SOCIAL SCIENCE

PRE-SPANISH TIMES

WAVE MIGRATION THEORY BY WESLEY BEYER

NEGRITOS – aborigins
INDONES – 1st immigrants by boat / seafarers
MALAY – last to come
MAHARLIKANS – nobles, highest in the social classes in the pre-hispanic era.

CORE POPULATION THEORY – believed by F. LANDA JOCANO

- Tabon Man was first discovered by Robert Fox and Manuel Santiago in Tabon Cave in
Palawan (evolution)

SOCIAL CLASSES PRE-SPANISH (nakatira sila lahat sa barangay)

NOBLES – Maharlika (datu) cabeza de Barangay – tax collectors
TIMAWA – freemen
ALIPING NAMAMAHAY – may bahay
ALIPING SAGUIGUILID – naninirahan kay Master

GOVERNOR GENERAL – directly governs the Philippines during hispanic period

GOBERNADORCILLO – highest position a Chinese Mestizo can get in the phil.
COUNCIL OF INDIES – appoints gov. gen
SUPREME COURT – Royal Audencia (General De Vera) 1st pres.
UMALOHOKAN – town crier
TRIAL BY ORDEAL – kapag nagkasala
BABAYLAN – doctors PAGANISMO – practiced religion, naniniwala sa iba’t ibang Diyos

FIRST TRADERS IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Traders from Champa Vietnam – ORANG DAMPUANS
2. Traders from Indonesia – BANJARMASINS
3. Traders form Ming Dynasty – CHINESE
4. Confucius – HAN DYNASTY

COMMUNITIES
IGOROT – lived in cordillera who 1st practiced mummification
PINTADOS – tattooed people in Panay
BOTHOAN – school before
BAYBAYIN – system of writing before

FILIPINO TRAITS
1. KANYA KANYA OR TAYO TAYO – crab mentality – have a sense of common good
2. NINGAS COGON – sa una lang magaling
3. MAMAYA NA – procrastination
4. ETHNOCENTRISM – superiority
5. XENOCENTRIC – inferiority
6. EXTREME PERSONALISM
7. BAHALA NA
8. PORMA OVER SUBSTANCE – walang laman/alam ang ganda tingnan
9. REMEDYO ATTITUDE
10. CHEERFUL

SANDUGUAN – we seal our friendship through this

BETHROTAL – engagement in pre-hispanic era
DOWRY – originated in India
Terms to Remember
MAI – Gold in Mindoro
MAKHDUM OR MERCHANTS – an Arab missionary who brought Islam in the Philippines in
1380
FIRST SULTANATE – Sultanate of Sulu founded by Abu Bakr

COMING OF WEST
TREATY OF TORESILLAS – treaty that divides the world into two as a solution to the
competition between Spain (west) and Portugal
(east)
TREATY OF PARIS – Philippines was sold to the Americans by Spaniards in $20,000,000.

SPANISH POLICIES
1. PUEBLO – town
2. TRIBUTO – tax
3. CABECERAS – town centers
4. REDUCCION – resettlement
5. BANDALA – product tax – CABEZA DE BARANGAY – tax collector
6. POLO Y SERVICIO – force labor – POLO WORKER – ang tawag ay Polista
7. FALLA – exemption tax
8. AYUNTAMIENTO – trade centers
9. ALCALDIA – pacified area of Spanish
10. CORIGIMIENTOS – unpacified area of Spanish
11. INDULTO DE COMERCIO – privilege of governors to engage in trade
12. FRAILOCRACY – hidden control of Spanish Friars (Marcelo H. Del Pilar)

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT AND THE LIKES

1. ANARCHY – no government at all
2. MONARCHY – king or queen
3. ARISTOCRACY – elites lead the society
4. OLIGARCHY – selected few lead the society
5. DEMOCRACY – people power
6. PARLIAMENTARY – gov. by marcos
7. FEDERALISM – national issues – local issues
8. MODERN CAPITALISM – entrepreneurship
9. KARL MARX EARLY MODE OF LIFE – primitive communism
10. MERITOCRACY – people of talent
11. NECROCRACY – government led by dead people
12. COMMUNISM – no private property

SOCIAL CLASSES DURING COLONIZATION (PIMPI)

1. PENINSULARES – espanyol pinanganak sa spain pumunta ng Pilipinas
2. INSULARES – espanyol pinanganak sa Pilipinas (original Filipinos)
3. MESTIZO – Filipino with mixed ancestry (dugong banyaga)
Mestizo de Sangley (Fil-Chinese) Mestizo de Espanyol (Fil-Spanish)
4. PRINCIPALIA / ILLUSTRADOS – educated people / enlightened. Andres Bonifacio don’t
belong to Illustrados
5. INDIOS – lowest class (native filipino)

ORDER OF SPANISH EXPEDITION (MaLoCaSaViPi)

- Magellan - Savidra
- Louisa - Villalobos (Las Islas Filipinas)
- Cabut - Legaspi
(Man ang pinagkaiba nila)
MAGELLAN – the first to circumnavigate the earth
SEBASTIAN ELCANO – 1st man to circumnavigate the earth

SPANISH GOVERNOR-GENERALS
1. MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGASPI – 1st spanish gov. gen
2. DIEGO DELOS RIOS – last spanish gov. gen
3. JOSE BASCO – tobacco monopoly
4. NARCISO CLAVERIA – spanish surnames (for tax and census)
5. MARIA DELA TORRE – most loved
6. DESPUJOL – ordered the arrest of Rizal deported in Dapitan
7. MANUEL BLANCO – declared martial law in the 1st 8 provinces
8. GENERAL DE VERA – 1st pres. Of Royal Audencia
9. RAFAEL DE IZQUIERDO – executed GOMBURZA
10. CAMILO DE POLAVIEJA – governor general who signed the execution of Rizal

1. LAZARO MAKAPAGAL – executed Bonifacio and his brother.

2. ROMAN BASA – 2nd president of Katipunan
3. MACARIO SAKAY – 1st president of the Tagalog Republic and was executed due to
Brigandage Act
4. SIMEON OLA – last general to surrender to Americans
5. GREGORIO AGLIPAY – co founder of Philippine Independent Church
6. BALDOMERO AGUINALDO – president of Magdalo Faction
7. MARIANO ALVAREZ – president of Magdiwang Faction
8. MANUEL TINIO Y BUNDOC – youngest general of the Philippine Revolutionary Army
9. CAMILO DE POLAVIEJA – governor general who signed the execution of Rizal
10. MARIANO GIL – priest who reported the KKK existence

ORDER OF MISSIONARIES (AFJDR-B)

Augustinians
Franciscans
Jesuits
Dominicans
Recollects
Benedicts

ST. AUGUSTINE – faith in understanding the existence of God

ST. THOMAS AQUINAS – reason in understanding the existence of God

MAGELLAN’S EXPEDITION (TSVSC)

- Trinidad - San Antonio
- Santiago - Concepcion
- Victoria – nakabalik led by Elcano

APRIL 21, 1521 – Magellan went to Cebu to baptize Humabon and his wife
APRIL 27, 1521 – magellan died

ENRIQUE OF MALACCA – translator of Magellan

PIGAFETTA – writer of Magellan

FIRSTS
1st Mass in the Philippines – LIMASAWA led by Pedro de Valderama (March 31, 1521)
1st Filipino representative in Spanish Cortes – VENTURA DELOS REYES
1st to come in the Philippines – NEGRITOS
1st book – DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA
1st Filipino translated book – BARLAAN AT JOSAPHAT (ANTONIO DE BORJA)
1st Spanish governor general – MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGASPI
1st American Military governor general – WESLEY MERRIT
1st Teachers – AMERICAN SOLDIERS / THOMASITES
1st inspiration of Rizal – MOTHER
1st poem of Rizal in Spanish soil – EL AMOR PATRIA
1st Ilocano President – QUIRINO
1st blood compact in the Philippines – RAJAH KULAMBO AND MAGELLAN
1st blood compact in Bohol – SIKATUNA AND LEGASPI
1st microsatellite in the Phil. – DIWATA 1
1st missionaries – AUGUSTINIANS
1st Filipino hero – LAPU-LAPU
1st Filipino Diplomat – FELIPE AGONCILLO
1st Chief Justice – CAYETANO ARELLANO
1st Senate Pres. – MANUEL QUEZON
1st President of Katipunan – DIODATO ARELLANO
ROMAN BASA – 2nd
ANDRES BONIFACIO – 3rd
1st town in the Philippines – SYUDAD DEL SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS
1st constitution – MALOLOS
1st Filipino policy – GARCIA

Oldest existing newspaper – MANILA BULLETIN

Oldest College and Oldest Secondary institution in Asia – COLEGIO DE SAN JUAN DE LETRAN
1st university – UST
Father of Phil. Painting – DAMIAN DOMINGO

