SOIL STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL BY USING TILES POWDER

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Rapid population growth, industrialization, and urbanization have created
unprecedented demand for infrastructure development throughout the world, which has
led to a tremendous increase in construction projects. Earlier, residential buildings and
other construction projects were built on suitable lands. Nowadays, urban and rural
areas are moving closer, creating a shortage of buildable lands for roads, highways,
railways, and airports. Hence, the construction sector is forced to implement
construction projects on whatever and wherever land is available. Limited land space,
tight construction schedules, environmental issues, high maintenance costs, and
continuous stability needs demand for innovation to enhance the soil characteristics. In
the southern regions of India, 40% of the surface area is covered by clay soil, and 20%
of this soil is expansive in nature. The soil mainly consists of montmorillonite, kaolinite,
and illite, which are highly swelling in nature.

Jones & Holtz (1973) recommended for expansive soil and that the significant
advances have been made with regard to theories on the behaviour of expansive soil.
Saco et al. (2011) classified the factors that influence swelling characteristics such as
physio-chemical,environmental, and geological engineering. The research investigated
the pre-wetting method, an obsolete one, which increases compressibility, reduces the
shear strength of soil and is time consuming. The moisture barrier method failed to
arrest the water percolation owing to heavy rains and the water table.

Clayey soils are problematic soils having poor strength and beating capacity. Engineers
face many problems while constructing facilities on such soils. Clayey soils do not
possess sufficient strength to support the loads of the structure coming on them during
construction or service life of the structure. Clayey soils are spread over more than one
third part of the country. Many parts of India are covered with such soils having poor
strength and bearing capacity. Presence of such treacherous soil poses many challenges
to the civil engineers. The poor strength characteristics of clayey soil are due to the type
of clay mineral. Clay mineral montmorillonite is responsible for swelling properties of

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clayey soils. Such poor engineering performance of clayey soil has forced researchers
to improve the properties of these soils, thus soil stabilization is an effective method of
improving the properties of soil and performance of the facilities put on them. The main
objective of the soil stabilization is to improve the strength and stiffness of the soil.
There are many methods are available to improve the properties and performance of the
soil. The various methods of soil stabilization includes replacing the existing poor soil
with another soil having good properties, blending it with some another soil or material
to improve its properties, use of solid waste from different industries, addition of fibrous
material to increase the strength of soil or use of some chemical additives to improve
the characteristics of soil.

Black cotton soils are inorganic clay of medium to high compressibility and form a
major soil group of India. The black colour in black cotton soil is due to the presence
of Titanium oxide in small concentration. The Black cotton soil has a percentage of clay
which is predominantly montmorillonite structures and black or blackish grey in colour.
They are characterized by high shrinkage, low bearing capacity and swelling properties.
Because of these properties, the Black cotton soil has been challenging to the high way
engineers. Black cotton soils are very hard when it dry but loses its strength completely
when it wet condition. Soft clays, expensive soils, weak soils, sand and organic deposits
are unsuitable for all construction work due to bare engineering properties. Soil
stabilization improves the engineering properties of soils and thus making it more
stable. It is essential when the soil accessible for construction is not suitable for the
anticipated purpose. The term stabilization is generally restricted to the process which
alter the soil material itself for improvement of is properties a solid wastes or chemicals
are added to a natural soil for the purpose of stabilization.

1.2 Soil Stabilization

Soil stabilization has been a challenge for geotechnical engineers to find innovative
and cost-effective techniques to improve the engineering performance of expansive
soils such as increasing soil strength (shearing resistance) and durability (wearing
resistance), reducing swelling potential and stiffness (resistance to deformation) and
other desirable characteristics. Chemical or mechanical treatments are intended to

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improve the shear strength, sustainability, reduce compressibility, and control the
water absorbing capacity of treated soil (Harris et al. 2005).
This project examines the potential of such treatments to improve expansive soil and
investigates the changes that occur in the engineering properties of soil by modification
or improvement of the properties of expansive soil with and without tile waste.

1.3 Soil Stabilization with Solid Waste

The rising environmental consciousness towards pollution due to chemical stabilizer’s
utilization, identifying the impact of potential solid wastes in soil stabilization demands
the researchers to work on quantifying the environmental footprint. Various methods
for effective utilization of solid wastes are being identified and serious research is being
conducted on the impact of these materials. Fly ash, quarry dust, marble dust, cement
kiln dust, coconut coir, sugarcane, bagasse waste, rice husk ash, saw-dust, tile waste
and eggshell powder are some of the industrial and agricultural wastes that have been
researched, accepted, and successfully adopted for soil improvement.

1.4 Stabilization with additive

Many researchers have considered industrial wastes like quarry dust, marble dust fly
ash, furnace slag, and agricultural wastes (e.g., rice husk, sugar cane, etc.) to stabilize
the soil. Seco et al. (2011) recommended that double objectives like waste disposal with
improvement of weak soil could be achieved by appropriate blending of admixtures
with the soil. Al–Rawas et al. (2002) evaluated soil characteristics and stabilization
improvement with various additives.

