UNIT -2 AIRPORT MANAGEMENT

Airport planning is a systematic process used to establish guidelines for

the efficient development of Airports that is consistent with local, state
and national goals. On the other hand, Airport planning may be defined
as the employment of an organized strategy for the future management
of airport operations, facilities designs, airfield configurations, financial
allocations and revenues, environmental impacts, and organizational
structures.
Airport Management are handed the responsibility of strategically
planning for a coordinated system of Airports to meet the future needs of
the travelling public.

TYPES OF AIRPORT PLANNING:

When making a plan for airport the things to plan are, maybe facilities
providing planning, may be plan and think about the finance/balance
sheet, the environment, types of environment. There are six major types
of airport planning studies.
  Facilities Planning
Facilities planning which focuses on future needs
for Airfield infrastructure such as Runways, Taxiways, Aircraft
parking facilities, associated lighting, communication & navigation
systems, terminal buildings/ facilities, parking lots, ground access
infrastructure, & support facilities, and non-aeronautical land uses (office
parks, hotels, restaurants, or rental car locations).

 Financial Planning
Financial planning, which is concerned with predicting future revenues
and expenses, budgeting resources, and planning for financial
assistance through grant programs, bond issues, or private investment.

 Economic Planning
Economic planning, which considers the future of economic activity,
such as trade & commerce, & activity of industries that exist on Airport &
off-Airport property and are either a direct or indirect result of airport
operations.

 Environmental Planning
Environmental planning, which concentrates on maintaining or improving
existing environmental conditions in the face of changes in future airport
activity. Environmental planning includes land use planning, noise
mitigation, wetland reclamation, and wildlife preservation.

 Organizational Planning
Organizational planning, which involve the management of future labour
requirements and organizational structures for the A/P admin, staff, &
associated labour force.

 Strategic planning
It encompasses all other planning activities into a coordinated effort to
maximize the future potential of the A/P to the community.

DEFINING THE PLANNING HORIZON

Planning of Airport Operations, is defined by the length of time into the

future management considers its planning. This length of time into the
future is called planning horizon.
Various types of Airport planning studies may be performed on a variety
of different levels. Three such levels of planning include.
 · SYSTEM PLANNING
 · MASTER PLANNING
 · STRATEGIC PLANNING

Airport system planning is a planning effort that considers a collection of

airports on a local/state/regional, or national level, expected to
complement each other as part of a coordinated air transportation
system.

MASTER PLANNING:
Airport master plan is a document that charts the proposed evolution of
the A/P to meet future needs. At large commercial service Airports,
master planning is a formal & complex process that coordinate large
construction projects which is carried out over a period of 20 years.
At Smaller Airport, master planning might be the responsibility of a few
staff members with other responsibilities, who depend on outside
consultants for expertise and support.

Strategic Planning:
strategic planning refers to a disciplined process for analyzing the
current situation of a business activity, and identifying the vision of how
that entity should position itself regarding its customers and competitors.

Planning an Airport
To plan an airport, the AAI is concerned for three approvals −
 Technical Approvals
o Review and approve Airport Layout Plan (ALP).
o Review and acceptance of forecast.
o Airspace and procedure changes.
o Land acquisition.
 Financial Approvals
o Funding for the airport is approved once the project gets
clearance for safety, security, capacity, and airport access
systems.
 Environmental Approvals
o Review and assess environmental issues.
o Find out solutions to address the environmental problems.

Airport planning is vital to understand problems and potential

environmental issues. Out of the reactive and proactive planning
methods, an appropriate planning method is selected depending upon
the requirement.
Airport Development
It includes the development of the land to build the terminals and base,
and building the infrastructure for the ancillary facilities. All the
infrastructural development is done in accordance with the ICAO
standards.

Airport − Terminal Planning

The following criteria need to be considered while planning and

designing a terminal −
 Passenger flow and traffic peaking.
 Minimum walking distance.
 Level of service for passengers and sophistication.
 Performance standards.
 Area for Retailers: Duty free shops, food joints, and spas.
 Area for Facility points such as Restrooms, ATM machines, and
kiosks.
 Easy access to retail area and facility points.
 Compatibility of facilities with aircraft characteristics.
 Ability to handle changes in technology and automation.
 Expandability for future growth.
 Area and processing time for checking-in, immigration/customs
clearance, baggage security screening, and baggage delivery.