Secularization movement – FATHER PEDRO PELAEZ – BURGOS, when he died

CAVITE MUTINY resulted the DEATH OF GOMBURZA
First labor union of the Philippines – UNION OBRERA DEMOCRATICA (ISABELO DELOS REYES)

The Propaganda movement was spearheaded by – ILLUSTRADOS

TRIUMVIRATE – Jaena, Del Pilar, Rizal
1. GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA – 1st editor of La Solidaridad
- Great orator
- Diego Laura, Bolivar
- Author of Fray Botod
2. MARCELO H. DEL PILAR – father of Philippine Journalism / masonry
- Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat, Siling labuyo, Pupdoh, Kupang, May Tiyaga,
Patos
- Diaryong Tagalog, Dasalan at Toksohan
- 2nd editor of La Solidaridad
- Frailocracia
3. JOSE RIZAL – Laong Laan / Dimasalang / Agno

PASCUAL POBLETE – Ama ng pahayagang Tagalog

LA LIGA FILIPINA : JULY 3, 1892 – a national socio-civic organization founded by Rizal, it only
lasted 3 days.
TO FIGHT THE SPANIARDS is not its aim.
KKK – JULY 7, 1892 – founder is Andres Bonifacio and Friends
OBJECTIVES: Political, Moral, and Civil
KARTILYA – guidebook for the Katipunan
KALAYAAN – newspaper of Katipunan
3 BAITANG – KATIPON (anak-bayan)
KAWAL (GOMBURZA)
BAYANI (Rizal)

AUGUST 19, 1896 – nagsumbong si Pedro Patinio (traydor sa katipunan) sinumbong niya kay
MARIANO GIL – priest who reported the existence of KKK
AUGUST 23, 1896 – Sigaw sa Pugad Lawin sa bahay ni Melchora Aquino – ina ng Katipunan
The DISCOVERY OF KATIPUNAN resulted in THE DEATH OF RIZAL.
DEATH OF RIZAL leads to TEJEROS CONVENTION
TEJEROS CONVENTION – reason why Bonifacio died (May 10, 1897)
ACTA DE TEJEROS – issued by Bonifacio rejecting Aguinaldo as president
Katipunan was sold to the Spaniards through the PACT OF BIAK-NA-BATO amounting 800,000
mexican peso

EXCOMMUNICADO – expelled from communion with the church

RIZAL
HYMN TO TALISAY – college song, the one used against him in his trial in Dapitan.
MAKAMISA – unfinished novel
A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA (TO THE FILIPINO YOUTH) – 1st crowning glory in UST.
MI ULTIMO ADIOS – bago mamatay, this is a sonnet but originaly an elegy
- Poem without a title (Mariano Ponce nag title)
PAHIMAKAS – Mi Ultimo Adios translation of Bonifacio
MI PRIMERA INSPIRACION – for his mother
MI RETIRO (ANG AKING PAMAMAHINGA) – poem while in exile / his real life in Dapitan
EL AMOR PATRIO (LOVE OF COUNTRY) – essay in hispanic soil published in Diaryong Filipino
TO THE WOMEN OF MALOLOS – women empowerment
YOU ASKED ME FOR VERSES – Rizal’s poem of his sadness about Spanish oppression
GOODBYE TO LEONOR – melancholic poem
KUNDIMAN – profess his intense love for his motherland
CANTO DEL VIAJERO – poem Rizal describes the loneliness of being a wanderer as volunteer
doctor in Cuba
LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS – the essay that defended the laziness of Filipinos
JUNTO AL PASIG – one act play for the velada
SA AKING MGA KABATA – Love for one’s language
IN MEMORY OF MY TOWN – a poem about Calamba
TO THE FLOWERS OF HEIDELBERG – poem that reminds us the importance of looking back at
our place of origin
HYMNO AL TRABAJO – poem that expresses the dignity of labor and love for work

NOLI ME TANGERE
- Published March 21, 1887
- Berlin, Germany
- Social Cancer, Touch me not (John 20:17)
- Dedicated to FATHERLAND
- Inspired by Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
- Maximo Viola savior
- 64 chapters
- Romantic novel / work of the heart / book of feeling / freshness, color, humor, lightness,
wit
EL FILIBUSTERISMO
- Published September 18, 1891
- Ghent, Belgium
- Reign of the Greed / The Submersive / Social reform
- Dedicated to GOMBURZA
- Inspired on the Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas
- Valentin Ventura savior
- 38 chapters
- Political novel / work of the head / book of thought / bitterness, hatred, pain, violence,
sorrow

SONNETS OF RIZAL
SONNET TO THE VIRGIN MARY – 1st sonnet written by Rizal
TO THE PHILIPPINES – the sonnet that shows Rizal’s first testimony and presentation of his
nationalism
ALL POEMS of Rizal were in SPANISH
FORT SANTIAGO – detention hall of Rizal
TAGALOG – 1st language of Rizal

RIZALI SPECIE COLLECTIONS (ABDFRT )

APOGANIA (Beetle)
DRACO (Flying Dragon)
RHACOPHORUS (Tree Frog)

ALLEGEDLY SHE POISONED THE WIFE OF ALBERTO (HER BROTHER) – Rizal mother was
imprisoned because of this

RIZAL’S BIOGRAPHERS
Biografia de Rizal – Rafael Palma
The Great Malayan – Carlos Quirino
Jose Rizal: Life and Times – Camilo Osias
Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writing – Gregorio F. Zaide
The First Filipino: A Biography of Jose Rizal – Leon Ma. Guerrero

Ricial Means – GREENFIELD

AYA – term for nursemaid of Rizal
LEON MONROY – Spanish and Latin were first learned by Rizal from
JUANCHO – Rizal’s painting skills was first learned from
TIO MANUEL taught Rizal wrestling
JOSE BECK – First Professor of Rizal at Ateneo
At the age 3 Rizal learned the ALPHABET
At the age 5 Rizal learned to READ AND WRITE
CIRCULO HISPANO FILIPINO – association formed by Filipino students in Spain composed by
both Spaniards and Filipino (reform)
Primary school – BIÑAN
Secondary – ATENEO
Tertiary – UST

La Solidaridad founding date – FEBRUARY 15, 1889

Last article of La Solidaridad – LITTLE BUT EXPENSIVE
Last article written in La Solidaridad (last seen) – NOVEMBER 15, 1895

CADIZ MARCH – sang during Rizal’s execution

Lotto Prize Rizal won – 6200 - #9736
Rizal’s exile in Dapitan – JULY 14, 1892
Arrived JULY 17, 1892

T’nalak cloth is made by ABACA, weaved by women

BILINGUAL EDUCATION POLICY – Martial Law Period DECS order 25. 1974

ALL THE GIRLS RIZAL LOVED

LEONOR VALENZUELA – Rizal wrote for her using invisible ink made with water and salt
SEGUNDA KATIGBAK – First girlfriend / first love / first betrayal on the path of love
LEONOR RIVERA – greatest love of Rizal
JOSEPHINE BRACKEN – his Last love
CONSUELO ORTEGA – poem A la Señorita was for
O SEI SAN – a Japanese Samurai’s daughter
GERTRUDE BECKETT – Girl of Rizal while annotating the Succesos de Las Islas Filipinas
Rizal challenged Luna into a duel to protect NELLIE BOUSTEAD
SUZZANE JACOBY – Rizal moved to Brussels because of the high cost of living in Paris she met

The intimate alliance between religion good education means EDUCATION WITHOUT GOD IS
NOT TRUE EDUCATION

Mi Ultimo (elegy) expresses that DEATH IS HONORABLE IF IT IS FOR THE MOTHERLAND

“MORIR ES DESCANSAR” in the last line of Mi Ultimo Adios means IN DEATH THERE IS REST

MARCH 22, 1897 – 1st election of the Philippines

TEJEROS CONVENTION – meeting between Magdiwang and Magdalo
- Resulted the death of Bonifacio
HONG KONG – Aguinaldo and other revolutionary leaders went to exile

JUNE 12, 1898 – Araw ng Kalayaan, singing of MARCHA NACIONAL FILIPINA, band is SAN
FRANCISCO DE MALABON BAND
JOSE PALMA – lyrics JULIAN FELIPE – music by

