Western Cape Education Department

Directorate: Curriculum
FET

PHYSICAL SCIENCES
REVISION BOOKLET
TERM 2

Grade 10

This revision program is designed to assist you in revising the critical

content and skills covered during the 2nd term. The purpose is to
prepare you to understand the key concepts and to provide you with
an opportunity to establish the required standard and the
application of the knowledge necessary to succeed.

The revision program covers the following topics:

Topic 1: Matter and Classification........................................................................................3
QUESTION 1........................................................................................................................5
Topic 2: The Kinetic Theory of Matter..................................................................................7
QUESTION 2........................................................................................................................8
Topic 3: The Atom................................................................................................................11
QUESTION 3......................................................................................................................13
Topic 4: The Periodic Table................................................................................................14
QUESTION 4......................................................................................................................16
Topic 5: Chemical Bonding.................................................................................................17
QUESTION 5......................................................................................................................18
MARKING GUIDELINES.......................................................................................................19
QUESTION 1......................................................................................................................19
QUESTION 2......................................................................................................................19
QUESTION 3......................................................................................................................20
QUESTION 4......................................................................................................................21
QUESTION 5......................................................................................................................21

2
Topic 1: Matter and Classification

Terminology
A substance (element or compound) that contains only one kind
Pure substance
of matter.
The temperature of a liquid at which its vapour pressure equals
Boiling point
the external (atmospheric) pressure.
Chromatography A method of separating and identifying certain substances.
Compound A pure substance consisting of two or more different elements.
Density The mass per unit volume of a substance.
Heterogeneous A mixture in which components can be easily identified. An example
mixture is a mixture of sand and water.
Homogeneous A mixture of which the composition is uniform. An example is
mixture a solution of salt and water.
Electrical
A material that allows the flow of charge.
conductor
Electrical insulator A material that does not allow the flow of charge.
Element A pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom.
Metalloids/semi- An element with properties intermediate between those of a metal
metals and a non- metal.
Melting point The temperature at which a solid changes to the liquid phase.
A substance that cannot be separated into simpler pieces by
Pure substance
physical methods.
Thermal
A material that allows heat to pass through easily.
conductor
Thermal insulator A material that does not allow heat to pass through easily.

3
 Table 1: Chemical and everyday names of well-known compounds
Everyday
Chemical name Chemical name Everyday name
name
ammonium carbonate smelling salts carbon disulphide carbon bisulphide
ammonium nitrate fertiliser hydrogen oxide water
ammonium sulphate fertiliser hydrogen chloride hydrochloric acid
calcium carbonate marble hydrogen sulphate sulphuric acid
calcium sulphate plaster of Paris hydrogen nitrate nitric acid
magnesium sulphate Epsom salts ethanoic acid acetic acid
sodium chloride table salt hydrogen carbonate carbonic acid
calcium hydroxide slaked lime hydrogen sulphite sulphurous acid
sodium hydrogen carbonate baking soda hydrogen nitrite nitrous acid
sodium hydroxide caustic soda copper(II)sulphate blue vitriol
sodium carbonate washing soda calcium oxide quicklime
potassium hydroxide caustic potash carbon dioxide carbonic acid gas

Table 2: Positive and negative ions

POSITIVE IONS
+1 +2 +3
Name name Name
symbol symbol symbol
H+ hydrogen B 2+ beryllium A 3+ aluminium
e l
+ lithium 2+ magnesium 3+ iron(III)
Li sodium Mg calcium Fe chromium(III)
+ 2+ 3+
Na potassium Ca strontium Cr arsenic(III)
+ 2+ 3+
K silver Sr barium As antimony(III)
+ 2+ 3+
Ag mercury(I) Ba tin(II) Sb bismuth(III)
+ 2+ 3+
Hg copper(I) Sn lead(II) Bi
+ 2+
Cu ammonium Pb sink
+ 2+
NH4 hydronium Zn iron(II)
+ 2+
H3O (oxonium) Fe mercury(II)
2+
Hg manganese
2+
Mn nickel
2+
Ni cadmium
2+
Cd chromium(II)
2+
Cr copper(II)

4
 NEGATIVE IONS
–1 –2 –3
Name Name Name
symbol symbol symbol
F– fluoride O2– oxide N3– nitride
– chloride 2– sulphide 3– phosphate
Cℓ S PO4
-– bromide 2– carbonate
Br CO3
– iodide 2– sulphate
I SO4
– hydroxide 2– sulphite
OH nitrate SO3 chromate
– 2–
NO3 nitrite CrO4 dichromate
– C
NO2 cyanide r2 O 7
2–
thiosulphate
–
CN hydrogen S 2 O3
2–
manganate
H
CO3
– carbonate MnO4
2–

hydrogen
H sulphate
–
SO4 chlorate
permanganate
C – iodate
ℓO3
– thiocyanate
MnO4 ethanoate
–
IO3 (acetate)
–
CNS

