IN 1501 Analog Data Analog Signal
IN 1501 Analog Data Analog Signal
Data Communication
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Amplitude Modulation
• where cos 2fct is the carrier and x(t) is the input signal (carrying data),
both normalized to unity amplitude.
• The parameter na , known as the modulation index, is the ratio of the
amplitude of the input signal to the carrier.
• Corresponding to our previous notation, the input signal is m(t) = nax (t).
• The “1” in the equation is a dc component that prevents loss of
information.
• This scheme is also known as double sideband transmitted carrier
(DSBTC).
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Amplitude Modulation
• From figure it can be seen that AM involves the multiplication of the input
signal by the carrier.
• The envelope of the resulting signal is [1 + nax (t)] and, as long as na < 1,
the envelope is an exact reproduction of the original signal.
• If na > 1, the envelope will cross the time axis and information is lost.
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Example
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Spectrum of an AM Signal
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Spectrum of an AM Signal
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Example
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Amplitude Modulation
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Amplitude Modulation
• The disadvantage of suppressing the carrier is that the carrier can be used
for synchronization purposes.
• For example, suppose that the original analog signal is an ASK waveform
encoding digital data.
• The receiver needs to know the starting point of each bit time to interpret
the data correctly.
• A constant carrier provides a clocking mechanism by which to time the
arrival of bits.
• A compromise approach is vestigial sideband (VSB), which uses one
sideband and a reduced-power carrier.
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Angle Modulation
• Frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM) are special cases
of angle modulation.
• The modulated signal is expressed as;
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Angle Modulation
PM (t) = np m(t)
were np is the phase modulation index
FM ’ (t) = nf m(t)
where nf is the frequency modulation index and ’ (t) is the derivative of (t)
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Frequency Modulation
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Angle Modulation
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Figure 6.6 Amplitude, Phase, and
Frequency Modulation of a Sine-Wave
Carrier by a Sine-Wave Signal
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Angle Modulation
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Performance
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Performance
BT = 2 ( + 1 ) B
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Performance
BT = 2 ( + 1 ) B
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END
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