Sagisag Panulat
1. GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA – 1st editor of La Solidaridad
- Great orator
- Diego Laura, Bolivar
- Author of Fray Botod
2. MARCELO H. DEL PILAR – father of Philippine Journalism / masonry
- Plaridel, Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat, Siling labuyo, Pupdoh, Kupang, May Tiyaga,
Patos
- Diaryong Tagalog, Dasalan at Toksohan
- 2nd editor of La Solidaridad
- Frailocracia
- Great political analist
- Greatest journalist of the Propaganda movement
3. JOSE RIZAL
Laong Laan
Dimasalang
Agno
La Liga Filipina
Dakilang manunulat
4. ANDRES BONIFACIO
Agapito Bagumbayan
May Pag-asa
 Supremo ng Katipunan
The great Plebian
Dekalogo ng katipunan
Acta de Tejeros
Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
Ang dapat mabatid ng mga Tagalog
Titulado “Presidente” de la Republica Tagala
Armed Rebellion (Arm Struggle)
5. ANTONIO LUNA
Taga – ilog
La Independencia co founder
6. APOLINARIO MABINI
Bini
Paralitiko
Katabay
Brain of the Revolution
El Verdadero Decalogo
7. EMILIO AGUINALDO – Magdalo
8. EMILIO JACINTO
Dimasilaw
Pigkian
Katipunan
Brain of the Katipunan
9. JUAN LUNA
Buan
J. B
Spolarium
Greatest Filipino painter
10. MARIANO PONCE
Naning
Kalipulako
Tikbalang
Managing editor of La Solidaridad
11. AMADO HERNANDEZ
Amante
Emani
Julio Abri
Hereninia Dela Riva
Ama ng manggagawa
Isang Dipang Langit
Luha ng Buwaya
12. LOPE K. SANTOS
Doktor Lukas
Anak-bayan
Lakandita father of Filipino Grammar
13.ILDEFONSO SANTOS – Ilaw silangan
14.JESUS BALMORI – batikuling
15.GREGORIO DEL PILAR – Hero of the Tirad Pass
16.PEDRO PATURNO – peace of the Revolution
17. DIEGO SILANG – leader of Ilokano Revolt
18.FRANCISCO DAGOHOY – leader of longest revolt in Bohol
19.TERESA MAGBANUA – Visayan Joan of Arc
20. TRINIDAD TECSON
mother of Biak-na-Bato
 Red Cross
21. GREGORIA DE JESUS – lakambini ng Katipunan
22. CLARO M. RECTO – the great dissenter
23. AQUILINO PIMENTEL – father of local govt. code
24. PEDRO BUKANEG – father of Iloco lit.
25. PIO VALENZUELA – Madlang-away
26. JOSE MARIA PANGANIBAN
Jomapa
Memoria Photograpica
Lupang Tinubuan
27. PEDRO PATERNO
Ninay
Peace of the Revolution
28. PARDO DE TAVERA – Biblioteca Filipina
29. FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO – poet of the Revolution
30. RAFAEL PALMA – 1st University of the Philippines president
31. ISABELO DELOS REYES
Union Obrera Democratica
Father of Phillippine Socialism
32. LEONA FLORENTINO – 1st Filipino Poetess
33. ARTEMIO RICARTE – Viborra Wife: AGUEDA ESTEBAN
34. LAKANDOLA – chief of Tondo
36. GEN. FRANCISCO MAKABULOS – leader of Tarlac revolt
37. JULIAN FELIPE – composer of Phil. National anthem
38. AMBROSIO BAUTISTA – author of declaration of Phil. Independence
39. MILAGROS GUERRERO – emphasized that history should deal with the articulation of
conscious experience
40. CLEMENTE ZULUETA – historian of the revolution

GREGORIA MONTOYA – Joan of Arc in Cavite

MAGBANUA – Visayan Joan of Arc
KAHABAGAN – Tagalog Joan of Arc
MARCELA AGONCILLO – nagtahi sa flag ng Pilipinas
MELCHORA AQUINO
Ina ng Katipunan
Mother of Balintawak
Tandang Sora

The separation of Black and White people is termed as APARTHEID

Terms to Remember
PAYNE – ALDRICH TARIFF ACT – partial free trade
SIMMONS – UNDERWOOD TARIFF ACT – full free trade
TYDINGS MUCDUFFIE LAW – 10 year transition – Philippine Independence Act
GABALDON ACT – building of modern public schools throughout the Philippines
(modernization of classrooms)

AMERICAN PERIOD (MCC) – Military, Civil, Commonwealth

AMERICAN MILITARY GOVERNOR-GENERALS – (MOA) – Meritt, Otis, Arthur McArthur
CIVIL GOVERNOR-GENERALS – 1st William Howard Taft and last Frank Murphy

FILIPINO PEN NAMES OF PROMINENT WRITERS

BALAGTAS – Francisco Baltazar – Prince of Tagalog poets, Fil. Poet snobbed by huseng sisiw
DOVE G. LION – Jose Garcia Villa
KUNTIL-BUTIL – Florentino Collantes
BIENVENIDO SANTOS – Fil-American culture
G. SOLON – Epifanio Delos Santos – The man of many talents
SEVERINO REYES
Lola Basyang
Father of Zarsuela
Father of Dulang Tagalog
QUEJANO DE MANILA – Nick Joaquin (Fil-Spanish culture)
VALERIANO PEÑA – Kunting Kulirat

PRESIDENTS OF THE PHILIPPINES

(AgQueLaOsRoQui MagGarMaMar AquiRaEsArAqui Du30BBM)

AGUINALDO
- 1st President of the Philippines
- youngest general
QUEZON
- father of Social Justice
- 1st pres. Of the Commonwealth
- women suffrage
- My loyalty to my party ends where my loyalty to my country begins
- Ama ng Wikang Pambansa

LAUREL – puppet pres.

OSMEÑA
- shortest serving pres
- 1st speaker of Phil. Assembly
- 1st Visayan pres.
ROXAS
- surplus government
- 100 pesos
QUIRINO
- SS Commission
- 1st Ilocos pres.
- Father of Philippine Industrialization

MAGSAYSAY
- man of the masses
- golden age of the phil.
- Rizal law
- less in life, more in law
GARCIA
- Filipino Mina Policy
- Bard of Bohol
- Prince of Visayan Poet
MACAPAGAL
- incorruptible pres.
- Certificates in Filipino
- Abolished land tenancy act
- transferred date of Independence day from July 4 to June 12
- singing of Lupang Hinirang
- 200 pesos
MARCOS
 - this country shall be great again
- Infrastructure Man
- 1973 constitution chairman

AQUINO – ina ng demokrasya

RAMOS – Philippines 2000
ESTRADA – erap para sa mahirap / ama ng masa
ARROYO – this country has a strong republic / communist pres.
AQUINO – no wang wang policy / K-12 / free public secondary

DUTERTE
- ¹st Mindanaoan pres
- Build build build
BBM – 1st majority pres.

GENEVA CONVENTION – to cure wounded soldiers

KYOTO PROTOCOL – mitigating global warming
PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 – ban the use of incinerators

MIDDLE EAST – civilization has been 1st born

TIGRIS & EUPHRATES – Mesopotamia – cuneiform
HUANG HE YANGTZE (YELLOW RIVER) – China – calligraphy
NILE RIVER – Egypt – Hieroglyphics
INDUS RIVER – India – Endoscript / Sanskrit

HINDUISM – oldest existing religion in Asia

PRE-COLONIAL – survival skills / informal education / oldest form of writing – Baybayin/Alibata

SPANISH – religious education / goal is to spread christianity / AFJDR – B
AMERICAN – free public education / English
COMMONWEALTH – moral character and personal discipline
JAPANESE – technical vocational skills / nihonggo

PERLA DEL MAR ORIENTE – other names referred to Phil. By Rizal

LAS ISLAS DE SAN LAZARO / DONIENTE – Magellan
LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS – Villalobos

POWERS OF THE STATE (PET)

POLICE POWER – general welfare TAXATION – collect taxes / revenues
EMINENT POWER – public use (power of expropriation)

CLASSIFICATION OF TAXES
INCOME TAX – practicing professionals CORPORATE TAX – tax from businesses
COMMUNITY TAX – cedula REAL ESTATE TAX – imposed on properties
TARIFF – imports INHERITANCE TAX – paid by heir of inherited properties
AD VALORENT TAX – luxurious imports
SIN TAX – imported liquors and cigarettes

JONE’S LAW – BICAMERALISM – upper house (senate) – lower house (house of

representatives)
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH – make and change laws
SENATE
- 24 senators – term of 6 years and a maximum of 2 consecutive terms
- Natural born Filipino citizen
- At least 35 years old on election day
- Registered voter
- Resident of the phil. Not less than 2 years
- Able to read and write
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
- not more than 250 – term of 3 years and a maximum of 3 consecutive terms
- Natural born Filipino citizen
- At least 25 years old on election day
- Resident of the phil. Not less than 1 year
- Able to read and write

EXECUTIVE BRANCH – implements law

PRESIDENT
- term of 6 years – June 30 start
- Natural born Filipino citizen
- At least 40 years old on election day
- Registered voter
- Resident of the phil. For at least 10 years
- Able to read and write

JUDICIAL BRANCH – interpret laws

SUPREME COURT
- 1 chief justice / 14 associate Justices
- Natural born Filipino citizen
- At least 40 years old
- 15 years or more judge to a lower court or engage in the practice of law

For IMPEACHMENT INITIATIVES is HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, who DECIDES is the SENATE

GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS REMOVABLE BY IMPEACHMENT

• Pres. And Vice Pres. • the Ombudsman (tanodbayan)
• Members of the supreme court
• Members of constitutional commission

GROUNDS FOR IMPEACHMENT

- culpable violation of the constitution
- Treason - graft and corruption
- Bribery - betrayal of public trust

CHECKS AND BALANCES – if this principle is applied, no branch of government will be too
powerful or abusive

WRIT OF AMPARO – right to life, liberty, and security

WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS – show me the body, due process
WRIT OF HABEAS DATA – right to privacy of information
WRIT OF KALIKASAN – right to clean and healthy environment

CONSTITUTION – fundamental law of the land

1987 CONSTITUTION was formed via CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION

Remember these:
RETIRED GOVT. EMPLOYEES RECEIVING PENSION only are exempted to tax
RELIGIOUS SECTORS are not allowed in the party list system
RA 9994 expanded senior citizen act
PARENTS PATRIAE means the state has a paternal and protective role over its citizens
SOCIAL JUSTICE gives preferential attention

REPRIEVE – act of the pres. To stay the execution of a convict

ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL – losing senatorial candidate may file a protest against the winner
CHARTER CHANGE – amending or revising the Phil. Constitution to adapt to the new Phil.
Situation
ELECTION PRECINCT – lowest level of govt. division
DISFRANCHISED – revocation of the right to vote
REGULAR ELECTION happens every SECOND MONDAY OF MAY
PLEBISCITE – citizens vote for or against change of a constitution
REFERENDUM – the power of citizen to approve or reject a law through an election
RECALL – public officer may be removed from office due to loss of confidence

LAWS IN ECONOMICS
DEMAND – Price Demand Demand Price
SUPPLY – Price Supply Supply Price

CLASSIFICATION OF RIGHTS
1. NATURAL RIGHTS – rights conferred on all people by nature or God, which no
government or individual can deny or limit. (life preservation, property ownership,
liberty, religious freedom, right to have a family)
2. CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS – rights guaranteed under the fundamental charter of the
country.
3. CIVIL RIGHTS – guarantees of equal social opportunities and protection under the law,
regardless of race, religion, or other characteristics. Examples are the rights to vote, to a
fair trial, to government services, and to a public education.
4. STATUTORY RIGHTS – legally enforceable right s of a citizen.
5. POLITICAL RIGHTS – right to vote, seek public office

3 TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEM

1. MARKET ECONOMY (CAPITALISM) – private ownership of economic resources
2. COMMAND ECONOMY (COMMUNISM) – govt. owns most property resources
3. MIXED ECONOMY (SOCIALISM) – basic or key industries are either owned or controlled
by the government or by the people collectively.

ELASTIC DEMANDS – the good is non-essentials

Inelastic Demands – the good is essential
NORMAL GOODS – income increases, demand increases
INFERIOR GOODS – income increases, demand decreases

GDP (GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTS) – here in the Phil.

GNP (GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT) – produced by all Filipinos regardless of where they are
Ceterus Peribus – means all variables are kept constant
Convention about ESD (Environmental sustainable development) Rio De Janeiro Convention
Nurtures phil. Arts – NCCA
Mercantilism – economic policy in the 16th century

UNICAMERALISM - two chambers combine into one

The Philippine coastline is considered the 5th longest coastline in the world and is AS TWICE AS
THE UNITED STATES

EXTREME POINTS OF THE PHILIPPINES (PESTa MaNo? BaWlabac)

Northernmost point – MAVULIS (Y’AMI) ISLAND
Southernmost point – TAWI-TAWI
Easternmost point – PUSAN POINT
Westernmost point – BALABAC GREAT REEF

Antartica – Largest desert in the world

Antarctica – largest cold desert in the world
Sahara desert – Largest hot desert in the world
Sonoran Desert - Hottest desert in the world
Gobi – Largest coldest desert in Asia
Arabia – Largest hottest desert in Asia

The work of the propagandists open the eyes of the filipinos on their countries need for
FREEDOM

TERRITORIAL DISPUTE – cause of war and misunderstanding of nations

CLAIMANTS OF SOUTH CHINA SEA (TVMC- BI)
- Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, China, Brunei, Indonesia

The monarch of England whose strict adherence to morality influence the struggle of good
over evil in literary pieces known as the didactic literature was VICTORIA
MALTHUSIAN THEORY - that population increases geometrically but food supply does not
increase as much

PSEUDONYM – not use their true name but instead use this

SCIENCE

SUCROSE – known as table sugar

M2 L1G S1F - MALTOSE is made up of TWO UNITS OF GLUCOSE. LACTOSE is made up of ONE
UNIT OF GLUCOSE and ONE UNIT OF GALACTOSE. SUCROSE is made up of ONE UNIT OF
GLUCOSE and ONE UNIT OF FRUCTOSE.

PLASMA – The watery fluid portion of blood (90% water) in which elements are suspended.
Take nutrients and carry waste from cells.
PLATELETS – prevents bleeding
HEMOGLOBIN – carries oxygen for our body
RED BLOOD CELLS – transports C02 to our lungs to releabe exhaled
FERROMAGNETIC – ferte makadikit (Iron, nickel, and cobalt)
DIAMAGNETIC – di magnetic (gold, copper, wood)
PARAMAGNETIC – parang nagmamagnet or hindi masyado (aluminum)

SPHYGMOMANOMETER – device used to measure the blood pressure of a person

THERMOMETER – for temperature
SEISMOGRAPH – for earthquake
STETHOSCOPE – examine the sounds of our internal body
HYGROMETER – used in measuring humidity
HYDROMETER – relative density / specific gravity of fluids
EUDIOMETER – change in volume of a gas mixture
HYDROGEN BUBBLE CHAMBERS – following a physical or chemical change

TRIASSIC – Period when mammals evolved

10 – score of the hardest mineral in Mohs scale
DIAMOND – hardest mineral in Mohs scale
TALC – oftest mineral
CONVEX LENS – lens of magnifying glass
THYROID GLAND – gland for regulation of growth

THE STATES OF MATTER

FREEZING – liquid to solid (liquid to crystals)
MELTING – solid to liquid (rocks to lava)
EVAPORATION – liquid to gas (water to steam)
CONDENSATION – gas to liquid (water vapor to dew)
SUBLIMATION – solid to gas without passing the liquid state (dry ice)
DEPOSITION – gas to solid (water vapor to ice)

COMPLETE WATER CYCLE (ECPIRS)

Evaporation – Condensation – Perspiration – Infiltration – Run Off – and Substance Flow

STORM NAMES (PT HA C India)

TYPHOON – Pacific
CYCLONE – India
HURRICANE – Atlantic

LAYERS OF EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE (TroSMITE)

TROPOSPHERE – passenger planes, hot air balloon
STRATOSPHERE – ozone (weather balloon)
MESOSPHERE – coldest (meteors)
IONOSPHERE – radio waves
THERMOSPHERE – hottest (aurora borealis)
EXOSPHERE – satellites and spaceships

SURFACE TENSION – can float on water surface

SURFACE TENSION BABIES (lamok, coin, paperclip, razor blade, toothpick)

PH COLORS (BB RANG)

BLUE (base), RED (acid), NEUTRAL (green)

THERMODYNAMICS – law that states, hear flows from high to low

Bending our arms and legs is done by what joint – HINGE
REFRACTION – bending of light rays when entering a medum
BECOMES MENTALLY RETARDED – when a child is born with thyroxin
ASTHENOSPHERE – partially molten layer of the earth
MEDULLA OBLONGATA – controls breathing
HEMOPHILIA – genetic mutation came from mother

FATHERS
ARISTOTLE – father of ancient taxonomy, biology, zoology
GALILEO GALILEI – father of modern science
HERODOTUS – father of history
ROBERT KOCH – germ theory
GREG MENDEL – father of genetics
BENTHAM – father of utilitarianism
HIPPOCRATES – father of medicine
MENDELEEV – father of periodic table
ARCHIMEDES – father of math
GEORGE DANTZIG – father of linear programming
CAROLUS LINNAEUS – father of Binomial Nomenclature

8 LEVELS OF TAXONOMY (Di Ka Papasa Causes Our Family’s Great Sadness)

Domain – Kingdom – Phylum – Class – Order – Family – Genus – Species

Kingdom – ANIMALIA
Phylum – CHORDATA
Class – MAMMALIA
Order – PRIMATES
Family – HOMINIDAE
Genus – HOMO
Species – SAPIENS

FIVE KINGDOMS
Animals, Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, Protists
PUEM
PROKARYOTIC (UNICELLULAR) – bacteria
EUKARYOTIC (MULTICELLULAR) – animals, fungi, protists, plants

SHAPES OF BACTERIA (ChoCo BaR CoS Spi)

CHOLERAE – comma shaped / BACILLI – rod-shaped / COCCUS – spherical / SPIRILLUM – spiral