QUESTION 1

1.1 The chemical formula for sodium sulphate is ...

A. NaSO4
B. Na2(SO4)2
C. Na2SO4
D. Na(SO4)2 (2)

1.2 Write down the names of the following compounds:

1.2.1 KMnO4 1.2.2 K2CO3 1.2.3 KCℓ
1.2.4 Na2SO4 1.2.5 FeCℓ3 1.2.6 Na2S (6)

1.3 Write down the formula of each of the following compounds:

1.3.1 ammonium nitrate
1.3.2 zinc oxide
1.3.3 zinc sulphide
1.3.4 magnesium chloride (4)

5
1.4 Consider the list of substances. The phase of each substance is written in
brackets.

Na(s) Air(g) Cu(s) O2(g)

Sb(s) Si(s) CuSO4(s) S(s)

Choose from this list:

a. An element that is a non-metal. (1)
b. A substance that is a compound. (1)
c. An element that is a good conductor of electricity. (1)
d. Two elements that are semi-metals. (2)
e. An element that is a semi-conductor. (1)
f. Two substances that are metals. (2)
g. A good thermal conductor. (1)
h. A molecule that is an element. (1)

1.5 A learner collects the materials listed in the table below in order to
investigate
some of their physical properties. Three of the observations made during
the
investigation are shown (as YES or NO) in the table, whilst others are
represented by the letters (a) to (f).

Conduction of
Material Shiny / Metallic Ductile
electricity
Copper rod Yes Yes (a)
Sodium chloride crystals (b)
Magnesium strip Yes (c)
Sulphur lump (d) (e)
Carbon powder (f)
(6)

6
Topic 2: The Kinetic Theory of Matter

7
 Terminology
The temperature of a liquid at which its vapour pressure equals the
external (atmospheric) pressure. (Typically boiling points are
Boiling point measured at sea level. At higher altitudes, where atmospheric
pressure is lower, boiling points are lower. The boiling point of water
at sea level is 100 °C, while at the top of Mount Everest it is 71 °C.
The random movement of microscopic particles suspended in a
Brownian liquid or gas, caused by collisions between these particles and the
motion molecules of the liquid or gas. (This movement is named for its
identifier, Scottish botanist Robert Brown (1773-1858)).
The process during which a gas or vapour changes to a liquid,
Condensation
either by cooling or by being subjected to increased pressure.
Deposition Deposition is a process in which a gas transforms into a solid.
(Re-sublimation) The reverse of deposition is sublimation.
The movement of atoms or molecules from an area of
Diffusion
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
The change of a liquid into a vapour at a temperature below the
boiling point. (Note: Evaporation takes place at the surface of a
Evaporation liquid, where molecules with the highest kinetic energy are able to
escape. When this happens, the average kinetic energy of the liquid
is lowered, and its temperature decreases.)
The process during which a liquid changes to a solid by the removal
Freezing
of heat.
The temperature at which a liquid (releasing sufficient heat),
Freezing point
becomes a solid.
The process during which a solid changes to a liquid by
Melting
the application of heat.
The temperature at which a solid, given sufficient heat, becomes a
liquid. (For a given substance, the melting point of its solid form is
Melting point
the same as the freezing point of its liquid form, and depends on
such factors as the purity of the substance and the surrounding
The process during which a solid changes directly into a gas
Sublimation
without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.

QUESTION 2

2.1 According to the kinetic molecular theory the particles of a solid …

A. vibrate in their fixed positions and have a fixed shape.
B. are free to move and are compressible.
C. are free to move and have a fixed shape.
D. vibrate in their fixed positions and are compressible. (2)

8
2.2 Learners are investigating the effect of increasing temperature on two different
substances (1 and 2) over a period of time.
Study the temperature versus time graphs below and answer the questions that follow.

