MOMBASA PORT AREA ROAD DEVELOPMENT (PACKAGE 3)

TRAINEE SUMMARY REPORT

SCALLY MANGA SANGA

FROM JANUARY TO APRIL 2022

MONTH DURATION ACTIVITIES REMARKS

1  Earthworks for the sub grade

 AC laying
 Laboratory department
JANUARY  Soil conservation method
 Concrete works.

2  Materials
 Highway design AutoCAD civil 3D
FEBRUARY  Survey works.
 GSC casting.
3  Dense bituminous Macadam
MARCH  Structure
 GMM and bitumen extraction.

4  Structure ( MSE panels walls).

APRIL  Gravity retaining walls.
 Earthworks .
Summary of the learning experience
Learning Details Remarks
outcome

AC LAYING

A single paver was used to lay the AC layer into an initial thickness of
45mm. This initial paving thickness is check constantly and a sensor adjust
whenever a diversion is found. The speed of paving is controlled at 2 – 4
km/min and a dump truck is used to transport and load the AC mixture into
the paver. The dump truck ismoved forward and backward to facilitate
unifrom loadin height and prevent segregation of mixture. The excess
material is trimmed manually by the use of spade. AC compaction is
Inspection
effected in three stages: initial compaction follows the spreader closely,
works.
compacting the surfece to reduce temperature loss. A double drum steel is
used, the speed is 3Km/h and the temperature of initial compaction is
controlled at 130-1400c. Compaction again is adopted using the double
steel wheel vibrating roller traveiiing speed being 3 - 5m/h and temperature
controlled at 110 - 1200C. Final compaction is with both steel roller and
rubber roller while temperature controlled at less then 900C.

Earthwork

After the OGL is obtain laying and spreading the sub grade material is done.
The subgrade material consist of two layers with a loss thickness of 175mm
and after compaction of atleast 8 passes to a more stable layer of 150mm.
Compaction was done by a towed vibrating roller. During compaction the
surface of each layer shall be watered to faccilitate the filling of voids. Proof
rolling is done to the compacted section by use of a tipper to check for
heaving of the material.

The backfill of te subgrade materials was done in several layers. This was to
achieve the workability and strength of the sub grade material. After the
OGL the first layer is laid and compacted. The layer is laid at at a thicknes of
180mm and compacted to 175mm and then processing is done. After
processing is done the second layer is laid and compacted. The thickness of
the second layer is the same as that of the first layer. Reinforcing strip that
are embedded between selected backfill material layers which offers shear
resistance. The strips are connected to the back of the concrete panels.
Strips are placed on top of each compacted 750mm layer of select backfill

Protection works

Soil conservation method of implanting herringbone to the slopy side of the

road were installed using the design and drawings of the road. After setting
out excavation was done and construction of the herringbone started.
There measurement were as follows:

 Vertical 600 x 400

 V frame 500 x 400
 Toe beam 600 x 420

All material are subjected to check before delivert to site. The concrete use
must be tessted for workability by slump test and compressive strenght
testing done in accordance with the BS and AASHTO standards. Mortar is
also tested similar to concrete for compressive strength test. Material for
sub grade are tested for suitability before use by conducting various test
such as grading, proctor compaction, CBR and determination of the
Atterberg limit that’s is liguid limit

Dense bituminous macadam

Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) is a binder course used for roads and
highway works with a greater number of heavy commercial vehicles and a
close-graded premix material vehicle and a close-graded premix material
having a voids content of 5-10 percent.. Metallic strings supported on pegs
and arms to be used as level reference for paver. Interval between pegs
shall be 10m. Before commencing paving operations, paver parts to be
completely checked.. Temperature of the mix shall be checked before
 laying into the paver. Once the material is spread by paver, compaction to
start immediately and shall be completed within the specified rolling
temperature. Rolling of longitudinal joints shall be done immediately
behind the paving operations. After this, rolling shall start at the edges and
progress towards the centre. Three types of rolling are used to achieve the
required compaction. Sample rolling pattern for DBM layer (1 plain pass + 2
Heavy vibration+ 1 Low vibration+ 3PTR+ 1Plain Pass). Intermediate rolling
shall be done with 8-10T static or 12-15T PTR. Finish rolling shall be done
with 6-8T smooth wheel tandem rollers.

