MAT 076: CALCULUS 2

Student Activity Sheet Lesson #4

Name: Class number:

____________________________________________________________ _______
_____ Date:
Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________
________________________________________

Lesson Title: Fundamentals of Integration: Integrals Resulting to Materials:

Inverse Trigonometric Functions Text book, scientific calculator
Lesson Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Transform the integrand into forms identical to the formulas References:
using the simple substitution ( u  substituti on ) rule. Differential and Integral Calculus
2. Evaluate the indefinite integrals leading to inverse by Love and Rainville
trigonometric functions by applying the appropriate formulas. Calculus by James Stewart
https://.shelovesmath.com
https://matisfun.com

Productivity Tip:
Integration is much more of an art form than differentiation. Recognize the form and apply the appropriate
method. It is just a matter of familiarization.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)

Inverse trigonometric functions, also known as “arcus functions” or anti-trigonometric functions, are widely
used in engineering, navigation, physics and geometry. One of its many uses is to find the angle of a
triangle from any of the trigonometric functions. Generally, the inverse trigonometric functions are
represented by adding arc in prefix for a trigonometric function, or by adding the power of -1, such as:
1
Inverse of sin x is arcsin x or sin x .
In this lesson we focus on integrals that result in inverse trigonometric functions.

2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1 What are the six inverse

trigonometric functions?

2 Write the symbol or notation for the

„inverse of cosine x.‟

3 What basic integration rule is

applicable in evaluating integrals that

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 MAT 076: CALCULUS 2
Student Activity Sheet Lesson #4

Name: Class number:

____________________________________________________________ _______
_____ Date:
Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________
________________________________________

yield inverse trigonometric functions?

B.MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)

Recall that from what you‟ve learned in differential calculus, the derivatives of inverse trigonometric
functions are not trigonometric expressions, but algebraic. Now, performing the process of integration on
these algebraic expressions yield the inverse trigonometric functions. Let us start with the differentiation
rules of the inverse trigonometric functions, as well as the integration formulas leading to inverse
trigonometric functions listed below.

Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions Integration Formulas Resulting to Inverse

du du Trigonometric Functions

1. arcsin u   dx 4. arccos u    dx
d d
du u
dx 1 u 2 dx 1 u 2 1  a2  u2
 arcsin
a
C.

du du
du 1 u
2. arctan u   dx 2 arc cot u    dx 2 a
d d  arctan  C
5.
dx 1 u dx 1 u
2
u 2
a a

du du du 1 u
u  arc sec  C
3. arc sec u   6. arc csc u   
d dx d dx u2  a2 a a
dx u u 2 1 dx u u 2 1
Where u  g x  and a  0.
Where u is a differentiable function of x , i.e. u  g x 

Notice that these formulas are obtained as a direct result of integrating the differentials of the inverse
trigonometric functions. In dealing with these integrands, always remember to transform the given
integrand to u du form using the simple substitution ( u - substitution) rule. Likewise, take note that du
is the differential of u .
u
d 
 u a
Proof of Formula1. From d  arcsin 
 a u
2

1  
a

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 MAT 076: CALCULUS 2
Student Activity Sheet Lesson #4

Name: Class number:

____________________________________________________________ _______
_____ Date:
Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________
________________________________________

du
 a
u2
1 2
a

du

a2  u2
a
a2

 u du
d  arcsin   , if a  0.
 a a  u2
2

 u du
Now, integrating both sides of  d  arcsin   
 a a  u2
2

du 1 u
So that  a 2  u 2  sin a  C
1 u u u u
Note: sin is read as „inverse sine of ‟ or „arcsin of ‟ or „asin „.
a a a a

It can be observed that all the integration formulas leading to inverse trigonometric functions have
binomial expressions in them. Here, an algebraic operation called completing the square can be
performed to reduce a quadratic expression that may be found in the integrand, as a sum or difference
of two squares. The quadratic x  bx  c can be expressed as a difference (or sum) of two squares by
2

adding and subtracting the square of one-half the coefficient of x . That is,
2 2
b b
x  bx  c  x  bx        c .
2 2

2 2
For example, to write x  4 x  13 as a sum (or difference) of two squares, we have
2

4 4
2 2

x  4x  
2
    13  x  4 x  4  4  13
2

 2   2 

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 MAT 076: CALCULUS 2
Student Activity Sheet Lesson #4

Name: Class number:

____________________________________________________________ _______
_____ Date:
Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________
________________________________________

 ( x 2  4 x  4)  9
 x  2  32
2

Let‟s look at the following examples:

a) ∫ Assign
√
du u
therefore , Applying the formula  a2  u2
 sin 1
a
 C,

∫
√

b) ∫ Let
so that √

du 1 u
∫ ∫
√ ( )
Applying the formula a 2
u 2
 arctan  C ,
a a

∫
√ ( )

√ √

√ √

c) ∫ Put
√

we get ,

∫ √
∫
√( )

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 MAT 076: CALCULUS 2
Student Activity Sheet Lesson #4

Name: Class number:

____________________________________________________________ _______
_____ Date:
Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________
________________________________________

du 1 u
∫
√( )
Applying the formula u u2  a2

a
arc sec  C
a

⌈ ⌉

The example below shows how completing the square helps when quadratic functions are involved in
the integrand.

∫
You can write the denominator as the sum of two squares, as follows:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )

∫ ∫
( )

Assign ( )
du 1 u
So that √ Applying the formula a 2
u 2
 arctan  C ,
a a

√ √

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)

Solve the following:

dx tdt dy
1. x 4 x 2  25
2. t 4
 64
3.  9  49 y 2

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 MAT 076: CALCULUS 2
Student Activity Sheet Lesson #4

Name: Class number:

____________________________________________________________ _______
_____ Date:
Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________
________________________________________

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

Please write what you‟ve learned from today‟s lesson in the 3rd column of the chart in Activity 1.

4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

dx vdv
Evaluate: a) x 2
 4 x  20
b)  25  v 4

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

(3-Minute Paper)
List 5 things you learned from the lesson on „Integrals Resulting to Inverse Trigonometric Functions.‟

FAQs

1. Give three integration rules/formulas that are applicable to solve integrals resulting to inverse
trigonometric functions.
du u du 1 u du 1 u
1)   arcsin  C .;;; 2)   arctan  C 3)   arc sec  C
a2  u2 a a u
2 2
a a u u2  a2 a a

2. Give two symbols for the „inverse of tangent .‟

arctan x and tan 1 x

KEY TO CORRECTIONS
1  x  1 1  7 x 
2
1 1 2 x 1
Activity #3 1. sec  C 2. tan    C
 3. sin    C
5 5 16  8  7  3 

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