Practical Research 2

OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, the students will be able
to:

• Describe background of research;

• State research questions;
• Present written statement of the problem
• Indicate scope and delimitation of study;
• Exhibit positive attitude in accomplishing given
task and responsibility
 Research
Background
 RESEARCH BACKGROUND

The research background is a brief and

general discussion of the study based
on existing literature and should
introduce its purpose and its relevance
to the field. It also highlights the
research problem.
 STEPS IN WRITING A
RESEARCH BACKGROUND
STEPS IN WRITING A RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Conduct Preliminary Research.

Preliminary research helps in

grounding the current research
study within the parameters of
previously conducted research.
STEPS IN WRITING A RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Identify a writing style.

● Deductive approach - general to

specific
● Inductive approach - specific to
general
STEPS IN WRITING A RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Emphasize the field of your research
topic.

● It should reflect an emphasis on the

nature and the field of the current
study to make readers know its
focus.
STEPS IN WRITING A RESEARCH BACKGROUND

Read and use related literature.

● The research background should

include historical and theoretical
contexts of the current topic by
reading different sources.
STEPS IN WRITING A RESEARCH BACKGROUND

Focus on the relevance and

contribution of the study.

● It should highlight the relevance and

potential contributions of the
current study to its field.
STEPS IN WRITING A RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Summarize the research background.

● There must be a balance between

discussing very little information or
elaborating too many details that
might make future sections of the
paper redundant.
STEPS IN WRITING A RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Summarize the research background.

● There must be a balance between

discussing very little information or
elaborating too many details that
might make future sections of the
paper redundant.
 CHARACTERISTIC OF A
RESEARCH BACKGROUND
CHARACTERISTIC OF A RESEARCH BACKGROUND

1.The research background should be

written in formal and academic
language.

It observes proper grammar spelling, and

it should be clear and understandable.
CHARACTERISTIC OF A RESEARCH BACKGROUND

2. It is concise.

It should be written in a brief,

organized, and coherent manner.
CHARACTERISTIC OF A RESEARCH BACKGROUND

3. It is evidence-based.

The research background should be based

on facts and evidence gathered from
existing studies, and personal opinions of
the researchers should not be included.
CHARACTERISTIC OF A RESEARCH BACKGROUND

4. It is focused on the research problem.

A well-written research background

highlights important aspects of the
research problem, and unnecessary and
unrelated information should not be
included.
CHARACTERISTIC OF A RESEARCH BACKGROUND

5. It explains the goals of the study.

The research background should provide

justification for its possible contributions to
the field.
CHARACTERISTIC OF A RESEARCH BACKGROUND

6. It introduces the variables of the

study.

For quantitative research papers, the

research background should clearly
introduce and discuss the variables of the
study.
CHARACTERISTIC OF A RESEARCH BACKGROUND

7. It cites related literature in the

discussion.

A research background should provide

context to the current study based on
existing literature.
Background of the research study
has the following essential
elements:

a. Introduction
b. Statement of the Problem
c. Scope and Delimitation
d. Significance of the Study
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
The introduction is important to research
study because it establish is cognitive setting
of the study and it involves (a) why does the
researcher need to study the problem, (b)
what are essential terminologies that the
readers should know to understand the study,
and, (c) tell how serious the problem that they
need to find solutions.
The following questions will aid the
researcher in formulating the
introduction:
1.What is the reason of the research
problem?

It can be answered by stating the reasons of

the researchers to find a solutions to a
certain problem. A narration of the
researcher’s experience that has driven
him/her to conduct the study is commonly
done.
Examples:

● Include one’s personal experience, an

article read, a scene witnessed, news
heard, a theory that needs to be clarified,
etc. The researcher must describe the
current and prevailing problems based on
his/her experience.
2. What is the setting of the research problem?

The researcher will describe the setting of the study

which is essential to set the delimitation. This
describes to the reader the place where the
research is conducted. In describing the setting,
focus on the peculiarity or uniqueness of the setting
to make the reader more interested in reading the
paper.
3. What is the basic literature foundation of the
study?

This is different from the review of related theories,

conceptual literature, and research literature. This
part of the study should discuss the terms or
variables that is used in the study. It is derived from
different literature sources. Thus, this part of
Chapter 1 requires the use of various references.
4. How serious is the chosen research
problem?

In part, the researcher will prove how

serious the problem. He/ She should
emphasize the intensity of the problem by
looking for statistical or quantitative
evidence to assess the weight of the
problem.
5. What is the general objective of the
research problem?

This is derived from the general statement of

the problem and should be the basis of the
enumerated statements of specific
problems.
6. What is the overall purpose of the
research problem?

As a researcher, one should emphasize the

main purpose of the study to know how the
research findings will help the people. The
introduction must only be direct to the point
and be concise. It must be composed of
about three to five pages.
STATEMENT
OF THE
PROBLEM
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Quantitative research problem must be
solved using scientific method or
experimentation to be a researchable
question. Using these method will help the
researchers to arrive at the true results.
(Matthews and Ross,2010; Schreiber and
Ashner-Self, 2011
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

● A statement of the problem is an integrative

but brief discussion of the research problem,
its context, and the questions of the study.