1.5 Ceramic tile waste

Stabilization using ceramic waste is one such waste material which can be used for
improving the properties of poor clayey soils. Ceramic waste materials are easily
available at various manufacturing units and at construction sites. In developing
countries like India, waste management is a matter of serious concern because waste
materials are generated at rapid rate. Ceramic waste can be conveniently used for soil
stabilization and problem of their disposal can be overcome in environmentally safer

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way. These use of ceramic waste not only improves the soil properties but problem of
their disposal can also be solved. In the present study ceramic waste materials have
been used to improve the properties of clayey soils and effect of ceramic dust on
various soil properties have been evaluated. The manufacture of ceramic tile waste
generates ceramic waste powder during the final polishing process at a rate of 19kg/m2.
Therefore, the global generation of CWP exceeds 22 billion tons. The CWP represents
a significant challenge to get rid of concerning its environmental impact. It can cause
soil, water, and air pollution. On the other hand, it could represent an excellent
opportunity to be used as an alternative concrete ingredient in the concrete making,
filler as in bituminous mixes and stabilization additive for soil.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE OF EXPANSIVE SOIL

Clay mineral is the key element which divulges the swelling characteristics to any
ordinary non-swelling/non-shrinking soil. Montmorillonite, out of several types of clay
minerals has the maximum amount of swelling potential. In-situ formation of chief clay
minerals occurs under alkaline conditions, or sub-aqueous decomposition of blast rocks
can be seen the origin of such soil – expansive soil. This type of soil can also be formed
due to weathering under alkaline environments, and under adequate supply of
magnesium or ferric or ferrous oxides. Given there’s a good availability of alumina and
silica, the formation of Montmorillonite is favoured.

2.2 NATURE OF EXPANSIVE SOIL

Swelling in clays can be sub-categorized into two distinctive types, namely: Elastic
rebound in the compressed soil mass due to reduction in compressive force. Imbibing
of water resulting in expansion of water-sensitive clays. Swelling clays are the clays
that exhibit latter type of swelling, where the clay minerals with largely inflating lattice
are present. One of the fundamental characteristics of clayey soil is that they display
little cohesion and strength when wet, but they become hard when devoid of water.
However, all of them do not swell due to wetting action. Decrease in ultimate bearing
capacity at saturation, and large differential settlement due to this occurs. Thus, clayey
soils exhibit foundation problems.

2.3 CLAY MINERALOGY

On the basis of their crystalline arrangement, clay minerals can be categorized into
three general groups, namely:
• Kaolinite group
• Montmorillonite group
• Illite group

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2.3.1 Kaolinite group

A clay mineral which has a chemical composition 𝐴𝑙2𝑆𝑖205(𝑂𝐻)4 is called Kaolinite.
This type of clay mineral has a layered silicate, with linkage to one octahedral sheet of
alumina through oxygen atoms. China clay or Kaolin is the name given to rocks that
are rich in this mineral. A thickness of 7Å is exhibited by the stacked layers of kaolinite;
as a result of this, kaolin group of minerals are seen to be the most stable, which is also
because of the fact that water cannot enter between the sheets to inflate that unit cell.

Figure 2.1: Atomic structure of kaolinite

2.3.2 Montmorillonite group
Two silica tetrahedral sheets combined with a central alumina octahedral sheet
comprise the structural arrangement of Montmorillonite. The bond between crystal
links is weak here. Thus, the soil containing higher percentage of Montmorillonite
minerals demonstrate high shrinkage and swelling characteristics, depending on the
nature of exchangeable cation present. The common layer of a Montmorillonite unit is
formed by one of the hydroxyl layers of the octahedral sheet and the tips of the
tetrahedrons from each silica sheet. Atoms which are common to both silica and
gibbsite layers never participate in the process of swelling. During weak bond between
the crystal forms, water can penetrate, breaking the structures to 10Å structural units.

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Figure 2.2: Atomic structure of montmorillonite

2.3.3 Illite group

As far as structural arrangement is concerned, Illite minerals fall between
Montmorillonite and Kaolinite group. As in case of Montmorillonite unit structure, two
silica tetrahedral sheets combined with a central alumina octahedral sheet comprise the
structural arrangement of Illite. The spacing between the elementary silica-gibbsite-
silica sheets depend largely upon the availability of water to occupy the space. Owing
to this reason, Montmorillonite is believed to have an expanding lattice. However, in
presence of excess water, Illite can splitup into individual layers of 10Å thick

Figure 2.3: Atomic structure of Illite

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2.4 IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF EXPANSIVE SOILS

Some laboratory tests are available for the identification purposes of swelling soils. By
differential thermal analysis, Microscopic examination, and X-ray diffraction. The
presence of Montmorillonite in clay minerals allows the judgement of the
expansiveness of the soil. This aspect is however very technical in nature. A simple
aspect, as opposed to the aforementioned methods, is the free-swell test, that’s done in
the laboratory. This test is conducted by adding 10 gm of dry soil, passing through a
425 μ sieve into two separate 100 cc graduated jar – one filled with water, and the other
with kerosene. Swelling occurs in the jar containing water. The swelled volume of the
soil is then noted (after 24 hours period), and subsequently, the free swell index values,
in percentage, are calculated. IS: 2720-II was followed for free swell index test.

Free swell value [𝐼𝑛] (in %age) = (𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒−𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒) /

𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑥 100

Good grade, high swelling, commercial Bentonite has been reported to have free swell
values varying from 1200% to 2000%. In general, the swelling potential of a soil is
related to plasticity index. With corresponding range of plasticity index, various
degrees of swelling capacities are as indicated through the following table:

Table 2.1: Swelling potential vs. Plasticity Index

Swelling Potential Plasticity Index

Low 0-15
Medium 15-24

High 24-46
Very High >46

Several factors participate in deciding whether or not a soil with high swelling potential
exhibit swelling characteristics. One of these factors, that occupy greatest importance,
is the difference between soil moisture content at the time of construction, and final
(equilibrium) moisture content finally achieved under various conditions allied with

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the complicated structure. The soil has a high swelling capacity if the equilibrium
moisture content is higher than the soil moisture content. Large swelling pressure may
develop as a result of the upheaving of the soil or structure, causing swelling.

2.5 METHODS OF RECOGNIZING EXPANSIVE SOILS

Grouped into three categories, following are the methods of recognizing expansive
soils:
• Mineralogical identification
• Indirect methods, such as soil suction, activity and index properties
Direct measurement.

