HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS ● The Philippines is in the

are processes or phenomena that are Northern Hemisphere just

atmospheric, hydrological, or oceanic in above the equator.
nature ● ITCZ is the area where the
Examples: trade winds from the
● Typhoon Northern Hemisphere and
● Thunderstorm Southern Hemisphere
● Flood (a socio-natural disaster) “converge” or bring tropical
● Storm Surge air masses together.
○ Storm surge is the rise of ○ These air masses are
water caused by strong wam and humid
winds. resulting in the
○ Tsunami is the rise of water formation of
caused by earthquakes. convective clouds
● El Nino and heavy
● La Nina precipitation.
● Rainfall-induced Landslide
● Tornado AIR PRESSURE
➔ The weight above us is air pressure.
These hydrometeorological hazards may ➔ pressure varies from day to day at
cause: the Earth’s surface
- loss of life, injury or other health ➔ troposphere = bottom layer of the
impacts atmosphere that has the highest
- property damage pressure
- loss of livelihoods and services ➔ Convection
- social and economic disruption ◆ When air molecules are
- environmental damage heated, it becomes agitated
and less dense. And this
The Philippines is prone to different warm air rises.
hydrometeorological hazards because of its ➔ Convection combined with the
geographical location. rotation of the Earth creates a flow
of air or wind.
1. Western Pacific Basin
● most active tropical cyclone
basin
2. Intertropical Convergence Zone
(ITCZ)
TYPHOON Steps in the Formation of a Typhoon
- severe weather disturbance
characterized by strong winds and I. Warm water rises in the form of
heavy rains which revolve around a water vapor creating a low pressure
central low-pressure area area at the surface of the ocean.
- derived from the Chinese term “Tai II. Water vapor cools and condenses
Fung” forming cumulonimbus clouds.
III. Cumulonimbus clouds form into
Ta = strong & Fung = wind long spiraling cloud bands.
IV. Coriolis effect causes incoming
winds to swirl around the central
In Filipino, a typhoon is known as
“bagyo”. It got its name in 1911 after 46 area of low pressure.
inches of water was accumulated after V. Drier air from higher altitude is
24 hrs of heavy rain in Baguio. slowly drawn down the center
causing a calm “eye”.
Favorable Conditions in the Formation of a VI. Typhoon forces winds to circle
Typhoon around the eye.
VII. The storm system is pushed along
a. Warm ocean waters (26°C and its track by trade winds.
above) throughout a depth of 150 ft.
b. An atmosphere which cools fast Typhoon vs. Hurricane vs. Cyclone
enough with height. all the same phenomena, just different
c. Relatively moist air near the names in various locations
mid-level of the troposphere (4,900
meters). Typhoon = western north pacific ocean
d. A minimum distance of at least 48
km from the equator Hurricane = north atlantic, eastern north
e. A pre-existing near-surface pacific, and south pacific ocean
disturbance.
f. Low values (37 km/h) of vertical Cyclone = bay of bengal, arabian sea, and
wind shear between the surface and western south indian ocean
the upper troposphere.
- Water near South America is
Shear = change of speed and wind direction usually too cold for typhoons to
form.
The intensity of tropical storms may be ● Because of this effect, when the
displayed through the Saffir-Simpson typhoon forms in the northern
Hurricane Intensity Scale. hemisphere, its movement is
COUNTER-CLOCKWISE.
TYPHOON STRUCTURE ● Contrastingly, when the typhoon
forms in the southern hemisphere,
its movement is CLOCKWISE.

“Area in the equator have higher speed

than at the top part because of the earth’s
rotation”

TYPHOON CLASSIFICATION

based on wind speed

Tropical Depression 61 km/h or less

(Wind Signal 1)
EYE
Tropical Storm 62-88 km/h
- center of typhoon that is mostly
calm Severe Tropical 89-117 km/h
- roughly circular area typically 30 - Storm
65 km in diameter Typhoon 118-184 km/h