● It is written as part of the introduction and

provides a concise overview of the topic in
relation to the research questions.
The important elements in
the statement of the
general problem are:
1.Main tasks – It answers the question, “What
to do” with the important variables such as
to associate, to assess, to determine, to
measure, to relate etc.

2. Main or major variables

3. Participants: subjects or respondent

4. The specific setting.
5. Coverage date of the conduct of
study.
6. For developmental research, the
intended outputs such as an
intervention program, and policies.
The following are examples
of a general problem:
1. The main problem of this research is to look into
the influence of video games and the utilization of
social media on the language proficiency of the
freshman students of Leyte National High School for
the first of the academic year 2014- 2015. The result
of this investigation will be the basis of the
formulation of the guidelines in the development
organization, and implementation of effective study
habits.
2. This study aims to assess the behavioral
traits of senior high school students and to
relate them to the productivity level in
reviewing lessons and passing the long
examinations. This study is to be conducted
during the first semester of SY 2016-2017 in
the division of Palo, Leyte.
The general problem is followed by an
enumeration of the specific problems. The
specific problems are usually stated as
questions that the researcher seeks to answer
 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

A research question identifies the

specific aspects of the topic that the
current study seeks to investigate
and may vary depending on the
extent of their focus.
THE SPECIFIC PROBLEMS MUST MEET THE FOLLOWING CRITEIRA:

1.Specific problems must be written in

imperative/question form;
2. They must define the population and the
sample (that is, the respondents or subjects) of
the study;
3. They must identify what are the variables being
studied; and
4. They must be tested using experiments or
scientific method.
 TYPES OF
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
● Descriptive Research Questions
● Relation Questions
● Casual Questions
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Ask questions on the kind,

qualifications and categories of the
subjects or participants.
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Examples:

1.What is the profile of school managers in

terms of:

1.1 age;
1.2 management experience;
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
a. educational attainment;
b. management training;
c. home atmosphere;
d. home management styles;
e. hobbies;
f. health condition;
g. involvement in civic and cultural organizations;
h. work values;
i. human virtues; and
j. level of religiosity
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
2. What is the level of description of the
study habits of senior high school
students in terms of:

2.1 review time;

2.2 place of review; and
2.3 techniques in studying?
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
3. What is the level of school effectiveness in terms of:
3.1 teacher’s performance;
3.2 school performance;
a. drop-out rates,
b. completion rate,
c. survival rate,
d. achievement rate, and
e. awards received by students?

- What are the most important factors that influence the

career choices of Metro Manila College students
 RELATION QUESTIONS

Are questions about the nature and

manner of connection between or
among the variables.
 RELATION QUESTIONS
Examples:

1.How does the study habits influence the

achievement level of Grade 12 students in their
major subjects?

2. What is the relationship between study time

and exam scores among university students?
 RELATION QUESTIONS
3. What relationship are observed
between and among the following
variables:

a. intrapersonal competency;
b. interpersonal competency; and
c. school effectiveness?
 CAUSAL QUESTIONS

Reasons behind the effects of the

independent variable on the
dependent variable are the focus of
these types of research questions.
 CAUSAL QUESTIONS
Examples:

1. What are the effects of the

traditional methods of teaching on
the level of performance of the ABM
students?
 CAUSAL QUESTIONS
2. How does the management procedures
applied by the store managers affect the level of
customer satisfaction as experienced by selected
regular clients of Jollibee stores in the Province of
Leyte?

3. How does room temperature influence

students’ performance in exams?
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD REEARCH QUESTIONS

● Relevant
All research questions must be relevant to
the research problem.

● Specific
It must not be too broad or too detailed.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD REEARCH QUESTIONS
● Clear
Research questions should use simple
language to be comprehensible.

● Analytical
It does not simply ask “yes or no”
questions but needs complex analysis.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD REEARCH QUESTIONS

● Measurable

The measurability of research questions

indicate their feasibility and is measured
through standardized tests or
experiments.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope depicts the content of the
study like the terms of concept,
number of subjects or the
population included in the study, as
well as the timeline when the study
was conducted.
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Delimit means the researcher is stating

the things that are not included in the
study starting to the size of sample
population (to exclude those who do not
belong to the study) and the time frame of
the study.
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This section discusses the parameters of the
research in paragraph. It answers the basic
questions:

1. What – What is main topic of the study and the

major variables

2. Where- The venue or the setting of the

research
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
4. Why- The general objectives of the research
5. Who- The subject of the study, the population
and sampling
6. How – How does the research design,
methodology and the research instrument used
in the study.

It may also discuss why certain variables were not

include in the research.
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Example:

The main purpose of the study is to

provide information regarding general and
professional Educational terms. The study
considers the student’s personal
information such as their name (optional),
gender, age, and section.
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The researchers limited the study to 40 male and
40 female secondary education students enrolled
in the second semester of school year 2015-2016
of Metro Manila College. Each of the respondents
was given a questionnaire to answer. The
selected students came from four different
sections to prevent bias and get objective
perceptions.
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
In order to assure manageability of
the collected data, the questionnaire
only included multiple choice items,
Likert scale, checklist and
ranking/rating questions and did not
include open-ended response items.