Laboratory works

CBR test

The California Bearing Ratio or CBR test is performed in construction

materials laboratories to evaluate the strength of soil sub grade and base
course materials. Those who design and engineer highways and pavements
rely on CBR test values when selecting pavement and base Thicknesses.

Material. Sample preparation takes up most of the time required for testing CBR
samples in the geotechnical laboratory. Materials proposed for the project
are sampled and processed into a series of test specimens in the laboratory.
The specifier of the CBR test may request changes to the dry density of the
specimens. Changing the required number of blow counts will adjust the
dry density. Spacer discs, surcharge weights, and other apparatus to
measure expansion are also necessary. Soaking accounts for adverse
moisture conditions from potential rainfall or flooding, and most CBR tests
use this procedure. In addition to the compaction process, preparation
usually involves soaking each specimen in water for 96 hours before the
penetration test. The soil swell resulting from soaking must be measured
using expansion measuring apparatus and swell plates placed on the
sample before penetration testing. It takes a significant amount of time to
prepare multiple compacted specimens for a single test.
Bitumen extraction test and GMM
Conduct bitumen extraction test (washing the asphalt mix with
solvent to remove bitumen and remain with neat aggregate). Take about
2000g of the mix and determine its weight (m1). Place the sample in a
centrifuge, add solvent to cover the
material, put filter paper on the rim and close the pan. Start the machine
and allow it to rotate until solvent flow
comes to an end. Stop the machine, add solvent and rotate the machine
again (repeat this operation until the solvent coming out is clean). Dry the
washed aggregate in oven to constant weight.
Carry out grading of the aggregate and plot its curve in the
grading limits for comparison with the grading specification. Confirm the
mix properties at the optimum binder content by
preparing three mixes; one at the optimum binder content and
other two at 0.1% lower and higher than the optimum value. Evaluate the
properties of the mixes against the project
specifications and adopt the binder content of the mix that
complies (or adjust the binder and re-run the trial if the
properties do not comply with the project specifications).
We conducted the immersion index test. The test measures effect of water
on the stability of compacted
asphalt mix. The index of retained strength is calculated by
comparing the stability of immersed specimen with the stability of fresh
specimen (cured in air). It is also known as Retained stability.

GCS Casting
The casting of the grade crushed stone on-ramp 3.2 of Km 16.GCS acts as
the sub-base of the road. The crushed stone reduces the stress applied to
the sub-grade layer. Thislayeris below the pavement surface and serves as
the load bearing and strengthening component of the pavement structure.
The filling was done to a thickness of 125mm andwas compacted with a
drum roller. 4 passes were completed.

