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Chapter 2

The document discusses drying processes and dryer types. It defines drying as removing water from solids to reduce moisture content. Various dryer types are classified based on how heat is applied and moisture is removed, including tray dryers, fluidized bed dryers, spray dryers, and vacuum dryers. Drying is used to process foods, pharmaceuticals, chemicals and other materials by reducing moisture for preservation, handling and storage. Key terms like equilibrium moisture content and free moisture are also introduced.

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12 views

Chapter 2

The document discusses drying processes and dryer types. It defines drying as removing water from solids to reduce moisture content. Various dryer types are classified based on how heat is applied and moisture is removed, including tray dryers, fluidized bed dryers, spray dryers, and vacuum dryers. Drying is used to process foods, pharmaceuticals, chemicals and other materials by reducing moisture for preservation, handling and storage. Key terms like equilibrium moisture content and free moisture are also introduced.

Uploaded by

amirul ashraf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 2

DRYING OPERATION

By:
Dr. In. Nurul Hasyimah Mohd Amin
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lessons, students should
be able to:
• Define the drying process
• Explain the classification of dryers
• Explain the principles of drying
• Perform calculation in this topics
INTRODUCTION
• Definition:
The removal of water from the solid material to
reduce the content of residual liquid to an
acceptable low value.
• Drying is the final step in a series of
manufacturing process.
• Drying is carried out before the products undergo
packaging or dispatched to the warehouse.
INTRODUCTION

• Water or other liquid may be removed from the solid:


a) mechanically by presses or centrifuges
b) thermally by vaporization – drying
• It is cheaper to remove liquid mechanically than
thermally.
• The product contain no liquid
Drying Process
To Vapor
Step-1
by Heat
Solid + Liquid
Step-2

Removal of Vapor from Solid’s Place


Drying Process
Moisture

Feed Dryer Dry Solid

Heat
INTRODUCTION
• The solid to be dried may be in many different forms:
flakes, granules, crystals, powder, slabs or continuous
sheets.
• The liquid to be vaporized may be:
a) on the surface of solid
b) entirely inside the solid
c) partly inside and partly outside of solid
INTRODUCTION
• Drying is carried out for one of the following reasons:
 To avoid or eliminate moisture which may lead to corrosion
 To improve or keep the good properties of a material, e.g. flow
ability, compressibility
 To reduce the cost of transportation of large volume materials
( liquids)
 To make the material easy or more suitable for handling
 Preservative
 The final step in: Evaporation-Filtration-Crystallization
INTRODUCTION
Drying can be categorized according to physical conditions
used to add heat and remove water vapor:
• Convective/Direct dryers/ADIABATIC > heated air at
atm pressure and water vapor removed by the air.

• Conductive /Indirect dryers/NON-ADIABATIC >


vacuum drying

• Dryers by radiant energy


INTRODUCTION
Types of dryer on the basis of feed:
• For solid
 Tray dryer
 Fluidized bed dryer
 Vacuum dryer
 Freeze dryer

• For solutions
 Spray dryer
TRAY DRYER
TRAY DRYER

They are essentially hot air ovens


 The material is to be dried is spread in thin layers in
trays.
 The heating is done by forced circulation of large
volume of heated air by means of fans.
SPRAY DRYER
SPRAY DRYER
Used only to dry liquid materials
 Liquid is spread in fine droplets into moving stream of
hot air where they are evaporated rapidly before reaching
the wall of drying chamber.
Material to be dried is fed to the atomizer
Disc below the atomizer is spinning at 35000 rpm
Hot air is introduced from inlet
Dried powder is separated in cyclone separator
Separated material is collected in chamber
Flow rate is controlled by valve
INTRODUCTION
Applications of drying process includes removal of
moisture from:

• Crystalline particles of inorganic salts and organic


compounds to cause them to be free flowing.

• Biological materials including foods to prevent spoilage


and decay from microorganisms that cannot live without
water.
INTRODUCTION
• Pharmaceuticals
• Detergents
• Dyestuff
• Milk
• Solid catalysts
• Lumber, paper and fiber products
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
IMPORTANT TERMS

• Equilibrium moisture, X*
The lowest moisture content obtainable at
equilibrium under the drying conditions used.

• Free moisture
The moisture that can be removed by drying
under the given % relative humidity: X – X*
IMPORTANT TERMS
• Bound moisture
The minimum moisture a material can carry.

• Unbound moisture
The excess moisture content in the material.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
• The solids need to be dried at a specified moisture
content (specified in the quality of the end product)
• The moisture content of a material is expressed in
terms of its water content as percentage of the
mass of dry material
• The small amounts of liquid inside the solid –
moisture content
• Suitable dryer need to be chosen which allow the
specified moisture of the product to be obtained.

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