Impractical and uneconomical in practice, methods of mineralogical identification still

hold importance in exploring basic properties of clay minerals. Direct measurement,
out of the remaining two categories, offers the most useful data.
By their shattered or fissured condition, or obvious structural damage to existing
buildings caused by such soils, potentially expansive soils are usually identified in the
field. To classify expansive soil, potential swell, or potential expansion, or the degree
of expansion is a favoured term used; from this, geotechnical engineers establish how
good or bad the expansive soils are.

2.6 CAUSES OF SWELLING

There are different theories, but the mechanism of swelling is still unclear. No
conclusion to the mechanism has been reached. Soil consisting high percentage of clay
or colloid, with Montmorillonite mineral present as the chief mineral is one of the most
universally accepted reasons for the swelling of soils.

2.7 SWELL PRESSURES

The pressure exerted by expansive soil when they swell, owing to their contact with
water, is called swell pressure. The estimation of this swell pressure and likely becomes
a very important task for designing a structure on such soils, or building the core of a
dam, or constructing a road embankment, or taking a canal through such soils.

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2.8 FACTORS AFFECTING SWELLING

Initial moisture content, or the moulding water in case of a re-moulded sample is the
most influencing factor. “The behaviour of re-moulded clays is much as undisturbed
clays”, as per Holts‟ and Gibbs‟ findings. For a given dry density, the value of initial
water content will be a key factor in determining the water affinity of a given sample,
as well as its swell pressure. A minimum moisture content (𝑤𝑛) required by a clay for
swelling to begin beneath a pre-paved sub-grade is given by: 𝑤𝑛(%) = 0.2𝑤1 + g
Where, 𝑤1 = liquid limit
The factors that affect the swelling aspect of a soil largely depend on the soil’s
environmental conditions. With the intake of water, swelling is more in a soil element
which is close to the surface, but if below the surface, the same soil exhibits negligible
swelling because the overburden pressure neutralizes the developing swelling pressure
of the dry soil.
Generally responsible for swelling are the following factors:

• Location of the soil sample from the ground surface

• Thickness, as well as shape of the sample
• Change in volume
• Temperature
• Nature of pore fluid
• Time
• Stress history
• Unit weight of the sample taken, etc.

2.9 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE EXPANSIVE SOIL

Generation of problems for all kinds of construction over expansive soils is common,
leading us to believe that such types of soil are not suitable for these purposes. However,
given the placement of these kinds of soil over the country, it leaves engineers no other
choice but to develop different structures on the soil, well aware of the risk. These
structures chiefly are a part of irrigation projects. Buildings, and other kinds of
structures constructed over these soils are subjected to differential deflections. These
deflections cause distressing, and in turn leads to damage of the structure.

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Moreover, the reduction in moisture content due to the evaporation of water in soil
causes shrinkage, and heaving of soil occurs when there is a disproportionate increase
in moisture content. The level of ground water table also has a significant impact on the
moisture content of these soils, which in return affect the shrinkage-swelling cycles. In
seasons which are dry in nature, the surface of clayey soil shrinks, however, little
evaporation is there on the clayey soil on which the building stands. This causes
differential settlement at plinth level, posing danger to the structure.

If the construction of a building on such type of soil is done in its dry season, the base
of the structure’s foundation would experience swelling pressures when the partially
saturated soil underneath starts imbibing water in the wet season, developing swelling
pressures. When the pressure imposed by the structure on the foundation is less than the
swelling pressure developed, upliftment of such a structure occurs, which would lead
to formation of cracks. The imposed bearing pressure if the building is constructed in
the wet season should be within the permissible limits of bearing pressure for the soil.
A better practice is to construct a building during dry season, and completing it before
the onset of wet seasons.

One of the methods of treatment of expansive soil to make them fit for the construction
purposes is called stabilization. According to Petry (2002), assortment of stabilizers can
be grouped into:

• By-product stabilizers (Quarry dust, Fly ash, Slag, Phosphor-gypsum, etc.)

• Traditional stabilizers (Cement, Lime, etc.)
• Non-traditional stabilizers (Sulfonated oils, Potassium compounds, Polymer,
Enzymes, etc.)

Lots of geo-environmental problems are a result of industrial by-products whose

disposal as fills in disposal sites adjacent to the industries demand large chunks of land,
which can otherwise be utilized for construction, growing of vegetation, etc. purposes.
Various attempts by different researchers and organizations have been made to utilize

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these by-products. Stabilization of expansive soil is one of the ways of fulfilling such a
thing.

2.10 Ceramic tile powder

Some of the research work conducted on clayey soil using ceramic wastes has been
described below: -
Sabat (2012) had stabilized expansive soil mixed with waste ceramic dust. The locally
available clayey soil was mixed with ceramic dust from 0 to 30% with an increment of
5%. Effect of ceramic dust on consistency limits, compaction characteristics,
unconfined compressive strength, California bearing ratio, shear strength parameters
and swelling pressure of clayey soil was evaluated. From the results of tests, it was
found that liquid limit decreases from 62% to 35%, plastic limit decreases from 30 to
20%, plasticity index decreases from 32 to 15%. The compaction characteristics were
also improved. The MDD increases from 15.6 KN/m3 to 18.1 KN/m3, OMC decreased
from 20.4% to 17.6%. The UCS increases from 55 KN/m2 to 98kN/m2. The soaked
CBR value increased from 1.6% to 4%. There was 150% increase in soaked CBR value.
The cohesion decreased from 18 KN/m2 to 13.5 KN/m2. When ceramic dust increases
from 0 to 30% the angle of internal friction increased from 130 to 17.70. The swelling
pressure decreases from 130 KN/m2 to 24 KN/m2 when ceramic dust increases from 0
to 30%. The economic analysis for stabilized was conducted and it was found that
ceramic dust up to 30% can be utilized for strengthening the sub grade of flexible
pavement with a substantial save in cost of construction.

