1 s2.0 S2352152X20319587 Main
1 s2.0 S2352152X20319587 Main
1 s2.0 S2352152X20319587 Main
Keywords: Performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries depend on the ability to efficiently estimate their temperature
Lithium-ion battery during charge/discharge operations. We propose a novel algorithm to infer temperature in cylindrical lithium-
Temperature estimation ion battery cells from measurements of current and terminal voltage. Our approach employs a dual ensemble
Electrochemical modeling
Kalman filter, which incorporates the enhanced single-particle dynamics to relate terminal voltage to battery
Ensemble Kalman filter
temperature and Li-ion concentration. The numerical results and experimental validation from LGChem
LiNiMnCoO2 battery (INR21700 M50) cell data demonstrate the method’s ability to estimate temperature at
various charge/discharge C-rates.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.102133
Received 24 September 2020; Received in revised form 24 November 2020; Accepted 25 November 2020
Available online 15 December 2020
2352-152X/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
P. Wang et al. Journal of Energy Storage 34 (2021) 102133
During charging, the cathode undergoes oxidation and the anode un-
dergoes reduction [16].
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P. Wang et al. Journal of Energy Storage 34 (2021) 102133
Fig. 1. A schematic diagram of the macroscopic (𝑙-direction) cell model with coupled microscopic (𝑟-direction) solid-diffusion model.
[ act ( )]
𝐸𝑘,𝑗 1 1 where 𝛥𝛷e ≡ 𝛷e (𝑥 = 𝐿) − 𝛷e (𝑥 = 0) is the potential difference
𝑘s,𝑗 = 𝑘ref
s,𝑗 exp − , (4b)
𝑅g 𝑇ref 𝑇 in the electrolyte phase, 𝛥𝑈oc is the open circuit potential difference
ref , 𝑘ref and 𝑇 (positive minus negative) between the electrodes, and 𝛥𝜂 is the over-
where 𝐷s,𝑗 s,𝑗 ref denote the reference values for the diffusion
act potential difference between the electrodes, and 𝐼𝑅 is the voltage
coefficients, reaction rate constants and temperature, respectively; 𝐸𝐷,𝑗
act are the activation energy; and 𝑅 is the universal gas constant.
and 𝐸𝑘,𝑗 drop caused by the lumped resistance. An approximate (linearized)
g
The Li+ concentration in the electrolyte phase, 𝑐e,𝑖 (𝑥, 𝑡), is governed analytical solution of (5) gives an expression for the potential difference
by the Planck–Nernst equations, in the electrolyte [18],
( ) ( )
𝜕𝑐e,𝑖 𝜕 𝜕𝑐e,𝑖 𝑎𝐽 𝑐e,p (𝐿, 𝑡) 𝐿n 2𝐿s 𝐿p
𝜔𝑖 = ef f
𝐷e,𝑖 + (1 − 𝑡+ ) 𝑖 𝑖,
0 𝐹
𝑖 = n, p, S, (5) ef f
𝛥𝛷e = 𝜅̃ ln −
𝐼
+ + . (9a)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑐e,n (0, 𝑡) 2𝐴 𝜅nef f 𝜅sef f 𝜅pef f
where 𝑥 is the Cartesian coordinate along the thickness, 𝐿, of the cell;
