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    Thermodynamics

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    Thermodynamics

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    backupdatadev
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    Thermodynamics

    Uploaded by

    backupdatadev

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
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    Thermodynamics

    Thermodynamics is a branch of physics which deals with the energy and work of a system. It
    was born in the 19th century as scientists were first discovering how to build and operate steam
    engines. Thermodynamics deals only with the large scale response of a system which we can
    observe and measure in experiments. Small scale gas interactions are described by the kinetic
    theory of gases. The methods complement each other; some principles are more easily
    understood in terms of thermodynamics and some principles are more easily explained by
    kinetic theory.

    There are three principal laws of thermodynamics which are described on separate slides. Each
    law leads to the definition of thermodynamic properties which help us to understand and predict
    the operation of a physical system. We will present some simple examples of these laws and
    properties for a variety of physical systems, although we are most interested in thermodynamics
    in the study of propulsion systems and high speed flows. Fortunately, many of the classical
    examples of thermodynamics involve gas dynamics. Unfortunately, the numbering system for
    the three laws of thermodynamics is a bit confusing. We begin with the zeroth law.

    The zeroth law of thermodynamics involves some simple definitions of thermodynamic


    equilibrium. Thermodynamic equilibrium leads to the large scale definition of temperature, as
    opposed to the small scale definition related to the kinetic energy of the molecules. The first law
    of thermodynamics relates the various forms of kinetic and potential energy in a system to the
    work which a system can perform and to the transfer of heat. This law is sometimes taken as
    the definition of internal energy, and introduces an additional state variable, enthalpy. The first
    law of thermodynamics allows for many possible states of a system to exist. But experience
    indicates that only certain states occur. This leads to the second law of thermodynamics and the
    definition of another state variable called entropy. The second law stipulates that the total
    entropy of a system plus its environment can not decrease; it can remain constant for a
    reversible process but must always increase for an irreversible process

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