Chapter 17

Temperature and Heat

Disclaimer:
All images copyright of Pearson Education, unless otherwise stated.
Lecture slides format and content adapted from Lectures by Jason Harlow

INSPIRING
 Learning Goals for Chapter 17
Looking forward at …
• the meaning of thermal equilibrium and what thermometers
really measure.
• the physics behind the absolute, or Kelvin, temperature
scale.
• how the dimensions of an object change as a result of a
temperature change.
• How do calculations that involve heat flow, temperature
changes, and changes of phase?how heat is transferred by
conduction, convection, and radiation.

INSPIRING
 Introduction
• Does molten iron at 1500°C contain heat?

• The terms “temperature” and “heat” have very different

meanings, even though most people use them
interchangeably.
• In this chapter, we’ll focus on large-scale, or macroscopic,
objects, but in the next chapter we’ll look at the
microscopic scale.
INSPIRING
Temperature and thermal equilibrium
• Temperature is a measure of the
average heat or thermal energy of the
particle in a substance.
• We use a thermometer to measure
temperature.
• For example, the volume of the liquid
in the thermometer to the right
changes with temperature.
• Two systems are in thermal
equilibrium if and only if they have
the same temperature.

INSPIRING
 Other types of thermometers
• A temporal artery thermometer measures infrared
radiation from the skin that overlies one of the
important arteries in the head.
• Although the thermometer cover touches the skin,
the infrared detector inside the cover does not.

INSPIRING
 The zeroth law of thermodynamics

• If C is initially in thermal equilibrium with both A and B,

then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

INSPIRING
 Temperature scales

• On the Celsius (or centigrade) temperature scale, 0°C is the

freezing point of pure water and 100°C is its boiling point.
• On the Fahrenheit temperature scale, 32°F is the freezing
point of pure water and 212°F is its boiling point.
• To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit:

• To convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius:

INSPIRING
 Absolute zero
• There is a temperature, −273.15 °C, at which the
absolute pressure of any gas would become zero.

INSPIRING
 Temperature scales
• On the Kelvin (or absolute) temperature scale, 0 K
is the extrapolated temperature at which a gas
would exert no pressure.
• To convert from Celsius to Kelvin:

INSPIRING
The Kelvin Scale and Absolute Temperature

INSPIRING
 The Kelvin Scale and Absolute Temperature: cont.
• 𝑝𝑝 ∝ 𝑇𝑇 (in Kelvin)
• Single specific state of Kelvin temperature
• For precision and reproducibility, the state chosen is triple point of
water.

• Triple point: combination of temperature (𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ) and pressure

(ptriple ) that which solid water (ice), liquid water and water vapor can
all coexist

• 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 0.01℃ = 273.16 𝐾𝐾 and 𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 610 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (0.006 atm)

𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝
• 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇𝑇𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 273.16 𝐾𝐾
𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡

INSPIRING
 Temperature conversions
• Below are relationships among Kelvin (K), Celsius
(C), and Fahrenheit (F) temperature scales.
Temperatures have been rounded off to the nearest
degree.

INSPIRING
 Linear thermal expansion
• Increasing the temperature of a rod causes it to expand.
• For moderate changes in temperature, the change in length is given
by (only if ∆𝑇𝑇 < 100℃) :

• If the body has 𝐿𝐿0 at 𝑇𝑇0 , then it has L at 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇𝑇0 + ∆𝑇𝑇

𝐿𝐿 = 𝐿𝐿0 + ∆𝐿𝐿 = 𝐿𝐿0 + α𝐿𝐿0 ∆𝑇𝑇 = 𝐿𝐿0 (1 + α∆𝑇𝑇)

INSPIRING
 Example 1 and 2
1. What are (a) the typical room temperature of 20℃ and cold temperature of -18 ℃ on
the Fahrenheit scale and (b) another cold temperature of -10 ℉ and normal body
temperature, 98.6℉ on the Kelvin scale?
Solution: (a)
convert from ℉ to ℃ then ℃ to K

INSPIRING
 Volume thermal expansion
For solid and liquid materials, an increase in temperature usually cause a
corresponding increase in volume (only if ∆𝑇𝑇 < 100 ℃).