Airport Designing
Airport projects are involved with many considerations and issues hence
they are highly collaborative. Designing of airport is taken up by
architectural firms. The architects work in collaboration with civil
engineers to come up with the Airport Layout Plans. The experts come
up with master plans which is referred to for further developments.
The airport layout plan is a graphic presentation to scale of existing and
proposed airport facilities and land uses, their locations. It shows the
airport location, clear zones, approach areas, and other environmental
features that might influence airport usage and expansion capabilities.
The airport layout plan also identifies facilities that are no longer needed
and describes a plan for their removal or phase out.
Areas might be leased, sold, or otherwise used for commercial and
industrial purposes. The plan is always updated with any changes in
property lines; airfield configuration involving runways, taxiways, and
aircraft parking apron size and location; buildings; auto parking; cargo
areas; navigational aids; obstructions; and entrance roads.
The airport layout is the main portion of the drawing. It depicts the
existing and ultimate airport development and land uses drawn to scale
and includes as a minimum the following information:
 Prominent natural and man-made features such as trees, streams,
ponds, rock outcrops, ditches, railroads, power lines, and towers
 Outline of revenue-producing non-aviation-related property,
surplus or otherwise, with current status and use specified
 Areas reserved for existing and future aviation development and
services such as
 for general aviation fixed-base operations, heliports, cargo
facilities, airport maintenance, and so forth
 Areas reserved for non-aviation development, such as industrial
areas, motels, and so forth
 Existing topographic contours
 Fuelling facilities and tie down areas
 Facilities that are to be phased out
 Airport boundaries and areas owned or controlled by the sponsor,
including navigation easements
 Airport reference point with latitude and longitude given on the
basis of the Geological Survey grid system
 Elevation of runway ends, high and low points, and runway
intersections
 Pertinent dimensional data – runway and taxiway widths and
runway lengths, taxiway-runway-apron clearances, apron
dimensions, building clearance lines, clear zones, and parallel
runway separation.

Terminal Designs:
• In airport architecture, it was generally recognized that the four
major types of geometries of terminal design are satellite (circular,
 rectangular or star-shaped), linear, pier and open apron with
transporter.

Examples of Airport Layouts

The following table provides a few examples of airports designed on the basis of the
given layouts −

Layout Airport

Standard Linear Detroit Métropolitain (DTW)

Curvilinear Munich (MUC)

Pier Amsterdam (AMS), Chitose Airport Japan (CTS), Los Angeles (LAX).

Concourse Atlanta International Airport (ATL), Al Maktoum International Airport

Dubai (DWC), O’Hare International Airport Chicago (ORD)

Star Pier Geneva Airport Switzerland (GVA), Orlando International Airport,

Florida (MCO).

• Open apron and linear designs:

 • The oldest and simplest layout for passenger terminals is the open
apron design, in which aircraft park on the apron
immediately adjacent to the terminal and passengers walk across
the apron to board the aircraft by mobile steps.
• Pier and satellite designs:
Where one building must serve a larger number of aircraft gates,
the pier concept, originally developed in the 1950s, has been found very
useful. However, as the number of aircraft gates grows, the distances
that a passenger may have to travel within a pier-type terminal become
exceedingly long
• Remote Pier:
The remote pier was introduced at Atlanta’s Hartsfield in the early 1980s.
In this concept, passengers are brought out to a remote pier by an
automatic people mover and there embark or disembark in the
conventional manner. The system has proved very efficient for handling
transfer passengers, but the long distances involved in the terminal
layout necessitate the use of a sophisticated people-mover system.
• TRANSPORTER:
• In the Transporter concept aircraft are parked at remote parking
positions. The passengers are transported to and from the aircraft
by means of special transporter vehicles or buses. There are
special passenger loading positions at the airside face of the
terminal building for transporter vehicles.

Airport Operations/Operational areas

• An airport is mainly divided into two areas −
• Airside Area
• Landside Area
 • Airside Area
• It is the area beyond landside area inside the airport. It includes
runways, taxiways, and Apron(ramps).
Runway:
• According to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO),
a runway is a "defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome
prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft".
• An area where aircraft takes off and lands. It is made of soft grass,
asphalt, or concrete. It has white markings, which help the pilot
during take-off and landing. It also has lamps on the sides to guide
the pilot during night. The vehicles other than the aircrafts are
strictly prohibited to enter this area of the airport.
Airport Runway Layouts:
Basic airport runway layout examples include:
• Single Runways: Single runways are positioned so that aircraft
can utilize prevailing winds in the area.
• Parallel Runways: Parallel runways are spaced a certain number
of feet apart depending on the size and number of the planes
using them. Airports offer parallel runways so that airplanes can
land on one runway while another aircraft can depart from the
second runway.
 • Intersecting Runways: Intersecting runways cross according to
prevailing winds that change throughout the year. These runways
can intersect at a variety of points.
• Open-V Runways:
• Open-V runways diverge from different directions and do not
intersect, forming a “V” shape. Each runway can be used at the
same time if little to no wind is present. However, when there are
strong winds coming from one direction, the runway that allows
aircraft to take off into the wind will be the airport runway in use.
Taxiway
• A taxiway is a path for aircraft at an airport connecting runways
with aprons, hangars, terminals and other facilities. They mostly
have a hard surface such as asphalt or concrete.
Types of taxiways
• Entrance taxiways - Perpendicular to the runway, connecting the
parallel taxiway
• Parallel taxiways - Aligned parallel to an adjacent runway
• Bypass taxiways - For busy airports to allow aircraft to bypass
other aircraft parked on the parallel or entrance taxiways in order
to reach the runway for takeoff.
Airport Apron
• The airport apron, apron, flight line, ramp, or tarmac is the area
of an airport where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded,
refueled, boarded, or maintained. Although the use of the apron is
covered by regulations, such as lighting on vehicles, it is typically
more accessible to users than the runway or taxiway.
Types of Apron
• Terminal Apron
• The area designed for aircraft maneuvering and parking adjacent
to passengers terminal facilities. — From terminal apron
passengers board the aircraft.
• Cargo Apron
• Aircrafts that carry only freight and mail may be provided a
separate cargo apron adjacent to cargo terminal building.
• Parking Apron
• Parking apron is the apron where aircrafts can be parked for a
specific period of time. It may be used for light periodic servicing
and maintenance. Parking aprons are located as close to the
terminal apron as possible.