Babita Singh and Ravi Kumar (2014) had blended the locally available clayey soil with
sand, fly ash, tile waste and jute fibres. The mix clay: sand: fly ash: tile waste: jute fibre
63:27:10: 9:0.5 was selected as the most appropriate and optimum clay, sand, fly ash,
tile waste mix proportion. The maximum dry density of clay-sand-fly ash mix decreases
as the content of fly ash is increases while optimum moisture content increases as fly
ash content increases. When tile waste was added to the selected appropriate clay-sand-
fly ash mix, the maximum dry density increased up to a certain percentage of tile waste
and then decreased. On the inclusion of jute fibre in the optimum clay-sand-fly ash-tile
waste mix, the maximum dry density increased slightly and then decreased with

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increasing jute fibre content. Optimum moisture content was not much affected by
inclusion of jute fibres. Soaked and unsoaked CBR values improved considerably for
the optimum mixes in comparison to that of locally available clayey soil. The value of
failure stress obtained for the final composite mix of clay-sand-fly ash-tile waste-jute
fibre was not appreciably more than that of the pure clay, but considerable strain
absorption capacity can be observed for this final composite mix. The final optimum
mix obtained was an improved construction material and when used in the construction
of flexible pavement imparts considerable cost saving.

Prasad et al. (2014) had evaluated the effect of tile waste on clayey soil. The clayey soil
available locally was blended with tile waste from 0 to 30% at an increment of 10%.
The liquid limit and plastic limit were decreased irrespective of the percentage of
addition of tile waste. The MDD attained at 20% tile waste and OMC was decreasing
with increase in percentage of tile waste. The soaked CBR was increased with increase
in percentage of addition of tile waste. The CBR value has increased by 105% as
compared to untreated soil, when 20% tile waste was mixed. There was 48 % decrease
in swelling pressure of soil as compared to untreated soil, when 20% tile waste was
added. From the above analysis it was found that tile waste up to 20% can be utilized
for strengthening the clayey soil sub grade of flexible pavement with considerable save
in cost of construction.
Ameta and Wayal (2013) had stabilized the dune sand using ceramic tile waste as
admixture. From the test results it was found that on increment of particle size of
admixture, the C.B.R. value of the mix composition increases. Also, as the quantity or
percentage of admixture increases, the C.B.R. value of the mix composition increases.
Variations in C.B.R. values at different percentages of mix composition at different size
also showed that increase in CBR values was more at unsoaked condition than that
compared with soaked condition. From the results obtained it was concluded that angle
of internal friction varies with increase in size of ceramic tiles wastage in mix
composition. On the other hand, for the same size of ceramic tiles waste, the angle of
internal friction increases with increase in percentage or quantity of ceramic tiles waste.

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Babita et al. (2014) studied the strength characteristics of expansive soil mixed with
foundry sand, fly ash and tile waste. The compaction properties and CBR value were
studied using different proportion of foundry sand, fly ash and tile wastes. The
maximum dry density of clay-foundry sand (60:40) mix decreased with addition of fly
ash which is a light weight material as compared to clay and foundry sand. The highest
value of maximum dry density was achieved for clay-foundry sand-fly ash-tile waste
mix of 54:36:10:2.25 followed by other proportions. The California bearing ratio value
of clayey soil improved significantly i.e. from 2.43% to 7.35% with addition of foundry
sand , fly ash and tile waste in appropriate proportion.

Raghudeep and Prasad (2015) had mixed the available clayey soil with vitrified polish
waste (VPW) up to 10% for flexible pavement construction. At 10% mix proportion of
VPW, Liquid limit and Plasticity index of the soil decreased by 17.29% and 42.77%.
The MDD increased by 13.61% and DFS decreased by 27.93% when 10% VPW added
to the soil. Soil classification changes from the CI to CL. CBR value increases from
2.1% to 7.07%. Soaked and Unsoaked CBR values increased 3 to 4 times when 10% of
VPW added to the soil compared to original clayey soil.

D Koteswara Rao (2013) studied the effect of vitrified polished waste (VWP) on marine
clay. He added VWP up to 35% with an increment of 5%. The optimum content of
VWP was found to be 15%. At optimum VWP content liquid limit of the marine
decreased by 35.6%, the plasticity index of the marine clay decreased by 38.65%, the
MDD of the marine clay improved by 16.99%, the C.B.R. value of the marine clay had
been increased by 187.3%, the DFS value of the marine clay decreased by 66.6%
,Specific Gravity G value of the marine clay increased 15.02% ,the Cohesion of the
marine clay improved by 27.34%, the Angle of Internal Friction of the marine clay
increased 50.68% ,the soaked CBR of the soil on stabilizing was found to be 4.505, but
according to IRC 2001 the CBR value should be in between 5-6.
Suresh reddy et.al, The shear test was performed for mix compositions of fine sand of
different dry densities 1.50 gm/cc, 1.55 gm/cc and 1.58 gm/cc with ceramic tile waste
of varying percentage 2%, 4%, 8% and 12%. The angle of internal friction (shearing

