(Tutorial) Chapter 2 Strain

MECH 2342 Mechanics of Material
Chapter 1 Strain
ADA SEM 2, 2020/21

 Strain is a term to describe the deformation of a body.
 Strain describes the changes in length (normal strain) and
the changes in the angle between two line segments (Shear
strain).
 Normal strain is the change in length of a line per unit You may be wondering why we
add ‘Average’ in few terms
length (Caused by elongation or contraction). (average normal stress,
average shear stress, average
Δ𝑠𝑠 ′ − Δ𝑠𝑠 normal strain, etc). This will be
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, 𝜀𝜀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = further discussed in Chapter 4.
Δ𝑠𝑠
 Shear strain is the change in the angle between two line
segments (usually caused by shearing).
𝜋𝜋
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, 𝛾𝛾𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = − lim 𝜃𝜃 ′
2 𝐵𝐵→𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛
𝐶𝐶→𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡
Question 1 Lets first try to solve simple problem
If the unstretched length of the

bowstring is 887.5 mm, determine the
average normal strain in the string when
it is stretched to the position shown.
The average normal strain is given as:
Δ𝑠𝑠 ′ − Δ𝑠𝑠
𝜀𝜀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =
Δ𝑠𝑠
Given: ∆𝑠𝑠 = 887.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
The stretched string (after deformation) may

be found using the Pythagorean theorem,
Δ𝑠𝑠 ′ = 2 4502 + 1502 = 948.68 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Then, the average change in length:
Δ𝑠𝑠 ′ − Δ𝑠𝑠 948.68 − 887.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝜀𝜀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = = = 0.0689
Δ𝑠𝑠 887.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Question 2 This problem is more involving
The guy wire AB of a building frame is

originally unstretched. Due to an
earthquake, the two columns of the
frame tilt 𝜃𝜃 = 2°. Determine the
approximate normal strain in the wire
when the frame is in this position.
Assume the columns are rigid and rotate
about their lower supports.
Basically, the question is

asking for the change in
length in the wire.
From the definition of average normal strain: I have exaggerated all the lines to show the
Δ𝑠𝑠 ′ − Δ𝑠𝑠 movement of point A and B
𝜀𝜀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =
Δ𝑠𝑠
We need to first find the Initial length Δ𝑠𝑠 and the final
length Δ𝑠𝑠 ′ of the wire AB.
The Black lines are the centre of the pillar before
𝒙𝒙𝑩𝑩
deformation. 𝐵𝐵′
The initial length of the wire may be found from

Pythagorean theorem 𝜽𝜽 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐
∆𝑠𝑠 = 32 + 42 = 5 𝑚𝑚
∆𝑆𝑆
The Green lines are the centre of the pillar after
deformation. ∆𝑠𝑠 ′ 𝜽𝜽 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐
Notice the movement of point A and B. Both points

shifted to the left. Here, we are only going to consider
the horizontal displacement and assume the vertical
displacement as negligible. 𝐴𝐴′ 𝒙𝒙𝑨𝑨
In order to find the final length, the horizontal

displacement on both pillars must first be determined
𝒙𝒙𝑩𝑩
Using the small angle analysis,
𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴 𝒙𝒙𝑨𝑨
𝜃𝜃 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
1 𝑚𝑚
1 𝑚𝑚 4 𝑚𝑚
𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐵
𝜃𝜃 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
4𝑚𝑚
𝒙𝒙𝑩𝑩
Then the displacement 𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴 and 𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐵 , 𝐵𝐵′
2°
𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴 = 1 𝜋𝜋 = 0.03491 m
180°
𝜽𝜽 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐
2°
𝑥𝑥𝐵𝐵 = 4
180°
𝜋𝜋 = 0.13963 m ∆𝑆𝑆
Then the horizontal length 𝑥𝑥 is, ∆𝑠𝑠 ′ 𝜽𝜽 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑥𝑥 = 4 + 𝑥𝑥𝑩𝑩 − 𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴 = 4 + 0.103963 − 0.03491 = 4.105 𝑚𝑚
The initial length of the wire may be found from
Pythagorean theorem 𝑥𝑥
∆𝑠𝑠 ′ = 32 + 4.1052 = 5.084 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝐴′ 𝒙𝒙𝑨𝑨
Then, the average normal strain:
Δ𝑠𝑠 ′ − Δ𝑠𝑠 5.084 − 5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝜀𝜀𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = = = 16.8
Δ𝑠𝑠 5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Question 3
The piece of plastic is

originally rectangular.
Determine the shear strain
𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 at corners A and B if the
plastic distorts as shown by
the dashed lines.
Before deformation After deformation
𝜃𝜃
𝜋𝜋
2
After deformation Assuming the deformation is small, then
change angle is small
2
sin 𝛼𝛼 = 𝛼𝛼 = = 0.00496278 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
2 mm 403
2
sin 𝛽𝛽 = 𝛽𝛽 = = 0.00662252 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
302
The angle after deformation at point 𝐴𝐴,

302 mm
𝜋𝜋
𝛽𝛽 𝜃𝜃 = + 𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽 = 1.582382
2
𝜃𝜃
Shear strain at 𝐴𝐴,
2 mm
𝜋𝜋
𝛼𝛼 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 = − 𝜃𝜃 = −0.011585 rad
2
Your turn! Try to calculate the shear strain at corner B.

Question 4
The triangular plate is fixed at its

base, and its apex A is given a
horizontal displacement of 5 mm.
Determine the shear strain, 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 , at A.
From the definition of average shear strain:
𝜋𝜋
𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = − 𝜃𝜃
2
800 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝐿
𝜃𝜃
45°
135°
5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
In order to find the final angle 𝜃𝜃, the length of

the side 𝐿𝐿 of the triangle plate after
deformation needs to be determined
The length 𝐿𝐿 may be found using the cosine law,
𝐿𝐿 = 8002 + 52 − 2 800 5 cos 135° = 803.54 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Then the final angle is determined by using the 800 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝐿

Sine rule,
𝜃𝜃
sin 135° sin 𝜃𝜃 45°
= ∴ 𝜃𝜃 = 44.75° = 0.7810 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 135°
803.54 800
5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Then, from the definition of average shear strain:

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = − 2𝜃𝜃 = − 2 0.7810 = 0.0088𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
2 2
At the end of this tutorial, you must have realized that there is not
much equations involved to solve for the average normal and average
shear strain. Most problems only require finding the initial and final
length of a line or the final angle of a 90° corner. However, depending
on the complexity of the problem, the steps in finding the final length
or final angle may be involving. Please try to solve more problems
from the book to improve your problem solving & critical thinking
skills.
-END OF TUTORIAL 2-

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MECH 2342 Mechanics of Material

ADA SEM 2, 2020/21

If the unstretched length of the

Given: ∆𝑠𝑠 = 887.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

The stretched string (after deformation) may

Δ𝑠𝑠 ′ = 2 4502 + 1502 = 948.68 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Then, the average change in length:

Δ𝑠𝑠 ′ − Δ𝑠𝑠 948.68 − 887.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

The guy wire AB of a building frame is

Basically, the question is

The initial length of the wire may be found from

Notice the movement of point A and B. Both points

In order to find the final length, the horizontal

The piece of plastic is

The angle after deformation at point 𝐴𝐴,

Your turn! Try to calculate the shear strain at corner B.

The triangular plate is fixed at its

In order to find the final angle 𝜃𝜃, the length of

𝐿𝐿 = 8002 + 52 − 2 800 5 cos 135° = 803.54 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Then the final angle is determined by using the 800 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐿𝐿

Then, from the definition of average shear strain:

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