𝜔𝑖 is porosity of the negative (𝑖 = n) and positive (𝑖 = p) electrodes Here, the effective ionic conductivities 𝜅𝑖ef f are estimated empiri-
and the separator (𝑖 = S); 𝑡+
0
is the transference number; the exchange cally [17],
current density at the separator is 𝐽S (𝑡) = 0; and the effective diffusion
ef f are assumed to follow the concentration-dependent
coefficients 𝐷e,𝑖 𝜅𝑖ef f = 𝑐 e,𝑖 [(−10.5 + 0.074 𝑇 − 6.96 × 10−5 𝑇 2 ) + 𝑐 e,𝑖 (0.668 − 0.0178 𝑇
Bruggeman relation [3], −2.8 × 10−5 𝑇 2 ) + 𝑐 2e,𝑖 (0.494 − 8.86 × 10−4 𝑇 )]2 , (9b)
ef f
𝐷e,𝑖 ≈ (𝛼1 𝑐e,𝑖 +𝛼2 )𝜔1.5 with 𝛼1 = −1.17×10 −13
, 𝛼2 = 3.97×10 −10
. (6)
𝑖 as functions of temperature 𝑇 and the average Li+ concentrations at the
Eq. (5) are defined on the segments 𝑥 ∈ (0, 𝐿n ), (𝐿n , 𝐿n + 𝐿S ) and anode, cathode or separator 𝑐 e,𝑖 ; and
(𝐿n + 𝐿S , 𝐿 = 𝐿n + 𝐿S + 𝐿p ) representing, the anode, the separator
and the cathode, respectively. The external (impermeable) boundary 2𝑅g 𝑇 (1 − 𝑡+
0
)(𝜅nef f + 𝜅sef f + 𝜅pef f ) { √
𝜅̃ ef f = 0.601 − 0.24 𝑐 e
conditions, 3𝐹
}
𝜕𝑐e,n 𝜕𝑐e,p + 0.982 [1 − 0.0052(𝑇 − 293)] 𝑐 1.5 . (9c)
(0, 𝑡) = (𝐿, 𝑡) = 0, (7a) e
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
are supplemented with continuity conditions at the anode–separator The open circuit potentials at the two electrodes, 𝑈p and 𝑈n , are
interface, 𝑥 = 𝐿n , functions of temperature, 𝑇 , and stoichiometric ratios, 𝜃p and 𝜃n , at the
𝜕𝑐e,n 𝜕𝑐e,S solid phase [2],
ef f ef f
𝑐e,n (𝐿n , 𝑡) = 𝑐e,S (𝐿n , 𝑡), (𝐿n , 𝑡) = 𝐷e,S
𝐷e,n (𝐿n , 𝑡), (7b)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 max
n
𝛥𝑈oc (𝑇 ) = 𝑈p (𝜃p , 𝑇 ) − 𝑈n (𝜃n , 𝑇 ), 𝜃𝑗 = 𝑐s,𝑗 (𝑅𝑗 , 𝑡)∕𝑐s,𝑗 , (10)
and at the separator–cathode interface, 𝑥 = 𝐿S ≡ 𝐿n + 𝐿S ,
max is the theoretical maximum concentration. The difference
where 𝑐s,𝑗
𝜕𝑐e,S 𝜕𝑐e,p
𝑐e,S (𝐿nS , 𝑡) = 𝑐e,p (𝐿nS , 𝑡), ef f
𝐷e,S (𝐿nS ) = 𝐷e,p
ef f
(𝐿nS ). (7c) between the cathode and anode over-potentials is computed from
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
max ×
Eqs. (2) and (5) are also subject to initial conditions 𝑐s,𝑗 (𝑟, 0) = 𝑐s,𝑗 the Butler–Volmer kinetic equation [19], which describes the rate of
in
𝜃𝑗,100% with 𝑗 = n, p and 𝑐e,𝑖 (𝑥, 0) = 𝐶e,𝑖 with 𝑖 = n, p, S. Here, 𝜃j,100% intercalation and deintercalation of Li+ ,
is the electrode stoichiometry ratio at 100% state of charge (SOC) and [ ( ) ( )]
2𝑅g 𝑇 𝐽p 𝐽n
in is the initial concentration of Li+ in the electrolyte.
𝐶e,𝑖 𝛥𝜂 = 𝜂p − 𝜂n = sinh−1 − sinh−1 , (11a)
𝐹 2𝐽0,p 2𝐽0,n
3
P. Wang et al. Journal of Energy Storage 34 (2021) 102133
4
P. Wang et al. Journal of Energy Storage 34 (2021) 102133
Fig. 3. Experiments were carried out in the Stanford Energy Control laboratory at the Energy Resources Engineering Department, Stanford University.