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resistance) ɸ increases with increase in dry density of fine sand and quantity of the
ceramic tile waste. As the ɸ is increasing, the required section for embankment is
reduced. Permeability Tests were performed for mix composition of 2%, 4%, 8% and
12% of ceramic tile waste and fine sand of 1.58 gm/cc dry density. The coefficient of
Permeability k (cm/sec) increases with increase in the percentage of ceramic tile waste
mixed to fine sand. Greater the percentage of ceramic tile waste more was the mix
composition permeable. Hence, the impermeable material should be used in the mix
composition to reduce the permeability. Addition of ceramic waste liquid limit, plastic
limit and plasticity index of the clayey soil decreases. Optimum moisture content of the
clayey soil decreases as the percentage of ceramic waste increases and maximum dry
density obtained at certain optimum content of ceramic waste and decreases beyond this
optimum content of ceramic waste. California bearing ratio and unconfined
compressive strength of the clayey soil increases with the increase in the percentage of
ceramic waste. The differential free swell of clayey soil decreases as the percentage of
ceramic waste increases. Stabilisation of expansive soil with different percentages of
tile waste by conducting different laboratory experiments and concluded that, California
Bearing Ratio test was done and its value is 3.406%. Addition of tile waste up to 30%
decreases the values of liquid limit, plastic limit and optimum moisture content. And
increases the values of shrinkage limit, maximum dry density, unconfined compressive
strength and California bearing ratio (CBR). After 30% addition of tile waste the values
are opposing the corresponding values and lose the soil properties.

Ajay Upadhyay et al, A series of laboratory tests were conducted to study the effects of
tile waste on the, liquid limit, plastic limit, MDD, OMC, soaked CBR and swelling
pressure of an expansive soil, The liquid limit and plastic limit decreasing irrespective
of the percentage of addition of tile waste. The Maximum Dry Density attained at 20%
tile waste and OMC goes on decreasing with increase in percentage of tile waste. The
soaked CBR goes on increasing with increase in percentage of addition of tile waste.
There is 105% increase in soaked CBR value as compared to untreated soil, when 20%
tile waste was added [Sumayyak.p et al].

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Experimental program carried out in the laboratory to evaluate the effectiveness of

using foundry sand and fly ash with tile waste for soil stabilization by studying the
compaction and strength characteristics for use as a subgrade material. The highest
value of maximum dry density is achieved for clay-foundry sand-fly ash-tile waste mix
of 54:36:10:2.25 followed by other proportions. The California bearing ratio value of
clayey soil improved significantly i.e., from 2.43% to 7.35% with addition of foundry
sand, fly ash and tile waste in appropriate proportion. Thus, clayey soil stabilized with
foundry sand, fly ash and tile waste can be used as a sub-grade material for construction
of flexible pavements in rural roads with low traffic volume
[DSV Prasad et al].

Stabilization of Dune- Sand with Ceramic Tiles Wastage as admixture by conducting

California Bearing Ratio, Standard Proctor Tests and Direct shear tests. From the test
results M.D.D. increases on increasing the quantity of admixture (increment from 10%
to 30%), increase in CBR values in both unsoaked and soaked conditions. Direct Shear
Test, angle of internal friction increases with increase in size of ceramic tiles wastage
and also increases with the quantity of the ceramic tile wastage [Amrendra
Kumar et al].

Ajay pratap singh rathor, ceramic waste was used in powder form. Engineering
properties of soil and mix specimens were evaluated by performing various laboratory
tests such as Consistency Limit, DFS Test, UCS Test, Standard Proctor Test, and CBR
Test. As per Indian Standard Codes. The ceramic waste powder was added with the
expansive soil in different proportions such as 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and
40% by weight of soil. Laboratory tests revealed that after adding ceramic tile waste,
soil's plasticity changed from intermediate plastic clay (CI) to low plastic clay (CL). It
was observed from the results of mentioned laboratory tests that the overall engineering
properties of expansive soil were improved after adding the ceramic tile waste. The
Optimum dose of ceramic waste powder was found to be 30%.
Use of solid waste material in soil stabilization improves the geotechnical properties of
soil. Different types of waste materials are suitable for different types of soil and they

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provide different degree of improvement. Solid materials can be used for soil
stabilization in place of conventional stabilizer like lime. Ceramic waste with other
waste materials can be used for soil stabilization. On the basis of the work conducted
by different researchers following conclusions can be drawn: -
• With the addition of ceramic waste liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index
of the clayey soil decreases.
• Optimum moisture content of the clayey soil decreases as the percentage of
ceramic waste increases and maximum dry density obtained at certain optimum
content of ceramic waste and decreases beyond this optimum content of ceramic
waste.

• California bearing ratio of the clayey soil increases with the increase in the
percentage of ceramic waste.
• The unconfined compressive strength of the clayey soil increases as percentage
of ceramic waste dust increases.
• The differential free swell of clayey soil decreases as the percentage of ceramic
waste increases.

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CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Objective of the study

This study attempts to analyse the behaviour of Soil in terms of index, strength and
compaction characteristics with ceramic tile waste. As such the objectives are furnished
below.
1. To analyse the characteristics of black cotton soil for different concentrations of
0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% of Tile waste mixed with it.
2. To evaluate soil properties (Atterberg limits, compaction, CBR) of Tile waste
stabilized soil.
3. To improve the liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, such as improve the
properties of organic soil. By improve that values the problems of shrinkage and
swelling of soil when it is contact with water are increase in moisture content
can be solved.
4. To improve dry density at different water content and obtain the maximum dry
density at optimum moisture content (OMC).
5. To study the outcome of Tile waste in soil stabilization, in the way to decrease
the waste disposal problem, environmental pollution.

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3.2 Methodology

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE REVIEW

COLLECT THE MATERIALS

TESTING OF STABILIZED
AND UNSTABILIZED SOIL
WITH USING TILE POWDER

LAB TESTS:
1.SIEVE ANALYSIS
2.LIQUID LIMIT
3. PLASTIC LIMIT
4. STANDARD PROCTOR
TEST
5.CBR TEST

FINDOUT THE OMC

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

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The C&D waste, the ceramic tile waste collected and splitting into small pieces.
Again, small pieces crushed in to fine powder. This fine powder used for this study.