∆𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉∆𝑇𝑇
• Therefore, the change in volume due to thermal expansion is:

∆𝑉𝑉 = 𝛽𝛽𝑉𝑉0 ∆𝑇𝑇

where 𝛽𝛽 is the coefficient of volume expansion and
𝛽𝛽 = 3𝛼𝛼

• If an object has a hole in it,

the hole also expands with
the object, as shown.
• The hole does not shrink.
INSPIRING
 Example of thermal expansion
• This railroad track has a gap between segments to allow for
thermal expansion.
• On hot days, the segments expand and fill in the gap.
• If there were no gaps, the track could buckle under very hot
conditions.

INSPIRING
 Example 3
A glass flask with volume 200 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3 is filled to the brim with mercury at 20℃. How
much mercury overflows when the temperature of the system raised to 100℃?
𝛼𝛼𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 0.40 × 10−5 𝐾𝐾 −1 ,

• 𝛽𝛽𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 1.2 × 10−5 𝐾𝐾 −1 ,𝛽𝛽𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 18 × 10−5 𝐾𝐾 −1

Solution:

• ∆𝑉𝑉𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 𝛽𝛽𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑉𝑉0 ∆𝑇𝑇 = 0.19 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3

• ∆𝑉𝑉𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝛽𝛽𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑉𝑉0 ∆𝑇𝑇 = 2.9 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3

• ∆𝑉𝑉𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 − ∆𝑉𝑉𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 2.7𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3

INSPIRING
 Heat-Introduction to quantity of heat
• Energy transfer that takes place solely because of a temperature difference is
called heat flow or heat transfer.
• Energy transferred in this way is called heat.
• In physics the term “heat” always refers to energy in transit from one body or
system to another because of a temperature difference, never to the amount of
energy contained within a particular system.

• Sir James Joule (1818–1889) studied how water can be warmed by vigorous
stirring with a paddle wheel.

INSPIRING
 Quantity of heat
• The same temperature change caused by stirring can also be caused by putting the
water in contact with some hotter body.
• The calorie (abbreviated cal) is the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C (e.g. from 4.5°C to 15.5°C. 1cal=4.184 J)

• The quantity of heat Q required to increase

the temperature of a mass m of a certain material
by ΔT is:

• The specific heat c has different values for different materials.

• The specific heat of water is approximately 4190 J/kg ∙ K.

INSPIRING
 Example 4
•During a bout with the flu 80 kg man ran a fever of 39.0℃ instead of
the normal body temperature of 37.0℃. Assuming that the human body
is mostly water, how much heat is required to raise his temperature by
that amount?
• Solution:
∆𝑇𝑇= 39.0℃ −37.0℃= 2.0℃
∆𝑇𝑇 = 2.0 K
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝑇𝑇

INSPIRING
 Molar heat capacity

• Substance maybe described in terms of the number of moles 𝑛𝑛,

𝑚𝑚(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)

𝑛𝑛 = ≡ 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑀𝑀 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

• The quantity of heat Q required to increase the temperature of n moles

of a certain material by ΔT is:
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝐶𝐶 (J/mol � K)

• The molar heat capacity C has different values for different

materials.
• The molar heat capacity (𝐶𝐶) of water is approximately 75.4 J/mol ∙ K.
INSPIRING
 Calorimetry and Phase changes
• Calorimetry means measuring
heat (calories).
• The phases (or states) of matter
are solid, liquid, and gas.
• A phase change is a transition
from one phase to another.
• The temperature does not change
during a phase change.
• The latent heat, L, is the heat per
unit mass that is transferred in a
phase change.