• Service and Hanger Aprons

• It is an apron where maintenance and repairing of an aircraft is
carried out under a hangar.
• (A hangar is a closed building structure to hold aircraft. Hangars
are used for protection from the weather, direct sunlight and for
maintenance, repair, manufacture, assembly and storage of
aircraft.)
• General Aviation Apron
• General aviation aircrafts, used for business or private flying
which requires several categories of aprons to support different
general aviation activities.
• Transient Apron
• The aprons used for temporary parking of aircrafts is known as
transient aprons. As access to fuelling and other services.
• Other Ground Servicing Aprons.
• Areas for servicing, fueling or loading and unloading should also
be provided aprons as needed not all of the apron types are
required for every airport, but the need for them and their size
should be estimated based on type and volume of forecast airport
traffic at the airport.

• Landside Area
 • It is the area in the airport terminal and the area towards city. It has
access to the city roads and it contains parking area as well as
public transport area.
• Landside Facilities also include passenger and cargo terminals
and the access system, which includes parking, roads, public
transport facilities, and loading and unloading areas.
Passenger Terminal
• An airport terminal is a building at an airport where passengers
transfer between ground transportation and the facilities that allow
them to board and disembark from an aircraft.
• It is a part of airport building that where travelers come to board
their flight or arrive from a flight. There are security checking,
baggage checking, amenities, and waiting areas at the terminal.
• CARGO TERMINAL
• Cargo Terminal Facilities are areas where
international airports export cargo has to be stored after customs
clearance and prior to loading on the aircraft. ... Every cargo
terminal has a landside and an airside.
PARKING
• This area is outside but adjacent to the terminal where vehicles
can be parked on chargeable basis.
• Among the landside services are those related to ground
passenger handling; these include check-in, security, customs and
immigration, baggage delivery, information, catering, cleaning and
maintenance, shops and concessionary facilities, automobile
rental, ground transportation, porters, special help for the elderly
and handicapped, automobile parking, and public transportation
(including taxis).

Airport Functions:
In aviation, the term “Airport Handling” or "ground handling" refers to the
wide range of services provided to facilitate an aircraft flight or aircraft
ground repositioning, preparation for and upon conclusion of a flight
which will include both customer service and ramp service functions.
The main functions of Airport Handling are:
Customer Service Functions that includes:
1.RESERVATION COUNTER:
Reservation counter means a counter, where from a passenger can
purchase his/her ticket for travel. Generally we can see reservation
counter in airports.

2. CHECK –IN COUNTER

Airport check-in uses service counters found at commercial
airports handling commercial air travel. The check-in is normally
handled by an airline itself or a handling agent working on behalf of
an airline. Passengers usually hand over any baggage that they do
not wish or are not allowed to carry on to the aircraft's cabin and
receive a boarding pass before they can proceed to board their
aircraft.
3. BAGGAGE MAKE UP AREA

Baggage Make Up Area (BMA) is the adjacent place of terminal

building where the check-in /registered baggage are segregated as
per flight detail, reconciled by the employee, and consolidated in
trolleys and dispatched to the RAMP.

FUNCTIONS OF BMA:

 Arrange trolleys according to the flights load.

 Check security sticker of the baggage and segregated as per the
destination.
 Check the types of baggage (i.e. hard case, soft baggage, fragile
baggage etc.) and then align.
 Reconcile baggage and load in trolley.
 Dispatch baggage to aircraft for loading.
 Inform RAMP staff about trolley count, baggage count and
baggage weight.