Figure 3.1 C & D waste

Figure 3.2 Splitting into pieces

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Figure 3.4 Ceramic tile waste powder

1. Testing of black cotton soil (liquid limit, plastic limit, standard proctor testing,
unsoaked and soaked CBR test).
2. Testing of black cotton soil with tile powder as additive percentages are 0%,
10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%.
3. To compare the with and without tile waste-stabilized soil.
4. Conclusions.

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CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
4.1 General
The present experimental investigations aim at the detailed study of stabilization/
modification of locally available low expansive soil (Black cotton soil) using tile waste.
The experimental programme conducted in this study is comprised of index tests,
compaction tests and CBR tests in conformity with approved standards on soil alone
and also on stabilised soils to evaluate their individual compaction and strength
characteristics. The material properties, instrumentation, testing methods, and the scope
of the experimental programme are presented in the following sections.

4.2 Materials used

Locally available black cotton soil was used as parent material, it is highly expansive.
one of the construction and dismantled waste such as tile powder using as additive
material for stabilization.

Fig. 4.1 Black cotton soil

4.3 Experimental Programme

An experimental programme has been adopted to study the behaviour of soils stabilized
with tile powder. Soil and additive are tested in the laboratory to determine their
physical as well as chemical properties. The geotechnical characteristics viz.,

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consistency, compaction, strength (CBR) characteristics of stabilised samples (soil –

tile powder) are also determined.
4.4 Test Methods
Table 4.1 shows the standards followed for the various tests conducted.
Table 4.1 Soil testing codes and characteristics
S.No Characteristics Name of the Test Standards
1 Grain size Sieve analysis IS: 2720 (Part-4)-1985
2 Consistency Liquid limit, Plastic IS: 2720 (Part-5) -1985
characteristics limit and Plasticity
index.

3 Compaction Optimum moisture IS: 2720 (Part-8)-1983

characteristics content and
Maximum dry
density
4 Strength California bearing IS: 2720 (Part-16)-
characteristics 1987
ratio

4.4.1 Grain size analysis

Sieve analysis: The sample passing through the 4.75 mm IS sieve is oven dried at 105
to 110oC temperature. Then 1kg of sample in aluminium bowls are weighed and soaked
in water for 24 hrs. After the complete soaking of the sample, the sample is stirred and
washed through the 75 micron IS sieve by use of running water. Samples are
continuously washed till clear water through the 75 micron IS sieve is obtained. Then
the washed samples are carefully transferred in to another dry aluminium bowl and kept
in the oven for drying, Samples are dried at 105 to 110oC temperature till the state of
constant mass is obtained. After drying, samples are sieved by the set of sieves
consisting of sieve designation 4.75 mm, 2 mm, 425µ and 75µ. The fractions retained
on the IS sieves are weighed and results noted down to determine the size of the
particles.

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Fig. 4.2 sieve analysis test

4.4.2 Consistency limit

Samples as prepared under section 4.4.1 are passed through 425 micron IS sieve and
are used for the determination of consistency limit such as liquid limit and plastic limit
as per IS standards.

Fig. 4.3 Mixing of soil with tile waste of Liquid limit

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The liquid limit of samples is determined as per IS: 2720 (Part-5) – 1985. About 120
gm of the specimen passing through 425 micron IS Sieve are mixed thoroughly with
distilled water in the evaporation dish to form a uniform paste. The soil pastes then left
to stand for 24 hours so that the moisture inside the samples is uniformly distributed.
After completion of 24 hrs, the sample then re-mixed thoroughly before conducting the
test. A portion of the paste is placed in the cup above the spot where the cup is rested
on the base, squeezed down and spread into positions with as few strokes of the spatula
and at the same time it is seen that the past is trimmed to a depth of one cm at the point
of maximum thickness returning the excess soil to the dish. Cut one straight groove at
the middle of the soil paste in the cup so that the paste is partitioned into two equal
halves with a clear gap of 12 mm in the middle. Thereafter the cup of the device is
rotated at the rate of 2 revolutions per second, so that the cup is felt through a distance
of 1cm during the operation. Count & record the number of falls (drops/blows) causing
the groove made by the spatula in the soil cake to just close. Here such blows are
recorded which fall within the range of 15 to 35 blows causing closer of the groove in
the specimen cake. A portion of the specimen paste is taken from the cup in the moisture
can & weight is recorded. Then a little more distilled water is added to the specimen
paste remaining in the bowel & is mixed thoroughly. The operations are repeated for
four additional trials. In each case the number of blows in the manner elaborated above
is recorded. A flow curve is plotted on semi-logarithmic graph sheet taking water
content on the arithmetical scale and number of blows (drops) on the logarithmic scale.
A straight line is drawn (flow curve) close to (as nearly as possible) and through the
five points. The moisture content corresponding to 25 blows (drops) as read from the
curve is rounded off to the nearest whole number and reported as the liquid limit of the
specimen. The Fig. 4.4 presents an experimental set-up for the determination of liquid
limit.

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Fig. 4.4 Experimental setup for determination of liquid limit

Fig. 4.5 testing of liquid limit

b. Plastic limit
About 60 gm of samples passing through 425 micron IS sieve are taken for the
determination of plastic limit as per IS: 2720 (Part-5) – 1985. Out of 60 gm, distilled
water is added to 20 gm sample to make a paste to be moulded by rolling with fingers.
Then the rolled specimen is kept for 24hour in an air tight container for uniform
moisture distribution. After that 8gm paste is moulded into a ball & then rolled into
threads of around 3 mm diameter. The rolling is done between glass plate & fingers till

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the threads are of uniform 3 mm dia. Here rate of finger passes (rolling) is between 80
to 90 strokes per minute. After getting the thread the same is kneaded again and balls
are prepared & rolled into thread as before. This process of alternate kneading & rolling
is repeated until the threads crumble & the specimen could not be rolled into threads.
Then pieces of crumbled specimen thread are kept in an air tight container & moisture
content is determined which is represented the plastic limit (%) of specimen.
An experimental setup for the determination of plastic limit is presented in Fig. 4.6.

