of research and share professional
knowledge and skills especially to new or
lessexperienced researchers.
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH
Respect for colleagues
10
The researcher should show courtesy to
his/her colleagues by treating them
equally and fairly.
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH
Social responsibility
11
The researcher should promote social good
by working for the best interests and
benefits of the environment and society as
a whole.
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH
Non-discrimination
12 The researcher should not discriminate
based on sex, race, ethnicity, or any factor
relating to scientific competence and
integrity. Thus, research should be open to
all people or entities who will participate in
research.
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH
Competence
13
The researcher should possess necessary
knowledge and skills in conducting a study.
He/she should be equipped with a sense of
professionalism and expertise to ensure
competent results.
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH
Legality
14
The researcher should know and abide by
relevant laws, institutional and government
policies concerning the legal conduct of
research.
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR
RESEARCH
Legality
15
Human Subject Protection The researcher should
protect human lives by preventing and minimizing
harms and risks. He/she should always uphold the
human dignity, privacy, and autonomy of human
subjects to be used in the study.
 RIGHTS OF
RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
Voluntary participation
01
The research participants must be given the
privilege to exercise their free will whether to
participate or not. They have the right to refuse
involvement in the study. Thus, any person should
not be forced to take part in any research
undertaking.
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
Informed consent
02
The research participants must be provided with
sufficient information about the procedures and
risks involved in the research. It serves as an initial
guide on why and how the study will be
conducted. Hence, the researcher must ensure
that they fully understood and agreed upon the
study.
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
Risk of harm
03
The research participants must be protected from
any type of harm whether it may be physical,
psychological, social, or economic. The researcher
must avoid, prevent, or minimize threats especially
when they are exposed and engaged in invasive
and risky procedures.
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
Confidentiality
04
The research participants must be assured of their
privacy particularly on personal information. The
researcher must secure that all information
disclosed by them will not be used without
authorized access.
 RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
Anonymity
05
The research participants must remain anonymous
or unidentified throughout the study even to the
researchers themselves. They have the right to
keep their identities secret as they participate
especially in casesensitive studies.