BOARDING GATE/SECURITY HOLD AREA:

Boarding gate is the place wherefrom passengers move to board the
aircraft. Ground agents will make appropriate boarding announcements,
conduct final passenger screening and document verification and
provide a final passenger manifest and customs documentation to the
aircraft crew. If passengers must be bussed to the aircraft or otherwise
be compelled to walk on the ramp, ground agents will ensure passenger
safety whilst on the ramp

REGION OF AIRCRAFT MOVEMENT AND PARKING (RAMP)

RAMP personnel must be trained to view safety as a much more
important priority than meeting schedules, and they should be
encouraged to report immediately to their supervisor the slightest scratch
or dent in an aircraft any collision between ground equipments and
aircraft. So RAMP is the most sensitive area to work. For that staffs need
to be more cautious while working.
FUNCTIONS ON RAMP:

 Take all details like ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival), bay no.,
incoming load, baggage weight and count, transfer baggage, SSR
passengers details etc.
 Report on the RAMP beforehand for checking GSE (Ground
Support Equipment).  Announce touchdown.
 Pass c/on (chocks on) to all department.
 Aligned stepladder.
 Evacuate passengers.
 Ensure anti-sabotage check (interior check of cabin by airlines
security staff).
 Offload baggage and cargo.
 Clean cabin of the aircraft.
 Load catering.
 Refueling.
 Start embarkation.
 Load outgoing baggage.
 Tally with boarding gate’s employee about exact load.
 Get the load and trim signed by the captain.
 Release aircraft.

RAMP SAFETY: The following rules apply to all operations on the RAMP

 Always be aware of your surroundings.

 Always wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
 No smoking.
 Do not operate any unserviceable vehicles.
 Keep the RAMP area clear of FOD (Foreign Object Debris).
 Those who have Airside Driving Permit (ADP), they only operate
vehicles.
 Avoid the intake and exhaust areas of aircraft engines.
 No vehicles should be parked or driven within 15 meters of a
moving aircraft.
 RAMP equipments must be positioned prior to the arrival of the
aircraft behind the restraint line with the parking brakes on.

ARRIVAL:

FUNCTIONS:

 Before arrival of the aircraft the arrival staff must check action on
the following items:
 Review all inbound messages.
 Check ETA and display the same on the FIDS (Flight Information
Display System).
 Check out aircraft registration and parking Bay.
 Check for any special handling message –VIP/CIP/WCHR/UM.
(Where VIP Very Important Person, CIP-Commercial Important
Person, WCHR-Wheel Chair Till RAMP, UM-Unaccompanied
Minor).
 Ensure that wheel chair and loaders are available for arrival.
 Arrange for RAMP to RAMP transfer in case MCT (Minimum
Connection Time).
 Meet the aircraft and escort passenger to arrival hall.
 Collect all traffic documents from IFM (Inflight Manager).
 Display indicators at the arrival conveyor belt (Carousel). In case
of unserviceability of indicators appropriate action must be taken
 Keep a check on delivery of priority baggage.
 Prepare PIR/DPR (Property Irregularity Report/Damage Property
Report).

CARGO HANDLING:
 Cargo can be defined as any property which is carried by an
aircraft other than mail, company cargo, engineering equipment
and unaccompanied or mishandle baggage.
 Lobby Management. Passenger service agents will ensure that the
appropriate number of check-in desks are available, staffed and
have the appropriate identification signage as well as directing and
controlling the flow of passengers in an orderly and efficient
manner.

 Irregular Operations. Customer Service Agents will be available to

accommodate Irregular Operations requirements such as rebooking
passengers who have missed connections or providing meal and
accommodation vouchers, or alternate transportation
arrangements, in the event of delay or cancellation of flights

 Special Needs Handling. Customer service agents will make

arrangements for wheelchairs or other transport to the departure
gate for mobility impaired passengers and will process, safeguard
and supervise any unaccompanied minors (UMs) from check-in to
aircraft boarding and from aircraft deplaning to release to a parent
or other authorised person.

 Gate Assignment. In coordination with the airport authority, aircraft

gates will be assigned and the gate information relayed to the
passengers.

 Lounge Management. Where available, business and first class

lounges, available to qualified passengers, will be staffed and
provisioned.

Organisation Structure of Airport Sectors:

Airport director.
The airport director is responsible for the overall day-today operation of the airport.
He or she reports directly to the airport authority, the airport board, or governmental
commission charged with the development and administration of the airport. This
individual directs, coordinates, and reviews through subordinate supervisors, all
aircraft operations, building and field maintenance, construction plans, community
relations, and financial and personnel matters at the airport
Assistant director—
finance and administration The assistant director— finance and administration is
charged with the responsibility for overall matters concerning finance, personnel,
purchasing, facilities management, and office management.
Personnel manager
The personnel manager is responsible for administering the airport personnel
program. In such capacity, this individual’s duties include:
• Dealing with personnel problems involving position classification, compensation,
recruitment, placement, transfers, layoffs, promotions, leaves of absence,
supervisor-subordinate relationships, and working conditions.
• Serving as equal rights and equal opportunity officer for the airport.
• Handling worker’s compensation cases.
• Evaluating the organization pattern, reviewing and recommending proposed
departmental organizational changes, and preparing position descriptions.
• Conferring with employees and their supervisors on personnel problems.
• Preparing personnel documents and maintaining personnel records.
• Interviewing or supervising the interviewing of applicants for airport positions
Chief accountant
The chief accountant is responsible for financial planning, budgeting, accounting,
payroll, and auditing
Facilities chief
The facilities chief establishes criteria and procedures for the administration of all
airport property. In this capacity, he or she is responsible for inventory control of all
equipment and facilities.