EYE WALL Super Typhoon 185 km/h or higher

(Wind Signal 5)
- surrounds the eye where the most
severe weather occurs

RAIN BANDS based on precipitation

- bands of clouds that spiral around
the eye wall yellow 7.5-15 mm flooding is
warning of heavy possible /
rain monitor the
CORIOLIS EFFECT = deflection of materials
weather
moving on or near the surface like winds condition
because of the rotation of the Earth
orange 15-30 mm flooding is
warning of intense threatening
 RSMC (Regional Specialized Meteorological
rain / alert for
possible Center) in Tokyo
evacuation ● typhoon center of the Japan
Meteorological Society
red warning more than serious
● established in July 1989 at the
30 mm rain flooding is
headquarters of the Japan
expected in
low lying Meteorological Agency (JMA)
areas / ○ following a designation by
evacuation the WMO Executive Council
at its 40th session (Geneva,
MITIGATING THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS June 1988)
OF TYPHOONS ● provides information and naming of
tropical cyclones in the Western
1. Determine the areas prone to North Pacific & South China Sea
typhoons. ● under the governance of WMO
2. Implement legislation involving land
use planning, zoning, and building WMO / World Meteorological Organization
standards. ➔ has the rotating list of typhoon
3. Weather forecasting and names
monitoring. ◆ If a tropical cyclone had a
significant impact on an area,
PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, the name would not be used
Geophysical, and Astronomical Services again.
Administration) ➔ This name list is actually proposed
● has a sub-agency called NMHS by the various NMHSs and are
approved by the regional bodies at
NMHS / National Meteorological and their annual / biennial sessions.
Hydrological Services
➔ established in December 8, 1972 4. Effective public typhoon warning
➔ provides protection against natural systems.
calamities and is responsible for
naming tropical cyclones that enter
the Philippine Area of Responsibility
➔ serves as one of the scientific and
technological services institutes of
DOST
 produce clouds and precipitation
during storm formation.
b. An unstable, rapidly rising mass of
warm air.
c. A strong upward current of air
(updraft) to force moisture to the
higher and colder levels of the
atmosphere.

LIFE CYCLE OF A THUNDERSTORM

1. Developing / Towering Cumulus

Stage
a. Cumulus cloud is pushed
upward by a rising column of
air (updraft).
b. Cumulus clouds soon look
THUNDERSTORMS like a tower.
- A violent, transient type of weather c. Little to no rain but
disturbance that happens due to occasional lightning
uneven distribution of heat in the air d. Growth of the cloud
and on land. continues up until the point
- often occurs in the equatorial region when precipitation starts.
at any time but happen mostly in e. Lasts up to 10 minutes
the afternoon or evening during 2. Mature Stage
summer a. Initiation of strong
downward current of air
3 components of a Thunderstom (downdraft) and by
➔ moisture precipitation.
➔ air mass b. Keeps on going until it
➔ wind direction reaches the tropopause
(boundary between
3 requirements for the formation of troposphere and
thunderstorms: stratosphere).
a. Moisture / water vapor must be c. produces heavy rains,
available in the lower atmosphere to frequent lightning and
 thunder, tornadoes and
occasional hail.
d. Lasts for 10-30 minutes.
3. Final / Dissipating Stage
a. Updrafts are prevented by
the cool air of the dominant
downdraft.
b. Diminishing supply of
moisture weakens the
thunderstorms, rainfall
decreases, and the clouds
dissipate.
c. Lasts less than an hour.

HAZARDS IN THUNDERSTORMS
● heavy rainfall that can lead to
flooding
● air turbulence which can displace or Typhoon Ketsana or Ondoy
disorient a flying aircraft
● fire that can burn buildings and FLOOD
vegetation - presence of excessive water on a
● lightning that can electrocute supposedly dry land
humans and livestocks and damage
electrical facilities may be caused by
● abnormal rise of water level in
LIGHTNING = a form of direct current rivers, coastal areas, and other
produced by static electricity in clouds bodies of water
● continuous rains and poor drainage
This is also defined as the abrupt, natural,
visible, high-voltage electrical discharge Natural Causes of Flood
which takes place when positive and - high tides
negative charges meet within or between - intense or prolonged rainfall
clouds, or between a cloud and the ground. - storm surge

