Pre- Historic

Period
Introduction

English word ‘History’ has been derived from the Greek noun ‘Historia’ which means
inquiry, research, exploration, or information.

Three periods Prehistoric period - our ancient past with no written records.

Proto-history - transitional stage between Prehistory and History

with a script written but not deciphered yet.
History – written, with a script which has been deciphered.

Herodotus - father of History. Book - “ The Histories”.

Prehistoric Period
Chalcolithic/Bronze
Stone Age Iron Ages
Age

Prehistoric Period Proto-historic Period

Prehistoric Period
Human Evolution

Australopithecus (5 million years ago) - fossil (named ‘Lucy) found in African rock
deposits.
Homo habilis (2 million years ago) - fossil discovered at Ethiopia and Tanzania.

Homo erectus (between 1.5 million years to 200,000 years ago) - fossil found in Kenya
and Java.
Neanderthal man and Cromagnon man - both Homo sapiens.

Modern man (Homo sapiens) evolved about 50,000 years ago.

India: Pre-historic man first appeared in Bori Caves (Pune region) 1.67 million years
ago.
Sources for Pre-historic Period
Archaeology is very important to study prehistory.

Robert Bruce Foote - “father of • First discovered a hand axe (Palaeolithic

Prehistoric Archaeology” in India. tool) in 1863 in Tamil Nadu’s gravel pit.

Radiocarbon or Carbon 14 (C14) Dating

• Most important method to fix dates of remains found.

• Carbon 14 is a radioactive carbon present in all living objects.
• It decays at a uniform rate when the object is dead.
• By measuring the loss of C14 content, and object’s age can be determined.
Stone Age
The earliest man living during the pre-historic period made tools and implements of
stone found in his surroundings-hence, this phase of human development is known as
the Stone Age.
Places where stone was found and where people made tools are known as factory
sites.

The earliest contributions to the study of the stone age in India were made by Shelby
Foote (1916), a geologist.

On the basis of the different type of tools and techniques, Stone Age is classified into
three periods namely-Palaeolithic , Mesolithic and Neolithic.

The word ‘lithic’ is derived from the Greek word ‘lithos’, meaning stone. Palaeolithic
means Old Stone Age, Mesolithic means Middle Stone Age and Neolithic means New
Stone Age.
Stone Age
Three Phases of Stone Age
Time Period Characteristic Features
Stone Age
(Approx.)
Economy/Subsistence- Palaeolithic man was a
hunter-gatherer, hence this stage of human
cultures is known as 'Food-gathering age'.
Tools- Indian Palaeolithic man had used mainly
1.6 million-8,000
the crude stone
Paleolithic/Old BC (during
Housing- Lived in caves, rock-shelters and on
Stone Age Pleistocene
trees.
Period.)
Society- Humans were wanderers and led a
band organisation of social life constituting
usually the blood relatives.
Three Phases of Stone Age

Time Period Characteristic Features

Stone Age
(Approx.)
Economy/Subsistence- This is a transitional
period between Food gathering and Food
production phases.
10,000-4,000 BC Tools- Man had used tiny stone tools ,Hence
Mesolithic/Middl (during they are known as ‘Microlithic cultures’
e Stone Age Holocene Housing-
Period) Society- Community life had begun since they
lived in sedentary or semi-permanent
settlements.
Three Phases of Stone Age

Time Period Characteristic Features

Stone Age
(Approx.)
Economy- Palaeolithic man was a
hunter-gatherer, hence this stage of human
cultures is known as 'Food-gathering age'.
Tools- Indian Palaeolithic man had used mainly
Neolithic/ New the crude stone
4000-1800 BCE
Stone Age Housing- Lived in caves, rock-shelters and on
trees.
Society- Humans were wanderers and led a
band organisation of social life constituting the
blood relatives.
Palaeolithic /Old Stone Age (1.6 million-8,000 BC)
The term Palaeolithic is derived from the Greek word palaeo that means old and lithic
means stone. Hence, Palaeolithic age refers to the Old Stone Age.
In 1885 AD, the term Palaeolithic was coined by John Lubbock, an archaeologist. In
India, this age developed in the Pleistocene period of the Ice Age.
The time span of Paleolithic period covers 99% of human history and this long stretch
of time is divided into the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic.
Three phases in the Palaeolithic Age