Chief purchasing agent

The chief purchasing agent directs the procurement of materials and services to
support the airport; he or she prepares, negotiates, interprets, and administers
contracts with vendors
Manager of public relations
The manager of public relations is the chief liaison officer between the airport and
the surrounding community. In this capacity, he or she is responsible for all public
relations activities including the development of advertising and publicity concerning
the airport. This individual is also responsible for handling all noise and other
environmental matters
Assistant director—operations
The assistant director—operations is responsible for all airside and landside
operations including security, and crash, fire, and rescue operations
Chief—airside operations
The chief—airside operations is responsible for all airfield operations. In this
capacity, principal duties include:
 • Enforcing operating and security rules, regulations, and procedures concerning
landing, taxiing, parking, servicing loading and unloading of aircraft, operation of
vehicular traffic on the airfield, airline activities, and emergency situations.
• Inspecting conditions of airfield lighting, runways, taxiways, and ramp areas.
• Correcting hazardous conditions.
• Coordinating airfield activities with maintenance and security personnel.

Chief—landside operations
The chief—landside operations is responsible for all landside operations. In this
capacity, principal duties include:
• Enforcing operating and security rules, regulations, and procedures concerning
buildings, access roads, and parking facilities.
• Exercising authority to halt hazardous or unauthorized activities by tenants,
employees, or the public in violation of safety regulations and procedures.
• Answering inquiries and explaining terminal use procedures and safety regulations
to tenants.
• Coordinating terminal building and other facility activities with maintenance
and security personnel.

Security chief
The security chief enforces interior security, traffic, and safety rules and
regulations and participates in law enforcement activities at the airport.
This individual also works closely with federal security officials assigned
to the airport. Principal duties include:
• Enforcing ordinances and regulations pertaining to parking, traffic
control, safety, and property protection.
• Patrolling facilities to prevent trespass and unauthorized or hazardous
use.
• Preventing public entry into dangerous or restricted areas

Aircraft rescue/fire fighting chief

The aircraft rescue/fire fighting chief develops procedures and implements accident,
fire, and disaster plans. Principal duties include:
• Conducting a training (continuing) program for all aircraft rescue, fire fighting
personnel.
• Developing and implementing all aircraft rescue and fire fighting programs.
• Staffing and operating all aircraft rescue and fire fighting equipment on the airport.
• Inspecting and testing all types of fixed fire prevention and extinguishing
equipment on the airport
The assistant director—
maintenance is responsible for planning, coordinating, directing, and reviewing the
maintenance of buildings, facilities, vehicles, and utilities. Principal duties include:
• Developing, directing, and coordinating policies, programs, procedures, standards,
and schedules for buildings, utilities, vehicle maintenance, and field facilities.
• Coordinating work done by tenants and contractors.
• Inspecting maintenance work for compliance with plans, specifications, and
applicable laws

Buildings and facilities chief

The buildings and facilities chief is responsible for ensuring that buildings are
adequately maintained with a minimum of cost. Types of maintenance required are
primarily electrical, mechanical, plumbing, painting, carpentry, masonry, and cement
work.

Grounds chief
The grounds chief is responsible for ensuring that the grounds are maintained in
good repair and that the landscape is adequately maintained. Principal duties
include:
• Developing approved schedules for maintaining all airport surface areas including
paving, landscaping, and drainage systems.
• Assigning qualified personnel to accomplish ground maintenance.
• Inspecting work for adequacy and compliance with maintenance standards
Vehicle chief
The vehicle chief is responsible for the maintenance of all vehicles utilized by the
airport. Vehicle maintenance includes tune-up, minor maintenance, washing and
polishing, tires and batteries, lubrication, and fueling. Principal duties include:
• Developing an approved vehicle maintenance schedule.
• Coordinating schedule with users of airport vehicles.
• Assigning qualified personnel to perform maintenance.
LEVELS or HIERARCHY of Airline operations Management:

 C Level Positions

 At the top of the hierarchical pyramid of an airline corporate

company are the senior most or C-level positions. These positions
are occupied by the business owners, partners, CEOs, board
members, chairman of the board and other powerful individuals
who take the main decisions for the company and set goals for it to
meet. The following are some of the C-level positions:

 Owner of airline company/Director

 Chair of Board

 Board members

 President

 Vice President

 Partners

 Other Positions

 Besides the above mentioned positions, there are several other job
positions in an airline company and they are given as follows:

 Flight Attendants

 Flight attendants are those individuals who work onboard the flight
and take care of the needs of the passengers

 Airline Administrative Support

 Some of the positions that fall under this category are:

 Secretaries

 PR specialists

 Data entry workers

 Communications managers
 Operations Agent

 Also known as an Airline Operations Agent, Operations Agent are

those who communicate with pilots, personnel and ground crew to
rectify situations and make sure flight is safe.