Manmade Causes of Flood

- deforestation
 - failure of levees, sea walls, and ➢ may result from ground
dams failure or major infrastructure
- informal settlers and indiscriminate failure of dams, sea walls, or
dumping of garbage levees
- increased urbanization and coastal ➢ or due to the weakening of
development the rocks / soil like
subsidence, liquifaction, and
TYPES OF FLOODS landslide
1. Riverine / River Flood 5. Flash Flooding
➢ caused by the overflow of ➢ characterized by rapid,
river when the run-off short-lived, and violent
exceeds the capacity of the arrival of large volume of
channels and goes beyond water
the average water level ➢ can be caused by
➢ Ex: overflow of the Marikina intense-localized rainfall, or
River unable to absorb water
2. Estuarine and Coastal Flooding ➢ people are unaware and is
➢ happens when the sea water only given a short time to
approaches low-lying land evacuate
that is usually above sea
level EFFECTS OF FLOODING
➢ can be caused by storm
surge or high tide Direct
➢ Ex: coastal flooding along - loss of lives
Roxas Blvd - damage to properties /
3. Urban Flooding infrastructure
➢ occurs in highly populated
and developed areas set on Secondary
relatively low-lying areas - power loss
like valleys or plain - food shortage
➢ This is a result of the - water loss or shortage
saturation of the ground due - risk of acquiring water-borne
to too much rainfall and the diseases
presence of large areas with - difficulty of mobilization because of
impermeable surface like impassable roads
concrete pavements.
4. Catastrophic Flooding
Tertiary This allows the determination of lag time of
- unemployment flooding.
- destruction of production and
businesses - The lesser the lag time, the quicker
- decline in tourism the river rises. And the more likely
- destruction of wildlife habitat the flooding will occur.

3. Building flood control structures

WAYS TO MITIGATE FLOOD HAZARDS
Ex: sea walls, levees, dams, diversion
1. Flood risk assessment and canals
mapping.
4. Flood advisories
Flood Hazard Map = displays flood prone - can help alert people on what they
areas and tells us where NOT to be during should expect
extremely heavy rainfall.

For the local government, this could be

used as evacuation access routes, closing
roads, and also for urban planning.

- This is done using a plane and firing

lasers on the area it surveys

Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational

Assessment of Hazards)
- country’s flagship program in
disaster mitigation

2. Flood forecasting using a modeling

software

Storm Hydrograph = a wave displaying

how the discharge of a river can change
over time in response to a rainfall event
 Initially administed by DOST, but was
called to shutdown in January of 2017,
effective March 1, 2017 due to lack of
funds.

The operation was supposed to be until

February 28, 2017, but on Feb 23 UP
adopted project noah.

UP NOAH
PROJECT NOAH ➔ a multidisciplinary research center
- launched in July 6, 2012 housed in UP
- created as a response on former ➔ works to raise Filipinos’ awareness
President Benigno Aquino’s call on a of natural hazards
better disaster prevention and ➔ advanced disaster research and are
mitigation system in the PH (as an developed to make tools that would
aftermath of Typhoon Sendong in be available to government leaders,
December 11) families, and the community

Project Head: Alfredo Mahar Francisco STORM SURGE

Amante Lagmay, Ph.D = filipino geologist - sudden rise of sea level above the
normal due to a drop in atmospheric
- The project uses advanced pressure and the force of the wind
technology to enhance current as a tropical cyclone approaches
geo-hazard vulnerability maps. - causes 90% of damage in coastal
areas
aim: provide a 6-hour lead-time warning to
vulnerable communities against impending Factors that Influence the Build-up of
floods Water in Storm Surge

a. Storm Intensity / Wind Speed

The Nationwide Operational Assessment
of Hazards (NOAH) program envisions a
disaster-free Philippines where - The stronger the wind, the higher
communities are empowered through the storm surge formed.
open access to accurate, reliable and
timely hazard and risk information.
 b. Pressure Effect when formed in the Southern Hemisphere
= the surge will be larger in the
- The lower the atmospheric left-forward portion of the tropical cyclone
pressure, the higher the storm surge
level. g. Rainfall Effect

c. Size - Water levels can rise quickly in

estuaries because large volume of
- A tropical cyclone with a larger accumulated rainwater from
diameter, forms a higher surge as watersheds in higher elevation
the winds brought about pushes on areas which are drained by river,
a larger surface of the ocean. encounter waters driven by the
tropical cyclone from the open sea
d. Storm Forward Speed
h. Timing
- The higher the velocity of a tropical
cyclone, will produce a higher surge - When the formation of the storm
along an open coast. surge coincides with high tide, it will
be higher.
e. Angle of approach to Coast
i. Geometry of Coastline
- If the angle of the cyclone is
perpendicular to the coast, the Shoreline bordered by narrow shelf w/
higher the surge will form. This is steep slope = lower surge with higher and
because the large part of the surge stronger waves
will come into contact with the
coast line which allows it to build up
more.

