Eysenck and Buss Theory Reviewer

Eysenck: Biologically Based factor theory David Buss: Evolutionary Theory of Personality
Biography: Biography:
● An only child of a theatrical family (Mother: Starlet; Father: Comedian, singer and actor) ● Grew up in an academic family but in his teens, he drifted towards involvement in drugs in high
● Grew up without any formal religious commitment, parental discipline and monitoring of his school, arrested twice on drug charges, poor academic performance and dropped out of school.
behaviors. Had a rebellious streak, challenging teachers and skeptical of teachings and usually ● He worked at a truck stop and his mediocre life led him into thinking about “better ways to make
embarrass them with his superior knowledge and intellect. a living”. He enrolled in night classes, finished high school and college, developing an affinity
● Phd in Clinical psychology and had hospital work treating patients with a variety of psychological with understanding human behavior.
symptoms. His academic and hospital work improved his career and had to travel most of the ● His father who worked as a professor in University of Texas, where David studied published a
time (with Sybil Rostal, a quantitative psychologist), which caused emotional distance with his book with an evolutionary theme and was clearly present in the discussion of the Buss
wife, Margaret. He divorced Margaret and married Sybil. household. David’s fascination with explaining human behavior, sexual behavior was an obvious
● Hans was considered the most prolific writer in the history of psychology, having published some outgrowth in his family environment.
800 journal articles/book chapters and more than 75 books. ● He earned his PhD in Psychology in the early 1950s, garnered many awards, authored many
psychology books and was elected Fellow to APA and APS.
Biological Based Trait Theory is similar with 5-factor trait theory Evolution starts with the assumption that individual members of any species differ from one
another.
3 Dimensions of Personality Evolutionary psychology - scientific study of human thought and behavior from an evolutionary
- Extraversion/Introversion perspective and focuses on 4 big questions:
- Neuroticism/Stability - Why is the human mind designed the way it is, and how did it come to take its current form?
- Psychoticism/Superego - How is the human mind designed; that is, what are its parts and current structure?
- What function do the parts of the mind have, and what is it designed to do?
- How do the evolved mind and current environment interact to shape human behavior?
Individual Differences in people’s personalities were biological, and not merely psychological, aspects THE NATURE AND NURTURE OF PERSONALITY
of personality.
FUNDAMENTAL SITUATIONAL ERROR
nurture
- The tendency to assume that the environment alone can produce behaviors void of a stable
internal mechanism “Without internal mechanisms, there can be no behavior”
FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR

nature
- The tendency to ignore situational and environmental forces when explaining the behavior of
other people and instead focus on internal dispositions.
Evidence for the biological basis of personality ➔ There is NO split between biological and environmental.
- temperament (conception) ➔ Environment does not affect behavior without a mechanism to respond.
- hereditary influences (such as twins) Evolution in general is inherently an interaction between biology and environment
- areas of the brain that are most active during tasks
(nature and nurture).
➔ All biological structures and by extension all psychological systems have come about only in the
context of a particular environment and what was happening in that environment.
DIMENSIONS OF PERSONALITY ADAPTIVE PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS (MECHANISMS)

EXTRAVERSION
- Sociability and impulsiveness, jocularity, liveliness, quickwittedness, optimism and other traits PHYSICAL MECHANISMS PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS
related to associating with other people.
- Principal differences (extraversion and introversion) ➔ Are physiological organs and systems ➔ Are internal and specific cognitive,
- NOT behavioral, but biological and genetic in nature that evolved to solve problems of motivational and personality systems
NEUROTICISM survival. that solve specific survival and
reproduction problems.
High neuroticism: tendency to overreact emotionally and to have difficulty returning to normal state after
emotional arousal. ➔ These are goal/drives/motives, emotions
- Has somatic complaints and vague psychological problems such as worries and anxieties. and personality traits (evolved
- People are vulnerable to illness because they either have a genetic or an acquired weakness mechanisms)
predisposing to illness. MECHANISMS
- This predisposition may interact with stress to produce a neurotic disorder. (Diathesis-stress ➔ the process of evolution by natural selection producing solutions to two basic problems of
model)
life.
PSYCHOTICISM ➔ These operate according to principles in different adaptive domains, are complex solutions to
specific adaptive problems (survival, reproduction)
- A bipolar factor, (Psychoticism and Superego)
High scorers: egocentric, cold, nonconforming, impulsive, hostile, aggressive, suspicious, psychopathic, EVOLUTIONARY PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
and antisocial.
Low scorers: altruistic, highly socialized, empathic, caring, cooperative, conforming and conventional.
Like neuroticism, if an individual has high P scores are genetically more vulnerable to stress and
susceptible to psychotic disorders.
Components of Personality EVOLVED MECHANISMS

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION AS EVOLVED PERSONALITY TRAITS AS EVOLVED
MECHANISMS MECHANISMS
POWER AND INTIMACY ➔ Adaptive in nature to solve problems of

Power survival and reproduction.
➔ takes forms of aggression, dominance,
achievement, status, negotiation of ➔ Buss agreed with 5-trait theory but with
hierarchy different terminology:
Intimacy a. Surgency/Extraversion/Domina
➔ takes forms of love, attachment, nce
reciprocal alliance b. Agreeableness/hostility
c. Conscientiousness
d. Emotional Stability/neuroticism
e. Openness/intellect

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Eysenck: Biologically Based factor theory David Buss: Evolutionary Theory of Personality

FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR

DIMENSIONS OF PERSONALITY ADAPTIVE PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS (MECHANISMS)

Components of Personality EVOLVED MECHANISMS

POWER AND INTIMACY ➔ Adaptive in nature to solve problems of

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