Write down the

2.2.1 Dependent variable (1)
2.2.2 Independent variable (1)

2.3 Write down an investigative question for this investigation. (2)

2.4 In which phase is substance 1 at -10 °C? (1)

2.5 At what temperature does substance 2 melt? (1)

2.6 Define the term boiling point. (2)

2.7 State the phase change that takes place at B. (1)

9
Temperature remains constant at B

2.8 Explain this phenomenon in terms of the spaces and the forces between
the particles. (4)

2.9 Which substance on the graph has the weakest intermolecular force between
the molecules in the liquid phase? Give a reason for the answer. (2)

2.10 Name the apparatus used to measure the average kinetic energy of the
particles. (1)

2.11 How does the average kinetic energy of substance 1 compare to the average
kinetic energy of substance 2 at 90 °C?

Write down LESS THAN, EQUAL TO or GREATER THAN and give a reason
for the answer. (2)

10
Topic 3: The Atom

11
 Terminology
Atomic number (Z) The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
The most probable region around the nucleus where electrons will
Atomic orbital
be found.
Electrons Negative particles occupying space around nucleus.
Excited state When an electron gains energy and moves into higher energy level.
Ground state The lowest energy state of an electron.
No pairing in p orbitals before there is not at least one electron
Hund’s rule
in each p orbital.
The energy needed to remove an electron(s) from an atom in
Ionisation energy
the gaseous phase.
Atoms of the same element with the same atomic number,
Isotope but different mass numbers due to a difference in the number
of neutrons.
Mass number (A) The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Neutrons Neutral particles in the atomic nucleus.
Nucleons The particles in the nucleus of an atom i.e. protons and neutrons.
Pauli’s exclusion Maximum two electrons per orbital provided that they spin
principle in opposite directions.
Protons Positive particles in the atomic nucleus.
Quantised energy
An energy level that can only have specific amounts of energy.
level
Relative atomic The mass of an atom of an element on a scale where carbon-12
mass has a mass of 12.
Outer electrons; electrons in the highest filled energy level of
Valence electrons
an atom.

12
QUESTION 3
3.1 Name the particles found in the atom which :
a. Carry no electrical charge (1)
b. Has the smallest mass of all (1)
c. Carry one positive electrical charge (1)
d. Carry one negative electrical charge (1)
e. Occur in the nucleus of the atom (1)
3.2 Complete the table below. Write only the answer next to the question number
(3.2.1–3.2.7)

Atomic Number of Number of Number of

Element Mass number
number protons neutrons electrons
Al 13 27 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3
K+ 19 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7

3.3 A certain element, X, has two isotopes in nature. One isotope has an atomic
mass of 106,9 amu. The percentage appearance of this isotope is 50%.
The atomic mass of the other isotope is 109,1.

3.3.1 Define the term isotope. (2)

3.3.2 Calculate the relative atomic mass of element X. (5)
3.3.3. Identify element X in QUESTION 3.3.2. (2)

3.4 Study the unknown elements A to E below.

3.4.1 Which of the elements above are isotopes of each other? (1)
3.4.2 Write down the name of this isotope. (1)

3.5 Calculate the relative atomic mass of copper by using the following
Isotopes of copper:

(4)

13
Topic 4: The Periodic Table

14
 Important terms/Definitions:
Atomic number Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Radius of an atom. (The distance from the atomic nucleus to the
Atomic radius
outermost stable electron in an atom.)
The temperature of a liquid at which its vapour pressure equals the
Boiling point
external (atmospheric) pressure.
Density The mass per unit volume of a substance.
The energy released when an electron is attached to an atom or
Electron affinity
molecule to form a negative ion.
The tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract bonding electrons
Electronegativity
closer to itself.
First ionisation Energy needed to remove the first electron from an atom in the
energy gaseous phase.
Group Vertical columns in the periodic table. Some groups have names.
Ion A charged particle made from an atom by the loss or gain of electrons.
Ionisation Energy needed to remove an electron(s) from an atom in the
energy gaseous phase.
Melting point The temperature at which a solid, given sufficient heat, becomes a liquid.
Period Horizontal rows in the periodic table.
The repetition of similar properties in chemical elements, as indicated by
Periodicity their positioning in the periodic table. (With increasing atomic number,
the electron configuration of the atoms displays a periodic variation.)

15
QUESTION 4

Consider the graph of the first ionisation energy and answer the questions that follow

4.1 Define the term ionisation energy. (2)

4.2 State the general trend in ionisation energy from left to right across a period
on the periodic table. (2)
4.3 There is a drop in ionisation energy from beryllium to boron.

4.3.1 Write down the sp-notation for beryllium AND boron. (4)
4.3.2 Explain this drop in ionisation energy. (3)

4.4 Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? If false, rewrite the statement
correctly.