 Avionics Technicians

 Avionics technicians are the individuals who handle the electronics

systems of aircraft and their responsibilities include repairing,
troubleshooting, replacing, and installing avionic equipment.

 Regional Sales Manager

 Their job is to oversee the functioning of district’s reservations and

management of ticket sales offices.

 Flight Dispatcher

 Flight dispatchers are responsible for preparing a flight plan

including the destinations, winds aloft, layovers, expected fuel
consumption, distance, weather, altitude etc.

 Ground / Airport Station Attendant

 The main job of an airport station management attendant is to

assist passengers in the terminal with general questions regarding
directions and queries etc.

 Aviation Meteorologist

 Aviation meteorologists provide weather information like forecast,

speed of wind etc. to airline flight dispatchers and pilots.

 Passenger Service Agent

  The main task to be performed by these individuals is to help
passengers with selling and preparing tickets, checking baggage,
providing travel related information etc.

 Sales Representative

 Airline sales representatives are the individuals who help generate

business for the airline company.

 Airline Ticket/Check In Agent

 These individuals work at an airline’s ticket or baggage counter

and are responsible for checking luggage, allotting seats and
handling reservation changes etc.

 Airline Flight Instructor

 An airline flight instructor provides top quality training to the pilots

of airlines. Airline flight instructors also work as senior pilots in
some cases.

 Pilots and Copilots

 The main job of pilots and copilots is to fly the aircrafts safely and
transfer the passengers to their destination on time.

Airport Authorities:
IATA/ ICAO- refer unit 2 notes
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)
The World Trade Organization is the only global international
organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart
are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the
world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to
help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct
their business
WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION
The World Tourism Organization (WTO), a specialized agency of the
United Nations, is the leading international organization in the field of
tourism. It serves as a global forum for tourism policy issues and
practical source of tourism knowhow. With its headquarters in Madrid,
Spain, the WTO plays a

central and decisive role in promoting the development of responsible,

sustainable and universally accessible tourism, with the aim of
contributing to economic development, international understanding,
peace, prosperity and universal respect for, and observance of, human
rights and fundamental freedoms.
Tourism is one of the major money-spinning industries in many countries
and the fastest-growing economic sector in terms of foreign exchange
earnings and job creation. International tourism is the world’s largest
export earner and an important factor in the balance of payments of
most nations. Tourism has become one of the world’s most important
sources of employment. It stimulates enormous investment in
infrastructure, most of which also helps to improve the living conditions
of local people. It provides governments with substantial tax revenues.
Air Transport plays a vital role in the growth and development of
international and domestic tourism. About
95.0% of the international tourist arrivals are depending on air transport
services. Therefore, Tourism and air transport has a close relationship.

DIRECTOR GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION

(DGCA) – INDIA
The Directorate General of Civil Aviation is the prime regulatory
organization in
India, in the field of Civil Aviation. It is accountable for regulation of air
transport services to/from/within India and for formulation and
enforcement of civil air transport regulations, air safety and airworthiness
standards. It is also co-ordinates all regulatory functions with the
International Civil Aviation Organization. The Directorate General of Civil
Aviation is headed by the Director General of Civil Aviation whose
headquarters are in New Delhi. The DGCA has the following
Directorates under his supervision:

Directorate of Regulations and Information

􀁺 Directorate of Air Transport
􀁺 Directorate of Airworthiness
􀁺 Directorate of Air Safety
􀁺 Directorate of Training and Licensing
􀁺 Directorate of Aerodrome Standards
􀁺 Directorate of Flying Training
􀁺 Directorate of Flight Inspection
􀁺 Directorate of Research & Development
􀁺 Directorate of Administration

Functions of DGCA
The Directorate General of Civil Aviation is responsible for:
􀁺 Laying down rules and regulations for implementation of ICAO
Standards and
Recommended Practices;
􀁺 Regulation of air transport services to/from/within India;
􀁺 Registration of civil aircraft in India;
􀁺 Formulation of standards of airworthiness for civil aircraft registered in
India and grant of Certificate of Airworthiness to such aircraft;
􀁺 Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance engineers and flight
engineers;
􀁺 Licensing of aerodromes in India;
􀁺 Carrying out investigations into air accidents and incidents;
􀁺 Implementation of bilateral air services agreements with foreign
countries;
􀁺 Rendering advice on matters pertaining to air transport;
􀁺 Processing of aviation registration;
􀁺 Supervision of the training activities of the Flying/Gliding Clubs in
India;
􀁺 Development of light aircraft, gliders and winches; and
􀁺 Certification of aircraft.