f. Earth’s rotation

when the cyclone is formed in the Northern Shoreline bordered by wide shelf w/ gentle
Hemisphere = the surge will be larger in slope = higher surge with gentle waves
the right-forward portion of the tropical
cyclone
 can dampen the destructive force of
storm surge

wide low-lying areas with an elevation with

few meters above sea level =
VULNERABLE TO STORM SURGE

Shoreline is CONCAVE = HIGHER STORM

SURGE EL NINO
- also known as ENSO or El Nino
Sea walls, mangroves, coral reefs, on-shore Southern Oscillation
vegetation, and sand dunes = WEAKENS A - lasts from 9 months - 2yrs
STORM SURGE - prolonged warming of sea surface in
the central and eastern equatorial
RISK REDUCTION MEASURES DURING Pacific
STORM SURGE - spanish word which means Christ
child or Jesus coined by fishermen
1. Storm surge prediction, hazard map from ecuador and peru in the
preparation, and zoning. fishing area of the west coast of
South America around Christmas
- Storm Surge Hazard Maps time

2. Construction of storm surge barriers When there is no el nino, trade winds push
the warm surface water from south
storm surge barriers = gate-like hard america, westward, towards the western
engineering structures installed in front of pacific. This allows the process of
tidal inlets, rivers, and estuaries which are UPWELLING.
closed before impending extreme water
level increase upwelling = cooler water underneath rise
up towards the surface of the ocean near
3. Wetland protection South Africa

- sediments and vegetations found in So, el nino happens when the trade winds
swamps, estuaries, and mud flats weaken which allows the warm water to
move EASTWARD. When this happens, the EFFECTS OF LA NINA
coastal upwelling is disrupted. ● Tropical cyclones, thunderstorms,
storm surge, and flooding
Southern Oscillation = brings heavy rain in
western south america and drought in TORNADOES
western australia, indonesia, and PH - narrow, funnel or cylindrical shape,
intensely rotating column of wind
EFFECTS OF EL NINO that forms during powerful
Water Supply thunderstorms
1. Low water level in dams - extends from the base of
2. No water for crop irrigation cumulonimbus clouds down to the
3. Shortage of electricity (hydroelectric earth’s surface
dams)
also known as “twisters”, but is locally
Marine and Freshwater Ecosystem known as buhawi or ipo-ipo
1. Coral Bleaching
2. Damaged kelp forest water spouts = rotating columns of wind
3. Decrease in Water Level that moves over a body of water
4. Fish Kill
FORMATION OF A TORNADO
Other Environmental Effects
1. Land degradation
2. Water quality deterioration
3. Forest Wildfires

LA NINA
- prolonged unusual cooling of the
sea surface in central and eastern
equatorial Pacific
- may last for 1-3 years
- the girl in spanish
tornado moves in the direction of the
The trade winds push the warm surface thunderstorm winds
water farther towards the west, forming
drought in south america, but heavy rain in “touch down” = pointed part of the tornado
australia, indonesia, and ph that touched the ground from the cloud
rope stage = when the funnel shape thins
as it reaches the end of its life

6 CATEGORIES OF TORNADO ”Get in and seek shelter, get down to the

lowest level of your house, and cover up
with anything that can protect your whole
body.”

RAINFALL-INDUCED LANDSLIDES
- occurs in mountainous places with
rainy environment
- caused by prolonged rainfall that
pushes the soil cover to collapse
- Sometimes, movement along the
sliding surface of a land leads to the
crushing of soil grains which causes
liquefaction of the soil surface.

Susceptibility Classification
1.Areas with low to gentle slopes and
lacking tension cracks have low landslides
susceptibility rating.
2.Areas with moderate susceptibility rating
have inactive/old landslides and tension
cracks which are located away from the
community. These areas usually have
moderate slopes.
3.Areas with high landslides susceptibility
rating have active/recent landslides and
tension cracks that would directly affect the
community. Those with steep slopes and
drainage that are prone to landslides
damming are also highly susceptible to
landslides.

Effects of Rainfall-induced Landslides

1. bury houses, buildings, and people

2. can destroy plantations and roads
3. daily activities and business
operations may be affects by
landslides that covers roads and
EARTHQUAKE
highways
- result of the sudden release of
energy in the earth’s crust that
SIGNS OF IMPENDING LANDSLIDES
creates seismic waves

● tension cracks
We can categorize the Earth’s layer based
● progressing tension cracks
on its composition or behavior.
● fractured rocks & sediments
● sliding slope, active slide
COMPOSITIONAL LAYER
● seeps
- based on its composition or the
● thick soil overburden
material its made of

continentsl crust = granite

oceanic crust = basalt

mantle = periodite
core = iron and nickel 2. Tension
- thins ou
● Basalt is denser than granite that is 3. Shear
why the oceanic crust will subduct - forms earthquake
under the continental crust.