BF Co Budding – bacteria – FISSION / corals – BUDDING / starfish – REGENERATION /

flatworms – FRAGMENTATION / runners – BAMBOO
HERMAPHRODITE – two sexes (earthworms)

SCIENTIFIC METHOD – (IFTAF)

1. Identity the problem
2. Formulate the hypothesis
3. Test the hypothesis
4. Analyze the result
5. Formulate conclusions

5 KEY DESCRIPTORS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD are: empirical, replicable, provisional,
objective, and systematic

The seeds are enclosed within the fruits – Angiosperms

GYMNOSPERMS
PISTIL – female reproductive organ of flower
STAMEN – male reproductive organ of flower

MONOCOTYLEDON : 1 cotyledon, fibrous roots, have petals in multiples of 3, narrow parallel

veins, scattered, have 1 pore or furrow
Example: sugarcane, pineapple, rice
DICOTYLEDON : 2 cotyledons, tap roots, have 4 or 5 petals, oval or palmate net like veins,
ringed, have 3 pores or furrows
Ex. Cassava

In plants, cell walls and vacuoles perform the work of lysosomes

MITOCHONDRIA – powerhouse of a plant cell
CHLOROPLAST – site of photosynthesis
RIBOSOMES – protein synthesis

CELL – the basic unit of structure and function in living things

CELL MEMBRANE – thin structure that surrounds a cell
NUCLEUS – control center of the cell
CYTOPLASM – medium for chemical reactions, all the living materials inside a cell
VACUOLE – help sequester waste products, stores water in a plant cell
LYSOSOME – digestive system of animal cell
- Break down nutrient molecules and old cell parts
ROOTS, STOMATA, LENTESILS – breathing organ of plants

BONES – gives human body the framework to support movements and protection
LBM Te – bones to bones – LIGAMENTS / muscles to bones – TENDONS

HUMAN ANATOMY
Adult bones – 206 Heart chambers – 4
Children bones – 300 Largest artery – aorta
Muscles – 639 Normal BP – 120/80
Teeth – 32 Number of spine vertebrae – 33
Ribs – 24 Number of facial bone – 14
Skull bones – 22
Normal blood Ph – 7.4
Blood in human body – 5 liters
Longest bone – FEMUR
Size of intestine – 25-26 ft

BV AA – back to the heart – VEINS / away from the heart – ARTERY (AORTA is the largest
aarter
O NEGATIVE – universal donor AB POSITIVE – universal recipient

CILIA – hair like LARYNX – voice box

EPIGLOTTIS – flap like LUNGS – main organ for respiration
VILLI – finger like PANCREATIC CELLS – islet of Langerhans
FLAGELLA – whip like
ESOPHAGUS – food pipe – Nearest organ to the heart
LIVER – secretes bile
PANCREAS – secretes insulin
CAPSID – protein shell of the virus
YEAST – fungus

Most abundant element in the human body (CHON)

Carbon– Hydrogen – Oxygen – Nitrogen
NITROGEN – most abundant element in the atmosphere

MUTUALISM – Species A benefits, Species B benefits

COMMENSALISM – Species A benefits, Species B unaffected (whale and barnacles)
PARASITISM – Species A benefits, Species B harmed
PREDATION – may namatay – lion and a dear
GRAZING – carabao and the grass
COMPETITION – mango and avocado tree

WIN COR
WATER – most abundant INORGANIC compound on earth
CELLULOSE – most abundant ORGANIC compound
- When there is CARBON, a compound is ORGANIC

Plants in oxygen at night – at day they out oxygen

(ION – DOO)
- Plants in carbon dioxide at day – at night they out carbon dioxide

XY CHROMOSOMES (MALE) – chromosomes generate two types of sperms

FEMALE CHROMOSOME – xx chromosome
T21 OR DOWN SYNDROME – extra chromosome
MUTATION – damaged to DNA

BIOMES – large areas characterized by their vegetation, soil, climate, and wildlife
PRAIRIES – grassland with tall grasses with moderate temperatures, moderate rainfall, and
few trees
TUNDRAS – are treeless regions found in the Arctic and on mountain tops where the climate is
cold and windy and trees usually struggle to grow
SAVANNA – or tropical grasslands, meanwhile, are hot, dry and scattered with trees and
shrubs found in Central Africa
STEPPY – mabababang grass

SUNURAN DESERT – hottest dessert in the world

ANTARCTICA – largest cold desert
SAHARA – largest hottest desert

FOOD CHAIN – series of connections

FOOD WEB – intertwining connections
BIODIVERSITY – different life forms

ADAPTATIONS
PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION – internal process (ex. Creation of poison for defense in plants,
or frogs ability to jump high away from predators)
STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION – physical changes like large leaves and spines
BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION – physical growth of plants through sunlight (Tropism)
HOMEOSTASIS – internal stability to survive external challenging environment
HIBERNATION – used by animals in winter sleep. A drop in body temperature and slowed
metabolism to conserve energy
AESTIVATION – summer sleep
GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION – physical separation of populations of organisms from one
another due to geographical barriers

REMOVAL OF TYPE 1 COLLAGEN – causes bones to turn brittle and break easily
SCURVY – vitamin C deficiency

Wave patterns of the electroencephalogram (EGG) of an awake adult are SENSORIMOTOR

RHYTHM, ALPHA, AND BETA
DELTA AND THETA – when you are asleep

GLUCANS, CHITIN, AND GLYCOPROTEINS – components of fungal cell wall

CYTOKININS AND AUXINS – plant growth
ADENINE AND THYMINE, GUANINE AND CYTOSINE – perfect base fair (ATGC)

ATP, WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE – waste product of cellular respiration

GLUCOSE (SUGAR) AND OXYGEN – waste product of photosynthesis
(ATP)HYDROGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE – waste product of Krebs cycle

HYPOTONIC – cell will swell, burst

HYPERTONIC – cell will shrink/shrivel
ISOTONIC – safest

CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN (CHO) – elements exist in carbohydrates and lipids

(CPL FB)
Hydrophobic – FATS OR LIPIDS
Hydrophilic – CARBOHYDRATES AND PROTEINS
MONOSACCHARIDES – building blocks of carbohydrates (energy)
AMINO ACIDS – building blocks of protein

Highest rank coal – ANTHRACITE

Lowest rank coal – LIGNITE

When an object has more protons than electrons, its charge is POSITIVE
ELECTRONS – Negative
Equal protons and electrons – NEUTRAL ATOMS
Not equal protons and electrons – IONIZED ATOMS

APE MAN
Atomic Number = proton and electron
Mass number – atomic number = neutron

HELIUM – coolest of all gasses

ACETYLENE – hottest of all gasses

Group in the periodic table that is most stable (mataas ang electrons) – NOBLE GASES

Artic – WALRUS
MAGNOLIDAE – evergreen plants / kingdom plantae

A living organism thrives best in ITS HABITAT

BIOLOGICAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION (PCEB)

- Population – community – ecosystem – biomes

PHASES OF MITOSIS (ProMAT)

- Prophase – Metaphase – Anaphase – Telophase
HOMOLOGOUS – human’s arms, a bat wing, and a dolphin’s flipper
ANALOGOUS – butterflies, wings

HYPERTROPHICATION – septic tank

EUTROPHICATION – algal blooms
ACID RAIN, RED TIDE- fish kill
MOLLUSK / DINOFLAGELLATES- soft bodied animals, causes red tide
BIOREMEDIATION – removal of oil spill

PLASMODIUM VIVAX – causes malaria

LEECHES are SEGMENTED WORMS
MONKEY-EATING EAGLE – Pithecophaga jefferyi

SECONDARY SUCCESSION – when canopy and shrubs start to grow in a damaged area

HOW AN EMBRYO FORMS (GaFeZyCE)

- gamids – fertilization – zygote – cleavage – embryo
CTOSO
- cell – tissue – organ – organ system – organism
AGES OF THE EARTH (PrePaMCe)
- Precambrian – Paleolithic – Mesozoic – Cenozoic

HABITAT – ideal environment

ECOSYSTEM – interaction of living and non-living things
SPHERICAL – shape of the earth

LUNAR SEM – SOLAR SME

- Lunar (sun-earth-moon)
- Solar (sun-moon-earth)
PALAPIT – AWAY
- PERIHELION – palapit sun
- PERIGEE – palapit moon
- APHELION – away sun
- APOGEE – away moon

AIR – light travels fastest SOLID – sound travels fastest

14 – protons of silicon
DIABETES MELLITUS – insulin deficiency or resistance is the pancreas
RING OF FIRE – phil. Is susceptible to earthquakes / lies in a place where there are volcanoes
AUTOTROPHS – plants HETEROTROPHS – grasshopper (animals)
SAPROTROPHS – organisms that feed on the dead and decaying organisms