Here 𝑇𝑘 and 𝑇𝑘+1 are the temperature values at the 𝑘th and (𝑘 + 1)st
time steps, respectively; and 𝜖𝑘𝑇 ∈ R is a small quantity capturing the Algorithm 1 Dual state-parameter estimation with ensemble Kalman
temporal change of the temperature over the time window 𝑘 and 𝑘 + 1. filter
We treat 𝜖𝑘𝑇 as a Gaussian random variable with zero mean and variance (i) Initialization, 𝑘 = 0
𝜎𝑇2 ∈ R. By coupling (16) with (12), we obtain a new system for the thus
randomized state vector 𝐜. • Draw 𝑁 samples for the initial states of Li+ concentration
Subsequent assimilation of measurements of current 𝐼 and terminal and temperature, 𝐜(𝑛)
0
, 𝑇0(𝑛) , (𝑛 = 1, … , 𝑁), which are taken
voltage 𝑉 yields an estimate of battery temperature 𝑇 . Direct mea- as uniformly distributed random variables:
surements of 𝑉 can be noisy due to errors associated with numerical
𝐜0 ∼ U(𝐜min , 𝐜max ), 𝑇0 ∼ U(𝑇min , 𝑇max ).
roundoff and operating conditions. To account for this observation
error, we introduce a zero-mean Gaussian process in time, 𝜖𝑘d ∈ R with (ii) For 𝑘 ≥ 1 and for all samples (𝑛 = 1, … , 𝑁),
variance 𝜎d2 ∈ R. Thus, the observed data are modeled as 𝑑𝑘 = 𝑉𝑘obs +𝜖𝑘d .
With the model prediction, 𝐰(𝑡) = (𝐜⊤ , 𝑇 )⊤ , and observations, 𝑑(𝑡), (a) Forward prediction of system states:
in place, we formulate the state-parameter estimation problem as a
filtering problem. Probability of the discrete system state at an arbitrary • Predict temperature and terminal voltage from (12)
time step 𝐾 ≥ 1 is given by Bayes’ theorem, and (16):
(𝑛)
P(𝐰𝐾 |D𝐾 ) ∝ P(𝐰𝐾−1 |D𝐾−1 )P(𝑇𝐾 |𝑇𝐾−1 )P(𝐜𝐾 |𝐰𝐾−1 )P(𝑑𝐾 |𝐰𝐾 ), (17) 𝑇̂𝑘+1 = 𝑇𝑘(𝑛) + 𝜖𝑘+1
T (𝑛)
,
The eSPM presented in Section 2 incorporates a large number of • Update terminal voltage with temperature
parameters, whose values depend on both the battery type and factors
such as manufacturing process, duration of past discharge/charge, and 𝐜̂(𝑛)
𝑘+1
= 𝑓m (𝐜(𝑛)
𝑘
(𝑛)
, 𝑇𝑘+1 , 𝐼𝑘+1 ),
working environment. The parameters that have the largest impact on (𝑛)
𝑉𝑘+1 = 𝑔m (𝐜̂(𝑛) , 𝑇 (𝑛) , 𝐼 ).
𝑘+1 𝑘+1 𝑘+1
the overall model output are arranged in the vector
ref
𝛩 = (𝐷s,p ref
, 𝐷s,n , 𝜃n,100% , 𝜃p,100% , 𝐴, 𝑅). (19) • Compute Kalman gain matrix for concentration,
𝐊con
𝑘+1
, and update concentration:
These parameters are identified by minimizing the root mean square
error between the model-predicted terminal voltage 𝑉 (𝑡𝑘 ) and 𝑁obs 𝐊con
𝑘+1
= Cov(𝐜̂𝑘+1 , 𝑉𝑘+1 )[Cov(𝑉𝑘+1 , 𝑉𝑘+1 ) + 𝜎d2 ]−1 ,
observations 𝑉obs (𝑡𝑘 ),
𝐜(𝑛)
𝑘+1
= 𝐜̂(𝑛)
𝑘+1
(𝑛)
+ (𝑑𝑘+1 (𝑛)
− 𝑉𝑘+1 )𝐊con
𝑘+1
.