Lower Palaeolithic Age Middle Palaeolithic Age Upper Palaeolithic Age

(1.6 million- 1,00,000 BC) (1,00,000 - 40,000 B.C.) (40,000 - 8000 B.C)
▪ It covers a greater part of ▪ This age was also called ▪ In this period, humans
the Ice Age. the “age of Flakes". lived as
▪ The people were ▪ There was a slight change nomadic-hunter
wanderers . in the shape of tools made gatherers.
▪ The tools were usually of stones or bones. They ▪ The traces of Homo
made of hard rock called started using blades, Sapiens have been
Quartzite and hence the points and scrappers discovered.
Lower palaeolithic men made of flakes.
were also called as
"Quartzite Men".
Three phases in the Palaeolithic Age

Lower Palaeolithic Age Middle Palaeolithic Age Upper Palaeolithic Age

(1.6 million- 1,00,000 BC) (1,00,000 - 40,000 B.C.) (40,000 - 8000 B.C)
▪ Fossil of “Homo Erectus” ▪ Still they had no house to ▪ Rock paintings and
from Hathnora (Narmada live in. They lived under carving have been
Basin) of this age has the rocks, in caves and found in
been found. hollow tree trunks. They Bhimbhetk,Animals
▪ This age is represented were afraid of wild depicted are: Bisons,
by Sohan Culture, now in creatures. elephants, tigers,
Pakistan. ▪ Neanderthal Man (early boars, rhinoceros etc.
man) dominated this stage ▪ Characteristic feature
of human evolution. Red and Green colours
▪ During this period
Climate became less
humid.
Three phases in the Palaeolithic Age

Lower Palaeolithic Age Middle Palaeolithic Age Upper Palaeolithic Age

(1.6 million- 1,00,000 BC) (1,00,000 - 40,000 B.C.) (40,000 - 8000 B.C)
▪ Important sites: Sohan ▪ Important sites: Bankura ▪ Important sites:
Valley (Punjab in and Purulia (West Bengal), Kurnool (A.P.),
Pakistan), Belan Valley Nevasa, Nodur, Meralbhavi
(Mirzapur in U.P.), Madhmeshwar, Suregaon (Kamataka), Baghor-1
Narmada Valley (Madhya (Maharashtra), and Baghor-3 (Central
Pradesh), Didwani Malaprabha Basin and M.P.), southern U.P,
(Rajasthan), Bhimbhetka Ghatprabha Basin south Bihar plateau,
(Madhya Pradesh), (Karnataka), Didwana and Gujarat, Patne
Singrauli Basin (Uttar Budha Pushkar (Maharashtra), Cave
Pradesh), Chhotanagpur (Rajasthan), Bhimbetka shelters at Bhimbetka.
Basin (Jharkhand). (M.P.), Narmada, Godavari,
Krishna, Yamuna River
Valley
Three phases in the Palaeolithic Age

Lower Palaeolithic Age Middle Palaeolithic Age Upper Palaeolithic Age

(1.6 million- 1,00,000 BC) (1,00,000 - 40,000 B.C.) (40,000 - 8000 B.C)
▪ Traces of this age are also ▪ In Bhimbhetka (M.P.), 200 ▪ Tools: Blades and
found in Assam, Andhra rock shelters, caves and Burins
Pradesh, Karnataka thousands of painting ▪ Harpoon, Blade tools
except Sindh and Kerala. have been traced which found from Renigunta
▪ Tools: Choppers, belong to middle (Andhra Pradesh)
hand-axes, cleavers. palaeolithic age ▪ Ostrich Egg Shells: The
▪ Tools: blades, points and egg shell of this bird
scrappers made of flakes had been used as
beads. They are found
in Bhimbetka and
Patne. Those from
Patne have been dated
to 25,000 BC.
Mesolithic Age (10,000 - 4,000 B.C.)
The term Mesolithic is derived from the
Greek word Meso, which means middle
and lithic means stone.

It was a transitional age/ phase between

the Palaeolithic and Neolithic age, also
referred to as Late Stone Age or Microlithic
Age.
This culture belonged to the Holocene era
(which succeeded the Pleistocene era
around 10,000 years ago). During this age
many environmental changes took place.
The climate seems to have been wet and
warm with heavy rainfall in summers and
moderate level of rainfall in winters.
Mesolithic Age (10,000 - 4,000 B.C.)

