3 240213141637 1a6fceeb

Developed by Pardeep Rani
PGT Maths – JNV Chandigarh

CHAPTER - 3
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
CONTENT :
• Why Coordinate Geometry ?

• Activities from Routine Life
• History of Coordinate Geometry
• Cartesian System , Axes and Quadrants
• Plotting of a Point in the Plane if its
coordinates are given
Why Coordinate Geometry ?
• Locate points on paper
• Maps are based on
coordinate geometry
• Construction field
• Plot graphs in finance
• Various subjects
(Astrophysics , Chemistry
6
Molecules ) 4 Series 1
• Airplane Navigation 2
Series 2
0
Series 3
Why Coordinate Geometry ?
• Create animations & video

games
• MRI , Citi Scan , Xray in
medical
• In other words , we can
say that Coordinate
Geometry is useful in
various fields of our
routine life .
Situations from our Routine Life :
• 1. In the adjoining
figure , there is a main
road running in the
East-West direction and
streets with
numbering from West
to East . Each street
have house numbers
marked on it .
Situations from our Routine Life :
• To look for a friend’s
house here , situated in the
2nd street and has the
number 5 on it , first we
will have to identify the 2nd
street and then the house
numbered 5 on it. Here , H
shows the location of the
house .
• Similarly , P shows the
location of the house
corresponding to Street
number 7 and House
number 4.
LOCATION OF A POINT
• Suppose you put a dot
on a sheet of paper. If
you have to tell its
location , may be you
reply : ‘the dot is in the
upper/ lower half of the
paper’ , or ‘ the dot is
near the left / right edge
of the paper’. But it will
not fix the position of
the dot precisely.
LOCATION OF A POINT
• Whereas to fix the
position of the dot you
need two independent
transformations e.g. the
dot is nearly 5 cm away
from the left edge of
the paper and at a
distance of 9 cm from
the bottom line of the
paper.
ACTIVITY FROM ROUTINE LIFE
• To make it more interesting , we
may perform the following
classroom activity known as
‘Seating Plan’ :
• Draw a plan of seating in your
classroom , putting all the desks
together , representing each
desk by a square . Write the
name of the student occupying
the desk in each square. Sonia
(S) is occupying the position
(4,1). Filled(blue) block
represents the position (5,3).
ACTIVITY FROM ROUTINE LIFE
Thus , Position of each student in the classroom is
described precisely by two independent
informations :
(i) the column in which she or he sits ,
(ii) the row in which she or he sits .
From the above situations and activities , we can
conclude that the position of any object lying in a
plane can be presented with the help of two
perpendicular lines. This idea gave rise to a very
important branch of Mathematics known as
Coordinate Geometry.
History of Coordinate Geometry
Rene Descartes , the great
French mathematician of the
seventeenth century , solved
the problem of describing the
position of a point in a plane .
His method was a development
of the older idea of latitude and
longitude . In honor of
Descartes, the system used for
describing the position of a
point in a plane, is also known
as the Cartesian System.
Cartesian System
• As you have already studied in the chapter Number
System , On the number line ,equal distances from
fixed point (origin-0) are marked positively in one
direction and negatively in the other. The point in
the positive direction at a distance of r units from
the origin represents the number r and the point in
the negative direction at a distance of r units from
the origin represents the number –r as shown in the
figure :
AXES IN THE CARTESIAN PLANE
• Descarte invented the
idea of placing two such
lines perpendicular to
each other on a plane
such that one of them is
horizontal and the
other vertical, named
as X’X (x-axis)and YY’ (y-
axis) respectively as
described in the figure :
AXES AND QUADRANTS OF A PLANE
• Observe that the axes
(plural of axis) divide the
plane into four parts
named as quadrants
numbered as I , II , III and
IV anticlockwise from OX.
So plane consisting of the
axes and the quadrants is
called Cartesian or the
Coordinate Plane or the
xy-plane. The axes are
called coordinate axis.
SIGNS OF x and y in QUADRANTS
• Quadrant I is represented
by XOY , here x and y both
are positive .
• Quadrant II is represented
by X’OY , here x is negative
and y is positive.
• Quadrant III is represented
by X’OY’ , here x and y both
are negative.
• Quadrant IV is represented
by XOY’ , here x is positive
and y is negative.
Abscissa & Ordinate
• In the adjoining graph , you
find that :
• (i) The perpendicular
distance of P from y-axis
measured along the positive
direction of the x-axis is PN
= OM = 4 units
• (ii) The perpendicular
distance of P from x-axis
measured along the positive
direction of the y-axis is PM
= ON = 3 units
Abscissa & Ordinate
• (iii)The perpendicular distance
of Q from y-axis measured
along the negative direction of
the x-axis is OR = SQ = 6 units
• The perpendicular distance of
Q from x-axis measured along
the negative direction of the y-
axis is OS = RQ = 2 units
• Here , the x – coordinate of a
point is its perpendicular
distance from the y-axis
measured along the x-axis. For
the point P , it is 4 and for Q it
is -6. the x – coordinate is
called the Abscissa .
Abscissa & Ordinate
• The Y – coordinate of a point is
its perpendicular distance from
the x-axis measured along the
y-axis. For the point P , it is 3
and for Q it is -2. the y –
coordinate is called the
Ordinate .
• In stating the coordinates of a
point in the coordinate plane,
the x- coordinate comes first ,
and then the y-coordinate .
Coordinates are placed in open
( round) brackets .
• Hence , the coordinates of P
are (4,3) and Q are (-6,-2).
• Every point on the x- axis
has zero distance from x –
axis , so the y-coordinate of
every point lying on x-axis
is always zero i.e.
coordinate of every point
on x-axis are of the form
(x,0). Similarly ,coordinates
(0,0)
of every point on y-axis are
of the form (0,y).
• Coordinates of Origin
Origin has zero distance
from both the axes so that
its abscissa and ordinate are
both zero. Therefore , the
coordinates of origin are
(0,0).
• EXAMPLE : In the adjoining figure,
• (i) The coordinates of B are (-5,2).
• (ii) The coordinates of C are (5,-5).
• (iii) The point identified by the
coordinates (-3,-5) is E .
• (iv) The point identified by the
coordinates (2,-4) is G.
• (v) The abscissa of the point D is 6.
• (vi) The ordinate of the point H is -3
.
• (vii) The coordinates of the point L
are (0,5).
• (viii) The coordinates of the point
M are (-3,0).
Plotting of a Point in the Plane
• Let the coordinates of the given
point be (3,5).
• We know that x-coordinate i.e.
abscissa represents distance of
point from y- axis , so first we
will move 3 units from origin
towards positive direction of x -
axis and then y-coordinate i.e.
ordinate being distance of point
from x – axis , we will move 5
units from that position
towards positive direction of y –
axis. This location will represent
the point (3,5).
• Similarly , we can plot point (5,-
4) and as many points as we
want .
• Example : Plot the points
(5,0), (0,5), (2,5),(5,2) ,(-3,-5)
, (-3,5) , (5,-3) and (6,1) in
the Cartesian plane.
• From the above example and
many more like this , we can
conclude that the position of
(x,y) is different from the
position of (y,x) for x ≠ y .
i.e.
• (x,y) ≠ (y,x) for x ≠ y and
(x,y) = (y,x) for x = y
Independent Practice for the students :
• In which quadrant or on which axis do each of
the points (-2,4) , (3,-1) , (-1,0) , (1,2) , (-3,-5)
and (4,0) lie ? Verify your answer by locating
them on the Cartesian plane.

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Developed by Pardeep Rani

PGT Maths – JNV Chandigarh

• Why Coordinate Geometry ?

• Create animations & video

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