The ionisation energy of noble gases is high because of the half-filled

s- and p-orbitals. (2)

4.5 Study the ionisation energy of the group (I) elements in the graph above and
answer the questions that follow.

4.5.1 Give the general name of the group (I) elements. (1)
4.5.2 State the trend in the reactivity of elements in group (I). (2)
4.5.3 Explain the reason for the trend in QUESTION 4.5.2 by using the
graph of ionisation energy. (2)

16
Topic 5: Chemical Bonding

17
QUESTION 5

18
Ammonia (NH3) is manufactured using an industrial process, known as the Haber
process. It is used in the production of inorganic fertilisers, such as ammonium
sulphate.
5.1 Write down the chemical formula for ammonium sulphate. (1)
5.2 Name the type of bond between the atoms in the ammonia molecule.
Give a reason for the answer. (2)
5.3 Draw the Aufbau diagram (orbital box diagram) for nitrogen. (2)
5.4 How many valence electrons does nitrogen have? (1)
5.5 Draw the Lewis dot diagram for the ammonia molecule. (2)

Consider the following substances

5.6 Write down a substance from the list above that is the following:
5.6.1 A molecular structure (1)
5.6.2 A metallic structure (1)
5.6.3 A covalent network structure (1)
5.6.4 An ionic network structure (1)

5.7 Draw the Lewis dot diagram for the CO2 molecule. (2)
5.8 Identify the type of chemical bond in H2O. (1)
5.9 Draw the Lewis dot diagrams to show the formation of NaCℓ. (3)

19
MARKING GUIDELINES
QUESTION 1
1.1 C  (2)
1.2.1 Potassium permanganate
1.2.2 Potassium carbonate 
1.2.3 Potasium chloride
1.2.4 Sodium sulfate
1.2.5 Iron(III) chloride
1.2.6 Sodium sulfide (6)
1.3.1 NH4NO3 (1)
1.3.2 ZnO (1)
1.3.3 ZnS (1)
1.3.4 MgCl2 (1)

1.4 a) S(s) / O2(g)  (1)

b) CuSO4(s)  (1)
c) Cu(s) / Na(s)  (1)
d) Si(s) and Sb(s)  (2)
e) Si(s) / Sb(s)  (1)
f) Cu(s) and Na(s) 
(2)
g) Lug (1)
h) O2 (1)

1.5 a) Yes (1)

b) No (1)
c) Yes (1)
d) No (1)
e) No (1)
f) No (1)

QUESTION 2
2.1 A  (2)
2.2.1 Temperature (1)
2.2.2 Time/Phase change  (1)

20
2.3 What is the relationship between an increase in temperature over a period
of time and phase change?  (2)
2.4 Solid (1)
2.5 -24 °C  (1)
2.6 Boiling point is the temperature of a liquid at which its vapour pressure
is equal to the external (atmospheric) pressure (2)
2.7 Liquid changes to gas.  (1)
2.8 The energy is used to break the forces between the particles, resulting in
a phase change, the kinetic energy of the particles remains the same,
particles move further away from each other (increase in potential energy. (4)
2.9 Substance 2,
Substance 2 has a lower melting and/or boiling point than substance 1 (2)
2.10 Thermometer  (1)
2.11 Equal to Substance 1 and 2 are at the same temperature. Therefore they
will have the same average kinetic energy.  (2)
[20]

QUESTION 3

3.1 a. Neutron (1)

b. Electron (1)
c. Proton (1)
d. Electron (1)
e. Neutron (1)

3.2.1 13 (1)

3.2.2 14 (1)
3.2.3 13 (1)
3.2.4 39 (1)
3.2.5 19 (1)
3.2.6 20 (1)
3.2.7 18 (1)

3.3.1 Isotope: atoms of the same element having the same number of protons, but
different number of neutrons. OR Same atomic number, but different mass
numbers.  (2)
3.3.2

21
 (5)
3.3.3 Ag/Silver (2)

3.4.1
(1)
3.4.2 Fluorine  (1)

3.5
(4)

QUESTION 4

4.1 Energy needed per mole to remove an electron from an atom in a gaseous
phase.  (2)

4.2 Ionisation energy increases from left to right, across a period.  (2)
4.3

4.3.1 (4)

4.3.2 B has a 2p energy level; 2p has a higher energy than 2s. 

Therefore less energy is needed to remove the valence electrons from B as
from Be (3)

4.4 False,
The energy is high because of filled s and p-orbitals.  (2)

4.5
4.5.1 Alkali-metals  (1)
4.5.2 Reactivity increases from top to bottom (2)
4.5.3 Ionisation energy decreases, thus less energy to remove an electron. 
Therefore reactivity increases (2)

QUESTION 5

5.1 (NH4)2SO4  (1)

5.2 Covalent bond. Electrons are shared between the atoms of hydrogen and
nitrogen (2)

22
5.3 (2)

5.4 5 (1)
5.5 (2)

5.6 Write down a substance from the list above that is the following:
5.6.1 (1)
5.6.2 (1)
5.6.3 (1)
5.6.4 (1)

5.7 (2)

5.8 Covalent bond (1)

5.9

(3)

23