Fig. 4.6 Experimental setup for determination of Plastic limit of specimen

Fig. 4.7 plastic limit

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4.4.3 Compaction test

Proctor compaction test is conducted on samples as per IS: 2720 (Part-8)-1983 to
determine the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD). In
this case oven dried sample passing through the 19 mm IS sieve is taken for the Proctor
compaction test. About 5 kg of oven dried sample is taken in a non-porous metal tray
and water is added in stages (starting with 3%) to the samples. The specimen and water
are mixed thoroughly to get a homogeneous mixture. The specimen is kept in closed
plastic box for 24 hours in the laboratory at temperature of 27 ± 2 °C to allowing the
uniform distribution of moisture. The mixture is then compacted in the Proctor’s mould
(1000 cc capacity) in equal five layers, each layer being uniformly compacted by
applying 25 blows with a 4.9 kg rammer falling from a height of 450 mm and the bulk
density of the compacted specimen is found out. The corresponding water content in
the specimen is also determined by oven drying method. The above process is repeated
for more than five times until a decreased in bulk density is observed. The dry density
of specimen is determined as below:

Dry density = {100 x (Bulk density)}/ (100+Moisture content)

Fig. 4.8 Experimental setup of compaction test of specimen

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Fig. 4.9 mixing of soil

Fig. 4.10 Compacting of soil

The compaction curves are plotted between moisture contents and dry densities of each
specimen. From the compaction curve, the optimum moisture content (OMC) and
corresponding maximum dry density (MDD) are evaluated. An experimental setup of
compaction test is presented in Fig. 4.8.

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4.3.4 California bearing ratio (CBR) test

CBR tests are conducted as per IS: 2720 (Part-16)-1987 to determine the CBR values
of all samples. Samples are compacted to their maximum Proctor density in CBR
moulds (150 mm dia) in 5 layers using a rammer of weight 4.9 kg falling from height
of 450 mm. Each layer is subjected to 55 nos. of blow distributed evenly throughout the
layer by compaction rammer. After compaction of the last layer, the collar is removed
and the excess sample above the top of the mould is evenly trimmed off by means of
the straight edge. For un-soaked CBR, the compacted samples are tested immediately
by the CBR machine. But for soaked CBR, the compacted samples with surcharge
weights (2x2.5 kg) are kept in a water tank for soaking. In this case, soil, soil-tile powder
compacted specimens are soaked for 4 days, whereas the soil-tile powder compacted
specimens are soaked for 4 days. Then, the CBR mould with specimen is taken out from
the water tank and is allowed to drain of surplus water.
After drainage of surplus water, the mould with specimens and surcharge weights are
placed on the CBR testing machine. The plunger of the loading frame is seated at the
centre of the specimen and is brought in contact with the top surface of the specimen.
The LVDT for measuring the penetration value of the plunger is fitted in position. The
load cell and the penetration LVDT are set to zero. Then load is applied by the machine
through the penetration plunger (dia. 50 mm) to the specimen at a uniform rate of 1.25
mm per minute. Reading of the load is taken at penetrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5,
4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 mm. After the final reading, the load is released and the
mould is removed from the loading machine. The load vs. penetration curve is plotted,
from which corrected load for 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm penetration are evaluated and CBR
values are calculated as per the formula given below.

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Fig. 4.11: Compacting of mould

Fig. 4.12 Experimental setup of CBR test of specimen

Unit loads on standard as found are 1370 kg and 2055 kg at 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm
penetration respectively. For each specimen, the higher of the values calculated above
is taken and the average of three such specimens is reported to the first decimal as CBR

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for one set. Thus, CBR values of all the specimens prepared under section 3.4 have been
found out in the above manner. An experimental setup is presented in Fig.
4.12 for reference.

As per the experimental programme, the consistency limit, compaction tests, CBR tests
have been conducted on stabilized samples as prepared under this 4th chapter. The test
results obtained from these tests have been presented and discussed in detail in the
following Chapter 5.

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CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 General
The results obtained from a series of consistency tests, compaction tests, CBR tests
conducted on expansive soils with and without additives have been presented in this
chapter in the form of tables and figures. The effects of additives tile powder on the
geotechnical properties of soils are studied thoroughly and discussed elaborately citing
the results published in the literature.

5.1.1 Sieve analysis test results

Table 5.1: Sieve analysis of Black cotton soil

Sl. IS sieve Particle Mass of % Mass of soil Cumulative Cumulative
No. size size(D) soil % Retained, % Fine
retained
Retained
mm (M1/M) *100 C N=100-C
(M)g

1 4.75 4.75 9.6 4.8 4.8 95.2

2 2.36 2.36 3.6 1.8 6.6 93.4
3 1.18 1.18 10 5.0 11.6 88.4
4 0.600 0.60 16.6 8.3 19.9 80.1
5 0.300 0.300 37.4 18.70 38.6 61.4
6 0.150 0.150 35.2 17.6 56.2 43.8
7 0.075 0.075 6.6 3.3 59.5 40.5
8 Pan 0 81 40.5 100 0

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5.2 Effects of Tile powder Addition on the Characteristics of Expansive Soil

5.2.1 Consistency characteristics
5.2.1.1 Liquid limit
Table 5.2 summarizes the effect of tile powder on liquid limit of soils. It is observed
that with increase in tile powder content, the liquid limit of soil-tile powder mix
decreases. The liquid limit of the soil with addition of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and
35% tile powder is found to be decreases by 2.54%, 9.43%, 14.85%, 22.48%, 36.06%
and 41.18% respectively, when compared to liquid limit of soil alone. Liquid limit is
used to predict the consolidation properties od soil while calculating the allowable
bearing capacity and settlement of foundation.it is used to calculate toughness index of
soil.