GROUP O BLOOD INTO A GROUP AB PERSON – only safe blood transfusion

CHROMOSOMES – duplicate during the process of mitosis
ARTHROPODA – dengue transmitted this organism
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION – union of ovum and sperm in a test tube

ESTERS – organic compound contains perfume

STOMATA – the opening of the leaf surface

MILK is classified as COLLOID

3 DOMAINS OF LIFE : bacteria, archaea, eukarya
NERVE CELL – longest cell in the body
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE – the use of two-word names in naming organism

Horses and zebras are not considered to be members of the same species because they do not
interbreed

DNA to RNA – TRANSCRIPTION RNA to Protein – TRANSLATION

RNA to DNA – REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION

BOLUS – if the food is in the esophagus

CHIME – if the food is in the stomach
FESIS – if the food is excreted

SOLID – type of matter atoms are most tightly packed

POTENTIAL ENERGY – energy transfer illustrated by the storage current in a battery of power
bank
ENTROPHY – The measure of a system’s energy that is unavoidable for doing your short work
Heat transfer – CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, and RADIATION
Conduction is to SOLID
Radiation is to PLASMA
 FILIPINO
ORTOGRAPIYA – pag-aaral sa wastong pagbabaybay ng salita
MORPOLOHIYA – pag-aaral sa pinakamaliit na yunit ng salita
MORPEMA – pinakamaliit na yunit ng salita
PONOLOHIYA – maka-agham na pag-aaral sa iba’t -ibang tunog at wastong bigkas
PONEMA – pinaka maliit na yunit ng tunog
SEMANTIKA- pag-aaral kung paano nabibigyang kahulugan ang mga salita batay sa paggamit
nito sa pangungusap o pahayag (meaning)
SINTAKSIS – pag-uugnay ng mga salita para makabuo ng pangungusap

PANGUNGUSAP NA WALANG PAKSA

1. TEMPORAL – panandalian, oras o panahunan lamang (bukas na, mayo na, pasko na)
2. MODAL – gusto, nais, ibig, pwede, maari, dapat, o kailangan (Maari bang magdagdag?,
Pwede bang sabihin?)
3. EKSISTENSYAL – pagkamayroon o wala ng isang bagay (walang dumating)
4. PENOMENAL – kalagayan na dulot ng kalikasan (umuulan, umaaraw, lumilindol)
5. PORMULASYONG PANLIPUNAN / AMENIDAD – mga pagbati, pagbibigay galang atbp. Na
nakagawian na sa lipunang Pilipino (Magandang umaga po, Salamat po, Walang anuman)
6. SAMBITLA – iisa o dalawang pantig ng salita na nagpapahayag ng ekspresyon (Aray!, Naku!,
Aba!, Saklolo!
7. PAUTOS – ginagamit ng salitang paki kapag nag-uutos
8. PAGHANGA – nagpapahayag ng damdaming paghanga

MGA PANLAPI
UNLAPI – nasa unahan
GITLAPI – nasa gitna
HULAPI – nasa hulihan
KABILAAN – nasa unahan, hulihan
LAGUHAN – nasa unahan, gitna, hulihan

URI NG DI BERBAL NA KOMUNIKASYON

CHRONEMICS – oras (hindi nagsalita ng ilang segundo)
HAPTICS – halpos
OCULESICS – paningin
PROXEMICS – distansya
PICTICS – mukha
OBJECTICS – gamit
ICONICS – simbolo
KINESICS – galaw ng katawan
OLFACTORICS – pang-amoy

KATANGIAN NG WIKA
NAGBABAGO – ang wika ay nagbabago paglipas ng panahon (umuunlad, yumayabong,
lumalago)
ARBITRARYO – ang wika ay pinagkasunduan ng lahat ng kasapi ng lahi
MASISTEMA – may sistema o balangkas na sinusunod

URBANA AT FELIZA – akda ni Padre Modesto de Castro (Ama ng Klasikang tuluyan) na binubuo
ng palitan ng liham ng dalawang magkapatid

TEORYA NG WIKA
BOW-WOW – paggaya ng tao sa tunog ng hayop at kalikasan
POOH-POOH – masidhing damdamin
YO-HE-YO – pwersang pisikal
DING DONG – bagay na naririnig sa kapaligiran
TARARA-BOOM-DE-AY – ritwal, orasyon, dasal, bulong
TA-TA – kumpas ng kamay
LA-LA – romansa
YUM-YUM – pagkumpas ng bagay na nangangailangan ng aksyon (pagsasabi ng oo, pag-inom
kapag nauuhaw, pagkain kapag nagugutom)
BABBLE LUCKY – walang kahulugang bulalas ng tao
COO-COO – mula sa sanggol

PONEMANG SEGMENTAL
DIPTONGGO – patinig na sinusundan ng malapatinig na y at w (bahay, giliw, sisiw, kalansay,
kahoy)
KLASTER O KAMBAL-KATINIG – magkakabit na dalawang magkaibang katinig sa isang pantig
(ts-tsinelas, kw-kwento, pl-pluma, kr-krisis)
PARES-MINIMAL – pares ng salita na magkaiba ang kahulugan ngunit magkatulad sa bigkas
(pala-bala, kulay-gulay, pusa-kusa, gulong-bulong, bahay-buhay)
PONEMANG MALAYANG NAGPAPALITAN – lalake-lalaki, babae-babai, madumi-marumi,
noon-nuon)

PONEMANG SUPRASEGMENTAL
Tono Haba
Diin Antala

ASPEKTO NG PANDIWA (VERB)

1. PERPEKTIBO – tumakbo – tapos na
2. IMPERPEKTIBO – tumatakbo - kasalukuyang nangyayari
3. KONTEMPLATIBO – tatakbo - mangyayari pa lamang o gagawin
4. KATATAPOS / PANGNAGDAAN – bago pa lang natapos/nangyari

AMADO V. HERNANDEZ – “Isang Dipang Langit”, Makata ng Manggagawa

JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS
Makata ng Pag-ibig, POET OF THE LOVE
Ang Manok Kong Bulik – layuning mangutya o may himig satiriko
LOPE K. SANTOS – Ama ng Balarilang Tagalog
VALERIANO H. PENA
Ama ng Nobelang Tagalog
Nena at Neneng
A CHILD OF SORROW – unang aklat na nailimbag sa Wikang Ingles
LUALHATI BAUTISTA
Dekada ’70
Gapo
Bulaklak sa City Jail
Bata Bata Paano ka Ginawa
SEVERINO REYES – Walang Sugat
DEOGRACIAS ROSARIO
Aloha
Ama ng maikling kwento sa Pilipinas
TOMAS PINPIN – unang manlilimbag sa Pilipinas
TONY VELAZQUEZ – ama ng komiks
MARS RAVELOS – hari ng komiks
GENOVEVA MATURE – Kwento ni Mabuti
Hibik ng Pilipinas sa Inang Espanya – HERMENIGILDO FLORES
Sagot ng Espanya sa Hibik ng Pilipinas – MARCELO DEL PILAR
Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas – ANDRES BONIFACIO
NAVARRO DE PERALTA – nagpakilala ng karilyo sa bansa
CELSO KARUNUNGAN – Satanas sa Lupa
IÑIGO REGALADO – Sampaguitang Walang Bango
MACARIO PINEDA – Suyuan sa Tubigan – pangkatutubong kulay
JOSE DELA CRUZ – tungkod ng Tulang Tagalog

MGA URI NG TAYUTAY

PAGTUTULAD (SIMILE) – di-tuwirang paghahambing. “Ang kutis ni Ana ay katulad ng niyebe”
PAGWAWANGIS (METAPHOR) – tuwirang paghahambing. “Si Ana ay maputi”
PAGSASATAO (PERSONIFICATION) – paglalapat ng gawi o kilos ng tao sa mga bagay na walang
buhay
PAGMAMALABIS (HYPERBOLE) – eksaheradong pagpapahayag
PAGPAPALIT-TAWAG (METONYMY) – nagpapalit katawagan sa bagay na tinutukoy. “Ang
palasyo ay nag-anunsiyo na walang pasok”
PAGPAPALIT-SAKLAW (SYNECDOCHE) – binabanggit ang bahagi bilang pagtuloy sa kabuuan.
“Hiningi ni Epi ang kamay ni Ana”
EUPIMISMO (EUPHEMISM) – paggamit ng salitang magpapabawas sa tindi ng kahulugan
PANG-UYAM (IRONY) – mangutya sa paraang waring nagbibigay puri. “Ang galing sumayaw ni
Ana sapagkat parehong kaliwa ang kaniyang mga paa”
ONOMATOPEA – paggamit ng mga salitang kung ano ang tunog ay siyang kahulugan
OKSIMORON – paggamit sa dalawang magkasalungat na salita
ANAPORA – pag-uulit sa unang bahagi ng pahayag o taludtod. “Ikaw ang aking mahal, ikaw
ang dalangin ng puso, ikaw ang hiling sa maykapal”
EPIPORA – pag-uulit sa huling bahagi ng pahayag. “Ikaw ang aking mahal, walang ibang mahal,
ikaw lang mahal”