Highway design Autocad civil 3d

Civil engineering design software supports BIM (Building Information
Modeling) with integrated features to improve drafting, design, and
construction documentation. Introduction of the various tabs of a civil 3d
interface. First, we had the start button, the Applicationmenu, and the tool
space. The tool spacehasmore components ofthe civil 3D. Introductionto
thepoints, beforeroad constructionis surveyed, the area is done at intervals.
The coordinates are taken andthe physical existing featuresarenoted.
Points are submitted to the engineer in CVS form (comma-separated value).
Select the point. Creating the surface helps us to familiarize with the
topography ofthe land. This helps us to knowtheareaswhere we cut and
fill.Thenwe create the alignment oftheroad, which is basically to know the
centre line of the road. We create the alignment through the alignment tab
and choose the tangent-tangent (with curves) to help with the area with
curves. The design profile helps in knowing the surface of the road.
Beforethe surface tab, the profile tab helps in generating areas where to
cut and fill.Then we have the corridor, section, andquantities section.
Before we create the road corridor, we must have the assembly. On the
ribbon,click on create an assembly, and after selecting the description of
the assemblyplace it approptly on thewindow model. Other features like
generating the volume ofearthworks andthe plan productive can also be
designed by civil 3D. Where volume is the total design of the materials and
itstheir different surfaces while plan productivity is the vis display to design
work in pdf form.
SURVEY
The survey is an engineering operation that involves assessing and
recording details about an area of land. Surveyor’s level, the instrument
used in surveying to measure the height of distance points in relation to
a benchmark (a point at which the height above sea level is accurately
known). of a telescope fitted with a spirit level and generally, mounted on
 a tripod. It is used in conjunction with a graduated rod placed at the point
to be measured and sighted through the telescope. So, we conducted a
proof measuring to see if the points according to the design of the
excavation and concreting of the culverts were corrupted while checking
the levels were RTK and the dumpy level. RTK surveying is a relative
positioning technique that measures the position of two GNSS antennas
relative to each other in real-time. One antenna is set up on a static point
with fixed coordinates and is known as the base station. The dumpy level is
an optical surveying leveling instrument consisting of a telescope tube
firmly secured in two collars fixed by adjusting screws to the stage by the
vertical spindle. The telescope of the dumpy level can rotate only in a
horizontal plane. Relative elevation of different points of surveying land is
determined with a dumpy level.
MSE PANELS WALLS
A pair of strips of 200mm thick x 400mm wide concrete foundation is laid
on top of foundation gravel on each side od RSRW. The unreinforced
concrete foundation is a levelling course of class C25/20 concrete on which
Structure the concrete pannels are placed. The concrete pannels are placed directly
on top of the concrete levelling course. Always start construction at the
lowest point (level) and work in horizontal rows upward and construction at
the setup point/fixed point. Start installation of the PC panels from the
abutment wing wall and ensureending in slip joint where filler board will be
installed. Resume installation of PC panel from slip joint towards the end of
RSRW. Brace and stabilize this panel in 3 anchor point: A,B and C. Install
fabricated wooden brackets with steel props to support the erected panel.
Place the second PC panel which is still the bottom half panel approximately
1.5m away from the first installed PC panel. Place first standard-panel in
between the two installed bottom half panels by sliding the PVC dowels
bars along the prepared holes on the PC panels. Brace and stabilize the
standard-panel. Using wooden clamp with tie rods, clamp the two bottom
half-panels to the standard-panel at the corner joints. The bracing on the
first bottom half panel can now be removed, transferring the stability to
 each of the erected standard panels. Repeat these steps over the entire
first row of PC panels. Only once the panel (lower-immediate left and right)
is halfway backfilled and the reinforcing strip are connected, covered and
compacted, may the next row of panel be installed. Proceed the installation
of subsequent row of panels by repeating the steps according to the above
section as if the lower panels are the installedbottom half panels.
Gravity retaining walls
Gravity retaining walls are the walls which use their own weight to resist
the lateral earth pressures. The main forces acting on gravity retaining walls
are the vertical forces from the weight of the wall, the lateral earth
pressure acting on the back face and the seismic loads. They are
constructed after the end of MSE panel walls. Among the design
constraints, the safety factor of sliding is the active one and almost for all
design of different studied algorithms, it is the most important while the
factor of safety against bearing capacity is not active and it will not affect
the optimum design. Determining optimum weight and sensitivity analysis
of gravity retaining walls subject to seismic loading is presented in detail,
using the CSS algorithm. This algorithm contains three levels: initialization,
search, and controlling the terminating criterion. In the initialization level,
the parameters of the CSS algorithm, the primary location of the CPs, and
their initial velocities are defined.

Appendices
Photo
Penetration after CBR test carried out Compaction of sub grade material A14

Checkin out of level on the reinforcement Processing of sub grade by a scraper Km 16

Of the box culvert

Compaction of GSC ramp 3.1 by a roller. Laying of the GSC by a paver ramp 3.1

Laying of councrete on Culvert at A14 Custing of concrete cube from a batch

placement
Reinforcement strip on MSE walls Laying of concrete by a mixer to the gravity wall
A14
Attatche Student : Scally Manga Sanga ______________________________ (Signature)
Resident Engineer: Eng. Meshack Mwangi ______________________________ (Signature)
D. Project Director: (Eng Mutea/Robert) ______________________________ (Signature)