𝑁obs
∑
𝛩⋆ = argmin |𝑉 (𝑡 ) − 𝑉 (𝐜 , 𝑇 , 𝛩, 𝑡 )|2 . (20)
𝛩∈R6
| obs 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 |
𝑘=1
5
P. Wang et al. Journal of Energy Storage 34 (2021) 102133
Fig. 4. Left: 2 C-rate discharge profile from measurements (red line) and predicted terminal voltage using identified model parameters (blue dashed line). Right: The discrepancy
between the measurement and predicted terminal voltage.
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P. Wang et al. Journal of Energy Storage 34 (2021) 102133
Fig. 5. Left column: Temporal evolution of the LIB temperature 𝑇 (𝑡), predicted with dual ensemble Kalman filter (solid line) and observed experimentally (dashed line) at 1 C-rate
(Top), 2 C-rate (Middle), 3 C-rate (Bottom). The predicted results are averages over 20 realizations. Right column: The corresponding voltage 𝑉 (𝑡), predicted with dual ensemble
Kalman filter (dashed lines) and observed experimentally (solid lines).
vehicle consists of a sequence of charging (regenerative braking) and The proposed numerical framework provides accurate estimates of
discharging of the battery. In addition, since the definition of 𝑓𝑚 and battery temperature, terminal voltage and Li+ concentration in both
𝑔𝑚 is general, our method can potentially work for other battery types the solid phase and the electrolyte, over a wide range of C-rate dis-
as long as the state propagation function model is accurate. charge. Results have been validated against experimental data collected
from the LGChem NMC battery cells at the Stanford Energy Control
laboratory.
5. Summary and conclusions
The proposed algorithm can be used in current battery management
systems to enhance SOC/SOH estimation while guaranteeing battery
We proposed a novel algorithm to estimate the temperature of a safety operation.
LIB cell using the currently available on-board current and voltage
sensors by means of inversion of the electrochemical dynamics. It uses Declaration of competing interest
the enhanced single-particle model to relate the current and terminal
voltage to the temperature, and a dual ensemble Kalman filter to The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
assimilate direct measurements of the former into predictions of the cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
latter. influence the work reported in this paper.
7
P. Wang et al. Journal of Energy Storage 34 (2021) 102133
Acknowledgments [10] Y. Kim, S. Mohan, J.B. Siegel, A.G. Stefanopoulou, Y. Ding, The estimation
of temperature distribution in cylindrical battery cells under unknown cooling
conditions, IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Tech. 22 (6) (2014) 2277–2286.
P. Wang, L. Yang, and H. Wang were supported by the National Key
[11] M.V. Morganti, S. Longo, M. Tirovic, C.-Y. Blaise, G. Forostovsky, Multi-scale,
Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. electro-thermal model of NMC battery cell, IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech. 68 (11) (2019)
2017YFB0701700 and 2018YFB0703902). DMT was supported in part 10594–10606.
by the gift from Total. We thank Anirudh Allam, Ph.D. student at ERE [12] X. Lin, H.E. Perez, J.B. Siegel, A.G. Stefanopoulou, Robust estimation of battery
Department, Stanford University, for making the eSPM numerical code system temperature distribution under sparse sensing and uncertainty, IEEE
Trans. Control Syst. Tech. 28 (3) (2020) 753–765.
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Stanford Energy Control Lab, https://onorilab.stanford.edu/research. tification, in: R. Ghanem, D. Higdon, H. Owhadi (Eds.), Handbook of Uncertainty
Quantification, Springer, 2015, pp. 1–22.
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