PANANALIKSIK
KABANATA I – Suliranin at Kaligiran nito
KABANATA II – Mga kaugnay na pag-aaral at literatura
KABANATA III – Disenyo at Paraan ng Pananaliksik
KABANATA IV – Presentasyon at Interpretasyon ng Datos
KABANATA V – Lagum, Konklusyon at Rekomendasyon

PANGNGALANG PANTANGI – partikular (Jose Rizal)

PANGNGALANG PAMBALANA – panlahat (Bayani)
PANGNGALANG BASAL – hindi nakikita/nahahawakan (pag-asa)
PANGNGALANG TAHAS – nahahawakan/nakikita

ANTAS NG WIKA
IMPORMAL O DI-PORMAL – palasak
1. BALBAL – panlansangan, pampangkat (erpat, parak, datung, olats, purita)
2. KOLOKYAL – pinaikli o may pagkakaltas (naroon-naron, paano-pano, pakikuha-pakuha,
kumusta-musta)
3. LALAWIGANIN – dayalektal, ginagamit sa isang partikular na lugar

BARYASYON NG WIKA
DAYALEKTO – partikular na lugar
IDYOLEK – identity, nakagawiang pamamaraan sa pagsasalita ng individual
ETNOLEK – etnolingwistikong grupo
EKOLEK – nabubuo sa loob ng tahanan
PIDGIN – bagong wika na nabuo mula sa dalawang wika na nagtangkang mag-usap
CREOLE – nagsimula sa pagiging pidgin at paglaon ay lumaganap hanggang maging unang wika
SOSYOLEK – batay sa katayuan sa lipunan (wika ng matatanda, mag-aaral kababaihan, gay
lingo, jejemon)
REGISTER – partikular na disiplina, propesyon o pangkat ng gawain (Jargon)

AYOS NG PANGUNGUSAP
KARANIWAN – panaguri bago ang simuno
DI-KARANIWAN – simuno bago ang panaguri (AY)

MGA URI NG TAGAPAKINIG

1. EAGER-BEAVER – ngiti ng ngiti, tango ng tango
2. TIGER – naghihintay ng maling sasabihin ng nagsasalita
3. BEWILDERED – makikita ang pagkunot ng noo at pagsimangot, walang maintindihan sa
naririnig
4. FROWNER – laging may tanong at may duda para makapag impres
5. RELAXED – kitang-kita ang kawalang interes sa pakikinig
6. TWO-EARED LISTENER – ginagamit ang tenga at utak
7. BUSY BEE – abala sa ibang bagay
8. SLEEPER – tulog ng tulog

1937 – TAGALOG (Kautusang Tagapagpaganap Blg. 134)

1959 – PILIPINO (Kautusang Pangkagawaran Blg. 7)
1987 – FILIPINO (Saligang Batas ng 1987, Artikulo 14 Sek. 6)
KAUTUSANG TAGAPAGPAGANAP BLG. 96 – nilagdaan ni Marcos Sr. na dapat nakabatay sa
Filipino ang mga gusali, at edepisyo ng pamahalaan

8 – Hiram na titik ng Alpabetong Filipino (c, f, j, ñ, q, v, x, z)

7 – Hiram na titik ng Alpabetong Filipino sa Alpabetong English

MGA AWITING BAYAN

Dalit / Imno – pagsamba
Diona – kasal
Dung-aw – kalungkutan
Kalusan – paggawa
Kumintang – pandigma
Kundiman – awit sa pag-ibig ng tagalog
Balitaw – awit sa pag-ibig ng bisaya
Oyayi – pagpapatulog sa bata
Soliranin – pagsasagwan
Talindaw – pamamangka
Umbay – paglilibing
Sambotani – awit sa tagumpay
Kutang-kutang – awit sa mga lasinggero

Pangngalan (noun)
Pang-uri (adjective)
Panghalip (pronoun) – inihahalili sa pangngalan
Pandiwa (verb)
Pang-abay (adverb)
Pang-agam – walang kasiguraduhan / alinlangan
Pamamaraan – paano naganap ang kilos
Panlunan – lugar
Kondisyunal – may kondisyon
Pamanahon – nagsasaad ng panahon
Panggaano – bilang o dami ng isinasaad ng pandiwa
 Pamitagan – nagsasaad ng paggalang
Pananggi – nagsasaad ng pagtutol
Pangatnig (conjunction)
Pang-ukol (preposition)
Pang-ukol

Alibata o Baybayin – 17 titik (3 patinig, 14 katinig)

Abecedario – 30 titik, Alpabetong Romano
Abakada – naglapat ay si Lope K. Santos noong 1940
- 20 titik (5 patinig 15 katinig)

Start sulat
Haiku – 575
Tanaga – 777
Awit – 12 pantig bawat taludtod – Florante
Korido – 8 pantig bawat taludtod – Ibong Adarna

ALM (Audio-lingual Method) – naniniwala na ang tao ay natututo sa panggagaya, pagbibigay

diin sa pag-uulit at mga drill, pagbibigay gantimpala
Silent Way – dapat ang mag-aaral mismo ang gagawa hindi ang guro (facilitator)
Acquisition Learning Hypothesis – ang pagtatamo at pagkatuto ay dalawang magkahiwalay na
proseso sa pagiging dalubhasa sa wika
Suggestopedia – kailangan ng tao ng relaks na kapaligiran o nasa tamang kalagayan sa
pagkatuto
Input hypothesis – wika ay natatamo sa isang prosesong payak
Natural Order Hypothesis – may likas na sinusunod sa natural na order ang bata sa pagtamo ng
wika
Affective Filter Hypothesis – may kaugnayan sa mga baryabol na pandamdamin

Gatlang en – ginagamit sa panahong nagpapatuloy (2012-2023), petsa ng kapanganakan at

kamatayan
Gatlang em (--) – pansamantalang pagtigil sa pagbasa o sa daloy ng idea at sa pagdidiin sa
paliwanag
Ellipsis – tatlong tuldok na magkakasunod
Kuwit – bantas sa paghihiwalay ng mga salita na magkakauri

PhaPo CERM GAMIT NG WIKA

Phatic – pagsisimula ng ugnayan
Poetic – matalinghagang pagpapahayag
Conative – panghihimok o panghihikayat
Emotive – pagpapahayag ng damdamin / emosyon
Referential – paggamit bilang sanggunian
Metallingual – pagpapahayag ng kuro-kuro

Kurikulum – kabuuan na nilalaman ng isang pinag-aaralan

Banghay-aralin – mapa o balangkas ng iyong mga hinandang gawain
TOS – pagtatakda ng lawak ng paksang sasaklawin ng pagsusulit

Pathos – emosyon
Ethos – kredibilidad ng mambibigkas, manunulat o tagapagsalita
Logos – lohikal na pag-iisip

Nena at Neneng – kauna-unahang nobelang Tagalog na ipinalimbag sa anyong aklat na akda ni

Valeriano Hernandez Peña
Nuestra Señora del Rosario – ikalawang aklat na nailimbag sa Pilipinas

Iskaning – hinahanap ang specific information

Prebyuwing – sinusuri muna ang kabuuan, estilo at register ng wika ng sumusulat
Iskimming – main idea

Archaic – mga salitang malalim na hindi na ginagamit sa panahon ngayon

True cognates – magkahawig ang bigkas sa iba’t-ibang dayalekto at magkatulad na kahulugan

False cognates – salita sa isang dayalekto ay nagbibigay ng ibang kahulugan sa isa pang
dayalekto

Arthur Cassanova – ang kasalukuyang Komisyoner ng KWF (Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino),

itinalaga ni Duterte
Surian ng Wikang Pambamsa – dating tawag sa KWF
Linangan ng mga Wika sa Pilipinas – ikalawang tawag
Cecilio Lopez – ama ng linggwistikang Filipino

HUDHUD – epic of Ifugao

Aliguyon – the hero of Ifugao epic Hudhud
MARAGTAS – known as epic of Visaya
BANTUGAN – epic of Mindanao
BIAG-NI-LAM-ANG – epic of Ilokano

Pagbabagong Morponemiko
1. Asimilasyon – pangsuli / panukli
2. May angkop – wikain mo “kamo”
3. Maysudlong / pandaragdag ng Ponema – muntik / muntikan, pagmuntikan / pagmuntikanan
4. Metatesis – nilipad / linipad
5. Pagkakaltas ng Ponema – takipan / takpan, kitilin / kitlin
6. Paglilipat-diin – laRUan / playground, laruAN / toy
7. Pagpapalit ng Ponema – madapat / marapat, marunong/ madunong