MECHANICAL LAYER
- based on the behavior

litosphere = where the continental &

oceanic crust meets

● also where the plates float on top of focus - can’t be exactly located
aesthenosphere
WHAT IS A FAULT?
The mantle is divided into 2: ● a break or fracture in the Earth’s
aesthenosphere = fluid in nature crust which usually occur along
● fault forms because of the plate boundaries
CONVECTION CURRENT in the ● slabs of crust slips past each other
aesthenosphere in response to stress
● fault = fracture ● TYPES
mesosphere = very viscous in nature that it
is almost solid ★ Dip-Slip Fault
○ Normal Fault = tension
3 TYPES OF STRESS ■ plates diverge /
1. Compression separate
- thickens out a plate ■ hanging wall slips
downward
 ○ Reverse Fault = compression III. Tectonic Cause
■ happens along ● produces the most
convergent plate disastrous earthquakes
boundaries ● occur in areas of great faults
■ hanging wall moves and fracture
upward
★ Strike-Slip Fault
○ Sinistral = left lateral
strike-slip fault
■ where the side
opposite to the
observer moves to
the left
○ Dextral = right lateral Body Waves
strike-slip fault - travels in the interior of the Earth as
■ where the side they leave the focus
opposite to the - divided into 2
observer moves to
the right
★ Oblique-Slip Fault
○ combination of dip and
strike-slip fault

MAJOR CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE

I. Surface Cause
● some are man-made, others
are natural
● bomb explosions, landslides, Surface Waves
avalanches, railway trains / - travels parallel to the earth’s
heavy trucks, some large surface
engineering projects cause - slowest and most damaging
minor tremors - divided into 2
II. Volcanic Cause
● caused by sudden
displacements of lava within
or beneath the earth’s crust
Seismograph = device that measures the ➔ Mercalli Intensity Scale
magnitude ◆ quantifies the effects of the
earthquake from I (not felt)
Seismogram = the actual paper showing to XII (total destruction)
the results of the measurement ◆ data is gathered from people
who have experienced the
MAGNITUDE quake
measures the energy releases at the source ◆ depends upon the distance
of the earhquake from the earthquake

- expressed by the Richter Scale

➔ Charles Richter
◆ american seismologist and
physicist from California,
USA in 1935

POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

1. Ground Shaking
❖ caused by the passage of
seismic waves
❖ intensity depends on the:
➢ geologic makeup of
INTENSITY the ground
measures the strength based on its effects ➢ duration and intensity
on people, structures, and the natural ➢ proximity of the area
environment to the epicenter
2. Ground Rupture
➔ Giuseppe Mercalli ❖ occurs when the ground
◆ italian priest and happens on a fault line and
volcanologist between 1884 breaks through the surface
and 1906 ❖ most of the time, fault
◆ created the Mercalli Intensity rupture follows a
Scale
 pre-existing fault known as ❖ frail rocks or soft soil
zone of weakness foundation
3. Liquefaction
❖ occurs when seismic shaking
cause loose materials in the
soil to mix with groundwater
or soil saturated with water
❖ the soil behaves like
quicksand
❖ structures on the ground
slowly sinks
4. Earthquake-induced ground
subsidence
❖ lowering of land due to
earthquake
❖ one of the areas broken up
by the movement may be
lowered making the general
elevation of the land uneven
5. Tsunami
❖ “Tsunami” is a Japanese
word meaning “harbor
wave”.
❖ series of waves generated by
an earthquake
❖ height and strength of waves
depend on the duration and
intensity of ground
movement under the water
6. Earthquake-induced Landslide
❖ may happen during or after
an earthquake
❖ weakened section of the
land falls of due to gravity,
deforestation, excavation,
mining, quarrying, thunder,
or other vibrations
 VOLCANO HAZARDS

Mountain = formed due to the convergence

of 2 continental crust

- or formed by folding, crumpling, or

uplifting as the Earth’s crust move
- both is less dense hence the
landform will be folded
- the rock layers are curved
- do not have vents
- is 300m above its surroundings

Volcano = formed due to the convergence

of a continental and oceanic crust

- a bulge that formed due to the

accumulation of lava, rocks, and ash
after repeated volcanic eruptions

- the rock layers (igneous rock) are

slanted
- have vents that allow magma to
reach the surface of the Earth