Air Service Agreements (Bilateral Agreements)

DGCA is entrusted with the duty of keeping track records of bilateral
agreements between the countries. As on 2004-2005, more than 100
bilateral agreements were made by the country with various countries, in
respect of trade by means of air transport.

Training and Licensing of Air Crew

The flying/gliding training is provided by various Flying/Gliding Clubs and Institutes
spread all over the country. At present, 44 Flying Clubs/Institutes, their branches and
Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Academy (IGRUA) are imparting flying training to
student pilots in India, out of which 13 are privately owned Institutes. There are 4
Gliding Clubs and 5 Gliding Wings of the Flying Clubs, besides a Government
Gliding Centre at Pune run by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation.

Flight Inspection Directorate (FID)

The Flight Inspection Directorate conducts regular inspections and surveillance of
scheduled airlines and their aircrew in particular to enhance the flight crew standards
and safety of operations. Continuous surveillance of various operational aspects of
operators is ensured by conducting various inspections regularly, viz., Cockpit
enroute
Inspection, Cabin Inspection, Simulator Inspection, Main Base Inspections, etc.
In addition, Standardization/Proficiency Checks of Training Captains are conducted
from time to time to monitor their performance.

Licensing of Aerodromes
The Directorate of Aerodrome Standards deals with inspection and
licencing/authorisation of aerodromes/heliports and monitoring the aircraft operations
at aerodromes vis-à-vis the facilities provided at the aerodromes and heliports
approved and granted by the Directorate.
Air Safety
The Air Safety Directorate carries out its duties and tasks assigned, relative to the
investigation of notifiable accidents/incidents, prevention of accidents/incidents and
bird strike prevention programme. Under the accident prevention programme, Air
Safety Circulars were issued, safety audit of operators was carried out, safety
seminars for operators were organized and various aerodromes were inspected.
Follow-up action was also taken on the recommendations springing from the inquiry
reports of aircraft accidents/incidents. The bird strike prevention programme was
also carried out at the airport level.

Aircraft Accidents
To overcome accidents and air collisions, DGCA is insisting on 100% Monitoring of
Flight Data, which is made mandatory for all scheduled air transport operators and
major non-scheduled operators having aircraft equipped with DFDR to monitor flight
data of all the flights, so as to determine the extent of departures, if any, from limits
stipulated pertaining to flight parameters, operations and engineering aspects.
Safety Audit of Airlines
Dedicated Safety Audit Team of DGCA carries out periodical safety audit of aircraft
and their operational, engineering and other aviation-oriented management activities.
The deficiencies pointed out in the safety audit reports are brought to the notice of
operators for taking necessary remedial action.

Conduct of Examinations
DGCA conducts various examinations for Flight Crew and Aircraft Maintenance
Engineers (AME). The Pilot's (General) subject examinations are conducted four
times and AME's License examinations are conducted three times in a year. In
addition, several special sessions are also conducted to give ample opportunity to
the Pilots and Engineers to pass DGCA License Examinations.

AIRPORT AUTHORITY OF INDIA:

The Airports Authority of India or AAI is a statutory body, under
the ownership of, Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India. It is responsible for
creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure in India. It
provides Communication Navigation Surveillance / Air Traffic Management
(CNS/ATM) services over Indian airspace and adjoining oceanic areas. AAI is
currently managing a total of 137 Airports, including 34 International Airports,
10 Customs Airports, 81 Domestic Airports and 23 Civil enclaves at Defense
Airfields. AAI also has ground installations at all airports and 25 other locations to
ensure the safety of aircraft operations. AAI covers all major air routes over Indian
landmass via 29 Radar installations at 11 locations along with 700 VOR/DVOR
installations co-located with Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

The authority shall consist of:

(a) A Chairperson to be appointed by the Central Government;
(b) The Director General OF Civil Aviation or an officer not below the rank of
the Deputy Director General of Civil Aviation to be appointed by the Central
Government ex official
(c) Not less than eight and not more than fourteen members to be appointed by
the Central Government.
4. The Chairperson shall be a whole-time member and other members referred to in
clause 9(c) of sub-section (3) may be appointed as whole-time of part-time
members as the Central Government may think fit.
5. The Chairperson and the members referred to in clause (c) of sub-section (3) shall
be chosen from among persons who have special knowledge and experience in a
transport services industry commercial or financial matters or administration and
from among persons who are capable of representing organisation of workers and
consumers.
Functions of Authority
1. Subject to the rules, if any made by the Central Government in this behalf it shall
be the function of the Authority to manage the airports, the civil enlaces and the
aeronautical communication stations efficiently.
2. It shall be the duty of the Authority to provide it traffic service and air transport
service at any airport and civil enclaves.
3. Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions contained in sub-section (1)
and (2) the Authority may:
􀂙 Plan develop construct and maintain runways, taxiways, aprons and terminals
and ancillary buildings at the airports and civil enclaves.
􀂙 Plan, procure install and maintain navigational aids, communication
equipment beacons and ground aids at the airports and at such locations as
may be considered necessary for safe navigation and operation of aircraft.
􀂙 Provide air safety services and search and rescue facilities in coordination
with other agencies.
􀂙 Establish schools or institutions or centres for the training of its officers and
employees in regard to any matter connected with the purpose of this Act.
􀂙 Construct residential buildings for its employees.
􀂙 Establish and maintain hotels, restaurants and restrooms at or near the airport.
􀂙 Establish warehouses and cargo complexes at the airports for the storage or
processing of goods.
􀂙 Arrange for postal, money exchange, insurance and telephone facilities for the
use of passengers and other persons at the airports and civil enclaves.
􀂙 Make appropriate arrangements for watch and ward at the airports and civil
enclaves.
􀂙 Regulate and control the playing of vehicles and the entry and exit of
passengers and visitors in the airports and civil enclaves with due regard to the
security and protocol functions of the Government of India.
􀂙 Develop and provide consultancy construction or management services and
undertake operations in India and abroad in relation to airports air-navigation
services ground aids and safety services or any facilitates thereat.
􀂙 Establish and manage heliports and airports.
􀂙 Provide such transport facility as are in the opinion of the Authority necessary
to the passengers travelling by air.
􀂙 Form one or more companies under the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) or
under any other law relating to companies to further the efficient discharge of
the functions imposed on it by this Act.
􀂙 Take all such steps as may be necessary or convenient for, or may be
incidental to, the exercise of any power or the discharge of any function
conferred or imposed on it by this Act.
Perform any other function considered necessary or desirable by the Central
Government for ensuring the safe and efficient operation of aircraft to from
and across the air space of India.
􀂙 Establish training institutes and worships.
􀂙 Any other activity at the airports and the civil enclaves in the best commercial
interest of the Authority including cargo handling setting up of joint ventures
for the discharge of any function assigned to the authority.
4. In the discharge of its functions under section the Authority shall have due regard
to the development of air transport service and to the efficiency economy and
safety of such service.
5. Nothing contained in this section shall be construed as:
(a) authorising the discharged by the Authority of any law for the time being in
force or authorising any person to institute any proceeding in respect of duty
or liability to which the Authority or its officers or other employees would not
otherwise be subject.
(b) authorising any person to institute any proceeding in respect of duty or
liability to which the Authority or its officers or other employees would not
otherwise be subject.

KEY STAKE HOLDERS IN AIRPORT MANAGEMENT:

Airport stakeholders can be internal and external, and may include airlines,
employees, tenants, passengers, government authorities, local communities,
suppliers, media and unions.

Global and indian Aviation scenario:

To evaluate the airport industry business performance , demand and supply factors
are essential. The demand for air traffic is growing drastically due to growth in the
world economy.There are about 41000 airports spread across the globe providing air
traffic services. The traffic of airports is majorly concentrated in three regions (North
America, European and asia pacific).The airports in thses regions contribute to 92.0
percent of total air traffic.
The demand for air transport in Asian region is raising much faster than any regions
in the world , due to the rapid economic growth in terms of (national income, per
capita income and standard of living), industrial expansions, foreign investments
inflow (FII), technological innovations, friendly government economic policies and the
expansion of international tourism. To meet the growth of demand in air traversal a
number of new expansion projects on airports have been launched at several
locations in ASIA .
Aviation industry plays a vital role in the world economic activity and fuels the growth
and financial strength of the country in todays rapidly changing global economy,
aviation sector drives economic progress, promoting leisure and business activities,
it provides high value of communication and distribution links with the developed,
developing and interdependent markets.
Aviation industry is influenced by the status of the world economy. Air transport
industry is an economic strength of a nation , which attracts new industries, global
business and enhances global reach.
The civil aviation industry in India has emerged as one of the fastest growing
industries in the country during the last three years. India has become the third
largest domestic aviation market in the world and is expected to overtake UK to
become the third largest air passenger* market by 2024.
India is expected to overtake China and the United States as the world's third-largest
air passenger market in the next ten years, by 2030, according to the International
Air Transport Association (IATA).

India’s passenger* traffic stood at 131.62 million in FY22 (from April to December
2021). Domestic passenger and international passenger traffic declined at a CAGR
of -9.02% and -28.64%, respectively, from FY16 to FY21, owing to COVID-19-
related restrictions on flights in FY21 however they are recovering.

To cater to the rising air traffic, the Government of India has been working towards
increasing the number of airports. As of 2020, India had 153 operational airports.
India has envisaged increasing the number of operational airports to 190-200 by
FY40

Further, the rising demand in the sector has pushed the number of airplanes
operating in the sector. The number of airplanes is expected to reach 1,100 planes
by 2027.