Key Features Details related to them

▪ Microlithic Tools: Made up of chipped and flaked stones.
Length of tools varied from 1 cm to 8 cm.
▪ Main tools: Blades Points, Lunate bones, Trapezes,
scrappers, arrow heads, geometric and non-geometric
Tools tools
▪ Tools were capable of being used as combination tools by
hafting them in curved wood or bone.
▪ The microliths were first discovered by Carlyle in 1867
from Vindhyan Rock shelters.
Mesolithic Age (10,000 - 4,000 B.C.)

▪ This age reflects a more specialised and efficient food

collection.
▪ Domestication of Animal: First animal to be domesticated
Living Pattern was wild ancestor of dog.
▪ Introduction of agriculture: Crude form of farming also
started.
▪ Pottery was wholly hand-made and usually coarse grey
and sometimes comprises of incised and impressed
Pottery designs.
▪ like Langhanj (Gujarat), Bagor (Rajasthan), Nagarjunakonda
and Chopani Mando (Uttar Pradesh)
Mesolithic Age (10,000 - 4,000 B.C.)
▪ The Mesolithic era initiated rock art in pre-History.
▪ In 1867, the first rock paintings in India have been found
at Sohagighat (U.P.).
▪ Paintings are generally executed in red ochre but
Art (Painted Rock sometimes bluish green, yellow or white colours also had
Shelters) been used.
▪ Rhinoceros hunting is depicted in the caves of the
Adamgarh and no snakes are depicted in paintings.
▪ The Bhimbetka paintings reflect division of labour based
on gender.
Mesolithic Age (10,000 - 4,000 B.C.)
▪ Mirzapur district and Murhana Pahar in Uttar Pradesh
▪ Bhimbetka caves, Adamgarh, LakhaJuar in Madhya
Pradesh
▪ Baghore, Nim Bahera, Mandapiya, Tilwada, Hokhara in
Rajasthan
▪ Langhnaj, Pavagarh, Tarsang, Dhamsura, Pithau in Gujarat
▪ Sundargarh and Sambalpur in Orissa
Important Sites
▪ Teri sites of Tirunevalli district in Tamil Nadu (mounds of
sand is called 'Teri' in local language)
▪ Ezhuthu Guha in Kerala
▪ Bagor (Rajasthan) on river Kothari is one of the largest
and the best documented Mesolithic sites in India.
▪ Human skeletons have been found in Mahadaha,
Damdama and Sarai Nahar Rai in Uttar Pradesh.
Neolithic age (4,000 - 1,800 B.C.)

The term Neolithic is derived from Greek

work Neo which means new and lithic
means stone.

This term was first coined by Sir John

Lubbock in 1865. This age belonged to
the Holocene geological age.

V. Gorden Childe termed Neolithic phase

as Neolithic Revolution because this
phase witnessed a number of
innovations.
Neolithic age (4,000 - 1,800 B.C.)
Key Features Details related to them
▪ Tool making became an important profession.
▪ Polished tool culture
Tools ▪ Important tools: stone celts, adzes, chisels, hammer,
morters, discs, sling stones etc.
▪ Function of tools
▪ People became food producers instead of food gatherers.
▪ Advent of food production: Cultivated fruits and corn like
Ragi and horse gram (kulathi).
▪ Domestication of animals: Animals like cattle, sheep and
Living Pattern
goat were domesticated.
o Evidence of fire-baked earthen figurines suggest that
they kept a large number of cattle.
▪ Emergence of self-sufficient village communities
Neolithic age (4,000 - 1,800 B.C.)
▪ Art of producing fire was discovered by the friction of
stones.
▪ They had the knowledge of making boat for undertaking
New Innovations
journey.
▪ Wheel discovered.
▪ Art of spinning and weaving clothes was learnt.
▪ This phase witnessed first hand-made pottery and then
foot wheel made pottery.
▪ Their pottery included black burnished ware, grey ware
Pottery and mat impressed ware.
▪ Ochre - Coloured Pottery (OCP) was popular among
Neolithic people.
▪ Pots were used to store surplus grains and to hold liquids.
Neolithic age (4,000 - 1,800 B.C.)
▪ Mehargarh in Baluchistan (Pakistan): Evidence of mud
brick houses (built of sun-dried bricks) have been found
with multiple rooms at Mehargarh. Crops like wheat, barley
and cotton were discovered here.
▪ Gulfkral (Srinagar): literally means the cave of the potter.
Famous for pit dwelling, polished stone tools and
graveyards located within households.
Important Sites
▪ Chirand (Bihar): Bone tools made of antlers have been
found at Chirand.
▪ Burzahom (Kashmir): remarkable for pit-dwelling houses,.
Domestic dogs buried with their masters in graves. People
of Burzahom traded with the Harappan civilisation.
▪ Hills of Assam and Garo Hills in Meghalaya (North- east
India): Neolithic tools have been found.
Chalcolithic/Bronze Age (3000 - 500 BC)
The end of the neolithic phase saw the use of metals like copper and low grade bronze
along with stone tools.
Chalcolithic means stone- copper phase.
This phase applied to the pre-Harappans. However, in various parts of the country the
Chalcolithic culture appears after the end of the bronze Harappan culture.
Pre-Harappan phase at Kalibangan in Rajasthan and Banawali in Haryana is distinctly
Chalcolithic.
Chalcolithic /Bronze Age (3000 - 500 BC)
Key Features Details related to them
• This phase witnessed rural community along with social
inequalities.
• Fish and rice was their staple diet and Kept buffaloes and
Living pattern cows
• Houses were either circular or rectangular.No burnt bricks
were used and the houses were constructed of mud and
wattle, though these were used in Gilund.
• Copper was the first metal to be used by man and Copper
smelting was known.
Tool Implements • Microlithic tools made of siliceous material were very
common.
• People occasionally used low-grade bronze.
Chalcolithic /Bronze Age (3000 - 500 BC)

