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MEFC119 Module 2 Lesson 1

The document discusses dryers and the drying process. It defines dryers as equipment used to remove water from wet grains by forcing air through materials. It describes the different types of dryers based on heat transfer methods and material movement. It also lists six common commercial dryer types and three materials suitable for each dryer type.

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Ron Ely Dumo Flores
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10 views

MEFC119 Module 2 Lesson 1

The document discusses dryers and the drying process. It defines dryers as equipment used to remove water from wet grains by forcing air through materials. It describes the different types of dryers based on heat transfer methods and material movement. It also lists six common commercial dryer types and three materials suitable for each dryer type.

Uploaded by

Ron Ely Dumo Flores
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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96

Lesson 1

 BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITION OF TERMS

DRYERS
 are equipment used for producing a dry solid product from a wet feed
 mechanical dryers are used to remove water from wet grains by forcing
either ambient air or heated air through the grain bulk.

THE DRYING PROCESS

DRYING is the process of removing moisture in varying amounts from


solid or semi-fluid materials. This process may be accomplished by pressure,
suction, decantation, or evaporation. The common term for processes using
only pressure, suction or decantation is dewatering, whereas the process of
drying has evaporation as its main principle. The difference between a
dewaterer and a dryer is often very slight because of the various uses to which
both are put. Primarily, a dewaterer will remove or reduce only a portion of
the surface moisture, but a dryer will not only reduce or remove the surface
liquid but will also remove internal moisture and in many cases chemical
composition by heat or other means.

MOISTURE OCCURRENCE

Surface moisture clings to the outer surfaces of the material. Internal


water is within the material. Inherent moisture and bed moisture are other
terms used for describing the moisture in the mass that is not on the surface.
Chemically combined water occurring when a chemical component of the
material changes for its chemical composition by heat or other means.

It is necessary to divide all problems in continuous drying in three parts


and to arrive at as close as a balance of the three parts as practical. These
are:

(1) Application of heat to the material and/or the air mixture which
carries away the moisture.
(2) Means of removing the water vapor, steam or mixture. This
includes a study of the vapor pressures involved.
(3) Conveying the material in its wet, semi-dried, and dried condition
into, through, and out of the apparatus, allowing the material the
proper time for contact with the heating and moisture-removing
elements. This third part is not as important for batch or
intermittent type dryers.

Module II DRYERS AND DRYING PROCESSES THELMA T. OBILLO, PME


Faculty, Mechanical Engineering
97

The main purpose of the heat is to raise the temperature of the material and
the water it carries to a required level, to evaporate the liquid, to heat the
drying equipment to its proper point, and to replace heat constantly being
lost by radiation.

Types of Dryers According to Methods of Heat Transfer:

1. DIRECT OR CONVECTION DRYERS - Heat transfer for drying is


accomplished by direct contact between the wet solid and hot
gases. The vaporized liquid is carried away by the drying medium,
that is, the hot gases. Also called as direct-heat type dryer.

2. INDIRECT OR CONDUCTION DRYERS - Heat for drying is transferred


to the wet solid through a retaining wall. The vaporized liquid is
removed independently of the heating medium. Rate of drying
depends on the contacting of the wet material with hot surfaces.
Indirect dryers might also be termed CONTACT DRYERS.

3. INFRARED OR RADIANT HEAT DRYERS - The operation of radiant


heat dryers depends on the generation, transmission and absorption
of infrared rays. Heat comes from the banks of infrared lamps with
reflector bowl directing the infrared rays towards the material to
be dried. The usual practice has been to install banks of lamps in
chambers through which the material to be dried is carried by
conveyors.

Dielectric dryers operate on the principle of heat generation


within the solid by placing the latter in a high-frequency electric
field.

Types of Dryers According to Material Movement

1. CONTINUOUS - Operation is continued without interruption as long


as wet feed is supplied. It is apparent that any continuous dryer can
be operated intermittently or by batch if so desired.

2. BATCH - Dryers are designed to operate on a definite size or batch


of wet feed for given time cycles. In batch dyers, the condition of
moisture content and temperature continuously changed at any point
in the dryer.

Six Commercial Types of Dryers and Three Materials Suitable for Each

Module II DRYERS AND DRYING PROCESSES THELMA T. OBILLO, PME


Faculty, Mechanical Engineering
98

1. Rotary Dryer – it is the most commonly used dryer which consists of a


rotating cylinder inside which the materials flow while getting in
contact with the hot gases; the cylinder is tilted at a slight angle and
fitted with lifting flights.
Materials: copra, sand, wood chips, cement, fertilizer

2. Compartment Batch or Tray Dryer – consists of trays, carrying the


materials to be dried, placed in a compartment or moving conveyor.
Materials: wood, enamel wares, foodstuff

3. Centrifugal Dryer – consists of a centrifuge revolving at high speeds


causing the separation, by centrifugal force, of the water from the
material.
Materials: sugar, fertilizer, salt

4. Hearth Dryer – is a type of dryer in which the material to be dried is


supported on a floor through which the hot gases pass.
Materials: copra, coal, enamel wares, chalk

5. Tower Dryer – consists of a vertical shaft in which the wet feed is


introduced at the top and falls downward over baffles while coming in
contact with the hot air which rises and exhausts at the top.
Materials: palay, wheat, grains, fertilizers, cereals

6. Infrared Ray Dryer – consists of infrared lamps in which the rays are
directed to the articles to be dried.
Materials: airconditioners, cars, refrigerators

 LEARNING ACTIVITY
Name:_____________________________
Yr. & Section:_______________________

Answer the following:

1. What is a dryer?
2. Explain the drying process.
3. List down six commercial types of dryers and identify at least
three materials suitable for each.

Lesson 2


Module II DRYERS AND DRYING PROCESSES THELMA T. OBILLO, PME
Faculty, Mechanical Engineering

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