Fishbowl Technique
Nucleus – tagapagtalakay
Outer group – tagapagmasid / tagapagpuna kung paano isinasagawa ng pangkat nucleus ang
pagtatalakay ng nilalaman ng aralin
Outermost – tagapagsabi kung paano ginagawa ng ikalawang pangkat ang pagmamasid sa
pangkat nucleus at tagapagbigay puna o reaksyon sa mga obserbasyon ginagawa

Clining – kaugnayan ng mga salita ayon sa antas o tindi ng kahulugan na ipinapahayag. Hal.
Yamot-inis-galit-poot
Classification – pagsasaayos ayon sa uri o kategorya
- Panlasa: matamis, mapakla, maasim
Clustering – pagbibigay ng mga salita na halos kapareho rin ang kahulugan.
- Tingnan, masdan, sulyapan
Word Association (Collocation) – pasasama-sama ng angkop na mga salita upang makabuo ng
ibang kahulugan
- Pusong-bato, dapit hapon, kasambahay

Discrete Point – isang lamang kakayahan sa bawat aytem

Integrative – sinusubok nito ang pangkalahatang kasanayan sa wika
Norm-referenced – inihahambing ang performance ng isang bata sa iba pang bata
Criterion-referenced – gumagamit ng basehan / pamantayan

Teoryang top-down – tao to book

Teoryang bottom-up – book to tao

Morpemang Ponema – nagpapakita ng kasarian

A at O – abogado / abogada
Malayang morpema (free morpheme) – salitang ugat
Di-malayang morpema (bound morpheme) – panlaping idinudugtong sa salitang-ugat

ABCD ng State Objectives sa ASSURE Model – Audience, Behavior, Condition, Degree

Kumindat sa Dilim – walang pag-asa

 ACTUALGEN-ED QUESTIONS
BOOK BURNING – the event marked the 1st literary demonstration in the Phil.
LADINO – a person who could read and write in English and Tagalog

THEOGONY – origin of gods in mythology

THEOMACHY – battle among the gods of supremacy between good and evil in mythologies
THEOPANY – visible appearance of a good to a man
AMOHION – son of Zeus and Antiope who built a wall around Thebes by charming the stones
into place with a lyre
AHASUERUS – the wandering Jew in Eugene Sue’s novel
AUGUST STRINBERG – a Norweigan writer best known for his problem / social play like
“ghosts”
 ENGLISH

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

The rules of the subject-verb agreement are used to properly determine whether the singular
or plural form should be use in a sentence.

1. An intervening phrase or clause between subject and verb does not change the number
of the subject.
- Margarita, together with her brothers, likes to party.
- The gentlemen who attended the meeting are very punctual.

2. Singular indefinite pronouns take singular verbs. Plural indefinite pronouns take plural
verbs.
- Each student in this school does not pay for his tuition.
- Many students perform well in surprise quizzes.

3. Compound subjects joined by and are always plural.

- Miguel and Monica spend their free time at the gym
- Chona and Fernan set aside a small percentage of their income for their children’s
Educational plan.

4. With a compound subjects joined by or/nor, the verb agrees with the subject nearer to
it.
- Either Alice or her badminton buddies are bringing the deserts.
- Neither the students nor the teacher recognizes the strange markings.

5. Inverted subjects must agree with the verb.

- There are 15 students in my class.
- How is Maria handling a news of her grandfather’s death..

6. Collective nouns (group, jury, crowd, team, etc.) are always singular.
- The jury decides that you are guilty of the crime.
- The jury have been arguing for 5 days regarding the case.

7. Titles of single entities (books, organizations, countries, etc.) are always singular.
- The grapes of wrath by john Steinbeck takes quite some time to read.
- The Philippines strengthens its diplomatic ties with ASEAN nation.

8. Plural form subjects with a singular meaning take with a singular verb. (E.g. news,
measles, mumps, physics). Plural form subjects with a plural meaning take a plural verb.
(E.g. scissors, Trousers).
- Measles is a contagious disease that spread among school children.
- Scissors are used to cut the props for the stage play.

9. With subject and subjective verb complement of different number, the verb always
agree with the subject.
- My favorite topic is short stories by Edgar Allan Poe.
- Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe are my favourite topic.

10.With one of those ______ who, use a plural verb. With the only one of those ______
who, use a singular verb.
- Pocholo is one of those people who like to watch DVDs.
- Patricia is the only one of those people who likes to read novels.
 11.With the number of _____, use a singular verb. With a number of ______ use a plural
verb.
- The number of students who fail the exam increases at an alarming rate.
- A number of students continue to fail the exam.

12. With every ______ and many a _____, use a singular verb.
- Every driver knows his away around Makati.
- Many a Filipino dreams of winning the lottery

Alexander Graham Bell – father of MODERN Communication

Aristotle – father of PURPOSIVE Communication

Aristotle Model of Communication – linear or one-way (public speaking)

Lasswell’s Model – channel is the most important – in which channel (who said, what was said,
to whom, what effect)
Bello’s Model – SMCR, (Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver), emotion is important
Shannon and Weaver’s Model – noise

Patient Notes
Interim notes – review his previous medical appointments and records (interaction of two
doctors)
Discharge notes – given once medication is discontinued / patient is released

Lead in Journalism
Straight Lead – summary lead (contains all or moat of the 5Ws and H)
Quotation Lead – uses a direct quotation (according to Mr.)
Novelty Lead – written to catch the reader’s attention (lead is created in a different way or
creative)
Anecdotal Lead – quick relevant story (not exact scope but related story)

Paralanguage – the nonlexical (not word) components of communication (declamation)

All together – lahat magkakasama

Altogether – sa pangkalahatan

Barriers of Communication
Physiological – biological barriers (whatever you feel inside your body)
Physical barrier – literal physical being / thing
Systematic – process or organization (from boss to employees but the message is not clear
because there’s a problem on how it is delivered)
Psychological – thoughts, in mind

Kachru’s model (Concentric Circles of English)

Inner Circle – (Native Language) CAN UU
- Canada, Australia, New Zealand, USA, UK
Outer Circle – (Second Language) MaKe BIG STanZa Si PNP
- Malaysia, Kenya, Bangladesh, India, Ghana, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Zambia, Singapore,
Philippines, Nigeria, Pakistan
Expanding Circle – (Foreign Language)

Merchant of Venice - “The quality of mercy is not strained. It droppeth as the gentle rain from
heaven” means Mercy should be freely given.
Theme: Hindi pagkakasundo ng Muslims at Christians (religion), Revenge, Mercy
Annabel Lee – EA Poe – very gothic, known for detective or horror stories
- The Raven
Robert Frost – “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”
Carlos Bulosan – America is in the Heart, most celebrated autobiography
Robert Frost – The Road Not Taken
Christopher Marlowe – Father of Tragedies
De Montaigne – father of Essays
Francis Bacon – father of English Essays

Pseudonyms
Mark Twain – Samuel Clemens
George Orwell – Eric Arthur Blair
Lewis Carroll – Charles Lutwidge Dodgson
O Henry – William Sydney Porter
Dr. Seuss – Theodor Seuss Geisel
George Elliot – Mary Ann Evans
J. K Rowling – Joanne Kathleen Rowling
Currer, Ellis, Acton Bell – Charlotte, Emily, Anne Bronte

Colon – punctuation mark that is most appropriate to use in the salutation of a business letter

CC – Carbon Copy
BCC – Blind Carbon Copy, if you don’t want other to view the email addresses of the other
recipients of a group message

Research
Design – blueprint, plan
Methodology – specific procedures and techniques, how, processes
Approach – qualitative, quantitative, mixed

Carnal desires – worldy desires

Herald – messenger, announce
Hiatus – pause, gap/interval
Congregate – gather/group
Hubbub – noise
Sepulchre – grave, tomb
Conflagrate – catch fire
Credulous – gullible, easy to fool
Remuneration – compensation
Alacrity – enthusiasm
Pulchritude – loveliness, beauty
Fortnight – 2 weeks
Loquacious – verbose
Profanity – obscenity
Baduy – awkward-looking
Shilly-shally – indecisive
First-rate – high quality
Apocalyptic – prophetic
Rancor – bitter
Tedious – slow and boring
Colossal – massive / huge
Upbraided – scolded
Morpheme – meaningful unit of language that cannot be divided

Pecha Kucha: 20 by 20 presentation

It lasts for 6 minutes and 40 seconds
Presentation from 20 slides and 20 seconds each

7 C’s of Communication
Correctness, Clarity, Conciseness, Completeness, Consideration, Concreteness, Courtesy

Business Letter
Full block – most popular and easiest style of business letter – all left no indented
Modified block and semi-block – indented

Language Registers
Formal – standard in work and school, language of both wealth and middle class”
Consultative – used in conversation by/with professionals
Casual – used between family and friends, short and less complex, rely a lot on gestures
Frozen – always the same
Intimate – used between lovers and twins

Ethos – appeals to the credibility

Pathos – emotion (pag-ibig)

In – four country