INSPIRING
 Phase changes

Temperature added to ice at a constant rate

• 𝑎𝑎→𝑏𝑏, T changes (ice phase)
𝑄𝑄 = +𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝑇𝑇
• b→𝑐𝑐, T remains the same (phase
changes to liquid)
𝑄𝑄 = +𝑚𝑚𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓
• c→𝑑𝑑, T changes (liquid phase)
𝑄𝑄 = +𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝑇𝑇
• d→𝑒𝑒, T remains the same (phase
changes to vapor)
𝑄𝑄 = +𝑚𝑚𝐿𝐿𝑉𝑉
• e→f, T changes (vapor phase)
𝑄𝑄 = +𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝑇𝑇

INSPIRING
 Example 4
A camper pours 0.300 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 of coffee, initially in a pot at 70.0℃, into a
0.120 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 aluminium cup initially at 20.0℃ . What is the equilibrium
temperature? Assume that coffee has same specific heat as water
(4190J/kg. K) and that no heat is exchanged with the surroundings.

Solution:
With subscripts 𝐶𝐶 for coffee, 𝑊𝑊 for water, and 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 for aluminum, we have
𝑐𝑐𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 =910 J/Kg .K

• 𝑄𝑄𝑐𝑐 + 𝑄𝑄𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶 𝑐𝑐𝑊𝑊 ∆𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶 + 𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∆𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 0

• 𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶 𝑐𝑐𝑊𝑊 𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑐𝑐𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 0
• 𝑇𝑇 = 66.0℃

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. INSPIRING

 Example 5
In very cold weather a significant mechanism for heat loss by the
human body is energy expended in warming the air taken into the lungs
with each breath.
1. On a cold winter day when the temperature is −20.0 ℃, what amount
of heat is needed to warm to body temperature (37 ℃) the 0.50 L of air
exchanged with each breath? Assume that the specific heat of air is
1020 J/kg. K and that 1.0 L of air has mass 1.3× 10−3 kg.
2. How much heat is lost per hour if the respiration rate is 20 breaths
per minute?

Sol: (a) 𝑚𝑚=1/2 (mass of 1L), 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝑇𝑇

(b) 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × 𝑄𝑄, 𝐻𝐻 = 𝑄𝑄/𝑡𝑡

INSPIRING
 Mechanisms of heat transfer
• In nature, energy naturally flows from higher-temperature objects to
lower-temperature objects; this is called heat transfer.

• The three heat transfer mechanisms are conduction, convection, and

radiation.

Stefan-Boltzmann law: The heat current in

radiation is: 𝜎𝜎 = 5.670373 × 10−8 𝑊𝑊/𝑚𝑚2 𝐾𝐾 4

INSPIRING
 Examples
1. A steel bar 10.0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 long is welded end to a copper bar 20.0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 long. Each bar has a square
cross-section 2.00 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 on aside. The free end of the steel bar is kept at 100℃ by placing it in
contact with steam, and the free end of the copper bar is kept at 0℃ by placing it in contact with
ice. Both bars are perfectly insulated on their sides. Find the steady-state temperature at the
junction of the two bars and the total rate of heat flow through the bars.
•Solution: 𝑘𝑘𝑆𝑆 =50.2 W/m. K and 𝑘𝑘𝐶𝐶 = 385 W/m. K

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑘𝑘𝑆𝑆 𝐴𝐴(100−𝑇𝑇) 𝑘𝑘𝐶𝐶 𝐴𝐴(𝑇𝑇−0)

•𝐻𝐻𝑆𝑆 = 𝐻𝐻𝐶𝐶 , = , 𝐻𝐻𝑆𝑆 = = 𝐻𝐻𝐶𝐶 = , solve for T, then
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐿𝐿𝑆𝑆 𝐿𝐿𝐶𝐶
calculate 𝐻𝐻𝑆𝑆 or 𝐻𝐻𝐶𝐶

2. A thin square steel plate, 10 cm on side, is heated in a black-smith’s forge to 800 ℃. If the
emissivity is 0.60, what is the total rate of radiation of energy from the plate?
10−8 𝑊𝑊
Sol: A =2x(10x10), 𝜎𝜎 = 5.670373 × 2 4 , 𝑒𝑒 = 0.6
𝑚𝑚 𝐾𝐾

INSPIRING