• Chalcolithic settlements flourished in the black cotton soil

zone.
Agriculture • They cultivated both kharif and rabi crops in rotation.
• Crops: Barley, wheat, lentil, black gram, rice, grass pea
• Perforated stone discs and digging sticks were found.
• Chalcolithic people worshipped Mother Goddess and bull.
• Mother Goddess was depicted on a huge storage jar of
Malwa culture in an applique design.
Religious Beliefs/
• Fiddle shaped figurines resembling srivatsa, the symbol of
Practices
Lakshmi, represent Mother Goddess.
• Two figurines from Inamgaon belonging to the Jorwe culture
had been identified as Proto-Ganesh.
Chalcolithic /Bronze Age (3000 - 500 BC)

• Chalcolithic people believed in life after death.

• Dead used to be buried in their respective habitations along
with pots and other objects.
Burials • Buried in urn under the floor of their house in the
north-south position in Maharashtra.
• Fractional burials were found in eastern India.
• Buried in the east-west position in south India.
• Manufactured beads of semi-precious stones like steatite,
Ornaments quartz crystal and carnelian etc.
• Copper beads, bangles and anklets were common in use.
Chalcolithic /Bronze Age (3000 - 500 BC)
• Ochre coloured pottery (OCP) (2000 BC - 1500 BC)
• Essentially a red-slipped ware discovered in Bisauli (Badaun)
and Rajpur Parsu (Bihar).
• Black and red ware (1000 BC)
• This was an attractive variety of ceramics prepared by a
fringing technique.
• North Black Polished Ware (NBPW)
Types of Pottery
• It is the characteristic of the urban centres of the Ganga
Plain. It is developed from high temperature firing techniques
used in smelting iron and from the use of local haematite soil.
• Painted Grey Ware (PGW)
• Post-Harappan period. These wares spread from the
Indo-Gangetic watershed to the confluence of Ganga and
Yamuna.
Chalcolithic Cultures at a Glance
Culture Period Ware-features Grown crops Sites
White designed Rice, ragi, Ahar, Balahal,
Ahar black and red ware gram, jowar, Gilund (Rajasthan)
2800-1500 B.C
Culture bajra, Kulathi,
lentil
Chocolate coloured Rice, ragi, Chambal and its
Kayatha slipped ware, red gram, jowar, tributaries (M.P.)
2450-1700 B.C
culture painted buff ware, bajra, kulathi,
combed ware lentil
The Malwa ware is Wheat and Narmada and its
coarse in fabric with barley tributaries, Navada
Malwa thick buff surface Toli, Eran, Nagada
1900-1400 B.C
Culture (The largest
chalcolithic
settlement) in M.P.
Chalcolithic Cultures at a Glance
Culture Period Ware-features Grown crops Sites
Savalda - - Dhuria
2300-200 B.C
Culture (Maharashtra)
Painted black on Rice, ragi, Maharashtra,
red with matte gram, jowar, Daimabad and
surface dishes on bajra, kulthi, Inamgaon
Jorwe
1500-900 B.C stand, sprouted lentil
Culture
vases, stemmed
cups, jars, basins
etc.
Polished Red Ware - -
(Harappan/ Indus
Prabhas
2000-1400 B.C civilisation)
Culture
belonged to this
culture
Chalcolithic Cultures at a Glance
Culture Period Ware-features Grown crops Sites
Polished Red Ware - -
Rangpur (Harappan/ Indus
1700 - 1400 B.C
Culture civilisation) belonged
to this culture
Iron Age(1500-500 BC)
Iron age in India began around 1500 B.C and is associated with Painted Grey Ware
(PGW).
Iron age in India led to irrigated rice cultivation and also the spread of material
culture.
Iron Age sites in India: Pirak (1000 B.C.), Graves of Gandhara (1000 B.C.), Dharwar in
Karnataka (1000 B.C.) etc.
From 1000 BC onwards, Southern Neolithic cultures had got transformed into
Megalithic cultures using iron that flourished from Vidarbha (MH) to Adichanallur
(TN).
In this time period Aryans arrived and Vedic Period was started.

