Closed Conduit Flow

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology
Department of civil and Environmental

Engineering
Hydraulics-II (CENG-2162)
By Selam Belay
2020 A.C.
Closed conduit flow
Closed conduit flow
Introduction
 Flow in closed conduits (pipe, if conduit is circular in section, and
duct otherwise)
 A pipe is defined as a closed conduit of circular in cross-section
through which the fluid is flowing full
 Flow in pipes is an example of internal flow, i.e., the flow is
bounded by the walls.
 For internal flows, the fluid enters the conduit at one point
and leaves at the other
 At the entrance to the conduit there appears what is known as
entrance region with in which the viscous boundary layer
grows and finally at the downstream end of this region covers
the entire cross section
Contd...
Characteristics of laminar, transitional and turbulent flows:
Contd...
Energy loss in pipe flows
 When water flows in a pipe, it experiences some resistance to its

motion
its velocity and ultimately the head of water available is
reduced.
This loss of energy (head) is classified as follows
1) Major loss of energy
2) minor loss of energy
Contd...
 The loss of head or energy due to friction in a pipe is known as
major loss of energy
 The loss of energy due to change of velocity of the following fluid
in magnitude or direction is called minor loss of energy
 Local losses are usually expressed in terms of the velocity head, i.e.
Major energy losses
These losses which are due to friction are calculated by

1) Darcy-weisbach formula
2) Chezy’s formula
Darcy-weisbach formula
The loss of head or energy in pipes due to friction is calculated from
Darcy-weisbach’s formula which is given by
Where
Contd...
Chezy’s formula for loss of head due to friction

An equilibrium between the propelling force due to pressure difference
and the frictional resistance gives:
Contd...
The ratio A/P (= area of flow/Wetted perimeter) is called the
hydraulic radius denoted by R or m
The ratio hf/L prescribes the loss of head per unit length of pipe &
denoted by I or s (Slope)
Mean Velocity,
known as the Chezy’s formula.
This formula helps to find the head loss due

to friction if the mean flow velocity through
the pipe and also the values of Chezy’s
constant C is known
Contd...
Darcy-Weisbach Chezy’s formula

formula (for loss (For loss of
of head) head)
Flow through Flow through

pipes open channels
The value of Hydraulic mean depth for a circular pipe

Contd...
 In reality, because fluids are viscous

energy is lost by flowing fluids due to friction which must be
taken into account
The effect of the friction shows itself as a pressure (or head)
loss
At the wall there is a shearing stress retarding the flow
Contd...
i) Head loss during laminar flow in a pipe

 The shear stress τw. is almost impossible to measure
 For laminar flow it is possible to calculate a theoretical value for
a given velocity, fluid and pipe dimension
 consider a cylinder of fluid, length L, radius r, flowing steadily in
the centre of a pipe
 We are in equilibrium, so the shearing forces on the cylinder
equal the pressure forces
Contd...
By Newtons law of viscosity we have , where y is the distance
from the wall.
As we are measuring from the pipe centre then we change the sign and
replace y with r distance from the centre, giving
This can be combined with the equation above to give
In an integral form this gives an expression for velocity,
Integrating gives the value of velocity at a point distance r from the

centre
Contd...
Contd...
Contd...
Contd...
Contd...
Contd...
For all pipes

Pipe System (Network)
Pipe System (Network)
Pipe in series
 If two or more pipes of different sizes or roughness are
connected that the fluid flows through one pipe and then through
the other, they are said to be connected in series
 In the case of pipe in series the discharge is the same through
each pipe and the total head loss is the sum of all losses in all the
individual pipes and fittings
Contd...
Two pipes of different diameters connected in series
A system of pipes in series

Contd...
Contd...
Contd...
Contd...
Equivalent pipe
It is a pipe of uniform diameter having loss of head and discharge
equal to the loss of head
discharge of a compound pipe consisting of several pipes of
different lengths and diameters
Contd...
Contd...
Contd...
 The Above equation is known as Dupit’s equation
 If the length of the equivalent pipe is equal to the length of the

compound pipe i.e. L = (L1+L2+L3…), the diameter D of the
equivalent pipe may be determined by using this equation.
 Sometimes a pipe of a given diameter D which is available may

be required to be used as equivalent pipe to replace a compound
pipe;
In this case the length of the equivalent pipe may be
required to be determined and the same may also be
determined by using the above equation
Contd...
iii. Pipes in parallel

When two or more pipes are connected as shown below. The regions
u/s of A and d/s of B are connected in series with the parallel pipe
system
Two pipes between A and B connected in series

Contd...
Contd...
 When the pipes are arranged parallel, the loss of head in each
pipe (branch) is the same
Loss of head in pipe1 = Loss of head in pipe2
Contd...
Contd...
Contd...
Contd...
Contd...
Contd...
Contd...
Given the lengths, diameters, and coefficient of friction of each pipe

, it is required to find the discharge and the direction of flow in
each pipe
The basic equations used to solve such problems are:
1. Continuity equation
2. Bernoulli equation
3. Darcy-Weisbach equation
Also it is assumed that the reservoirs are very large and the water
surface levels in the reservoirs are constant so that steady
conditions exist in the pipes,
Also minor losses are assumed to be very small
Contd...
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Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

Department of civil and Environmental

 When water flows in a pipe, it experiences some resistance to its

These losses which are due to friction are calculated by

Chezy’s formula for loss of head due to friction

known as the Chezy’s formula.

This formula helps to find the head loss due

Darcy-Weisbach Chezy’s formula

Flow through Flow through

The value of Hydraulic mean depth for a circular pipe

 In reality, because fluids are viscous

i) Head loss during laminar flow in a pipe

This can be combined with the equation above to give

In an integral form this gives an expression for velocity,

Integrating gives the value of velocity at a point distance r from the

For all pipes

Two pipes of different diameters connected in series

A system of pipes in series

 The Above equation is known as Dupit’s equation

 If the length of the equivalent pipe is equal to the length of the

 Sometimes a pipe of a given diameter D which is available may

iii. Pipes in parallel

Two pipes between A and B connected in series

Given the lengths, diameters, and coefficient of friction of each pipe

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