It is the first major Civilization found on the bank of river Ganga after the Indus Valley
Civilization.
Other Major sites: Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala ka Tila, Kosanbi and Jhusi, Allahabad,
Lahuradewa.
Megalithic Culture
The term megalith is derived from Greek word megas which means great and lithos
meaning stone. -hence megaliths refer to monuments built of large stones.
Megalithic graves have yielded enlightening evidence regarding these cultural periods,
such as animal bones, iron objects and weapons, pottery, ornaments, beads, and so
on.
In India, archaeologists trace the majority of the megaliths to the Iron Age (1500 BC to
500 BC), though some sites precede the Iron Age, extending up to 2000 BC.
Megalithic Culture
The majority of megalithic sites are found in Peninsular India, concentrated in the
states of Maharashtra (mainly in Vidarbha), Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra
Pradesh, and Telangana.
Megalithic people used high-quality Black and Red Ware pottery .

Sangam Age can be placed in Megalithic culture phase, thus the dawn of civilization in
South India is associated with Megalithic cultures.
Important Pre-historic sites and findings
Important Pre-historic sites and findings
Sites Findings
Atranjikhera • Textile printing
Chandoli • Evidence of tin and lead alloying
Brahmagiri • South Indian Neolithic sites
Burzahom • Pit-dwelling
Chirand • Serpant cult
Bhimbetka • Cave of Homo-sapiens, 500 Painted rock shelters

Nevasa • Evidence of cotton

Hastinapur • Wild Sugarcane
Inamgaon • Statue of mother goddess
Bagor and Ajamgarh • Evidence of domestication of animals
Mehargarh • Earliest evidence of Agriculture
Bhimbetka and Ajamgarh • Mesolithic rock and cave paintings
Vindhya rock shelters • First discovered microliths
Significance of Pre-historic Period
Longest part of the human past.
Associated with the emergence of Important developments in stone tool
anatomically modern humans. technology and subsistence strategies.

Beginnings of animal and plant domestication did not stop hunting and gathering.

Striking feature
Co-existence and interaction among neolithic, neolithic–chalcolithic, rural
chalcolithic, urban chalcolithic, and hunter-gatherer communities.

Advent of food production had immediate and future consequences.

Led to emergence of proto-urban settlements, and then full-fledged cities.
UPSC Previous Years Question
Prelims
1. Consider the following pairs:
( Historical place ) (Well-known for)
1. Burzahom Rock-cut shrines
2. Chandra ketugarh Terracotta art
3. Ganeshwar Copper artefacts
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
a) 1 only
b) 1 and 2
c) 3 only
d) 2 and 3

Mains
1.Mesolithic rock cut architecture of India not only reflects the cultural life
of the times but also a fine aesthetic sense comparable to modern
painting. Critically evaluate this comment.
Thank you
 AncientIndia

Pre History No written evidences

Indus valley civilization 2350 1750 B c

1 i I
set a D

Vedic Age 1150013.1 600 BC

Vidar
upnishadas

Mahajanpadas Ind urbanization 600 B.c

Emergence of Buddhism Jainism

Around or heterodox sects

Magadh Mauryas 324 187 B s

0
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