S. Tile Liquid Increment

powder Limit /
No
(%)
(%) Decrement
(%)
1 0 59.76 0
2 10 58.24 -2.54
3 15 54.12 -9.43
4 20 50.88 -14.85
5 25 46.32 -22.48
6 30 38.21 -36.06
7 35 35.15 -41.18

Table 5.2 Average Liquid limit values for tile powder waste as additive material

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Liquid Limit (%)

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Tile powder, %

Fig. 5.2: Graph on Average Liquid limit values for tile powder as additive
material

5.2.1.2 Plastic limit

Table 5.3 summarizes the effect of tile powder on plastic limit of soils. It is observed
that with increase in tile powder content, the plastic limit of soil-tile powder mix
decreases. The plastic limit of the soil with addition of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and
35% tile powder are found to be decreases by 4.76%, 6.25%, 10.6%, 18.3%, 19.88%
and 23.39% respectively, when compared to plastic limit of soil alone.

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Table 5.3 Average Plastic limit values for tile powder as additive material

S. No Tile Plastic Increment /

powder
Limit (%) Decrement (%)
(%)

1 0 36.76 0

2 10 35.01 -4.76

3 15 34.46 -6.25

4 20 32.86 -10.60

5 25 30.03 -18.30

6 30 29.45 -19.88

7 35 28.16 -23.39

Plastic Limit (%)

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Tile powder, %

Fig. 5.3: Graph on Average plastic limit values for tile powder as additive
material

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5.2.1.3 Plasticity index

Table 5.4 summarizes the effect of tile powder on plasticity index of soils. It is observed
that with increase in tile powder content, the plasticity index of soil-tile powder mix
increases. The plasticity index of the soil with addition of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%
and 35% tile powders are found to be increases by 1%, 14.52%, 21.65%, 29.17%,
61.91% and 69.60% respectively, when compared to plasticity index of soil alone.

Table 5.4 Average Plasticity index values for tile powder as additive material

S. No Tile Plasticity index Increment /

powder
(%) Decrement (%)
(%)

1 0 23 0
2 10 23.2 +1
3 15 19.66 -14.52
4 20 18.02 -21.65
5 25 16.29 -29.17
6 30 8.76 -61.91
7 35 6.99 -69.60

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Plasticity Index (%)

25

20

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Tile powder, %

Fig. 5.4: Graph on Average plasticity index for tile powder

as additive material
Tile powder, Liquid limit Plastic limit Plasticity index Group
%
0 59.76 36.76 23 CH
10 58.24 35.01 23.2 CH
15 54.12 34.46 19.66 CH
20 50.88 32.86 18.02 CI
25 46.32 30.03 16.29 CI
30 38.21 29.45 8.76 CL
35 35.15 28.16 6.99 CL

Table 5.5 LL, PL, PI results with tile powder as additive

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5.2.3 Compaction test

Table 5.5 & 5.6 summarizes the effect of tile powder on OMC and MDD of soils. It is
observed that with increase in tile powder content, the OMC and MDD of soil-tile
powder mix increases. The OMC of the soil with addition of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%
and 35% tile powder is found to be increases by 5.12%, 6.44%, 8.1%, 10.18%, 12.26%
and 13.09% respectively, when compared to OMC of soil alone. The MDD of the soil
with addition of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35% tile powder are found to be
increases by 0.2%, 0.96%, 2.83%, 6.36%, 8.99% and 7.46% respectively, when
compared to MDD of soil alone.

Table 5.6 Average OMC values for tile powder as additive material
S. No Tile powder OMC (%) Increment /
(%) Decrement (%)
1 0 14.43 0
2 10 15.17 +5.12
3 15 15.36 +6.44
4 20 15.60 +8.10
5 25 15.90 +10.18
6 30 16.20 +12.26
7 35 16.32 +13.09

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OMC (%)
16.5

16

15.5

15

14.5

14
0 10 20 30 40
Tile powder, %

Fig .Graph on average OMC values for tile powder as additive material

Table 5.7 Average MDD values for tile powder as additive material
S. No Tile MDD Increment /
powder
(gm/cc) Decrement (%)
(%)

1 0 1.446 0
2 10 1.449 +0.20
3 15 1.460 +0.96
4 20 1.487 +2.83
5 25 1.538 +6.36
6 30 1.576 +8.99
7 35 1.554 +7.46

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MDD (%)
1.6
1.58
1.56
1.54
1.52
1.5
1.48
1.46
1.44
1.42
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Tile powder, %

Fig. 5.6: Graph on Average MDD values for Tile powder as additive material

OMC-MDD
1.6
1.58
1.56
1.54
1.52
1.5
1.48
1.46
1.44
1.42
14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5
OMC, %

Fig. 5.7 Graph on Average OMC – MDD values

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5.2.4 California Bearing Ratio Test

Table 5.7 & 5.8 summarizes the effect of tile powder on soaked and un soaked CBR of
soils. It is observed that with increase in tile powder content, the soaked and un soaked
CBR of soil-tile powder mix increases. The un-soaked CBR of the soil with addition of
10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% and 35% tile powder is found to be increases by 56.71,
84.07%, 126.37%, 213.4%, 273% and 228.35% respectively, when compared to Un
soaked CBR of soil alone. The soaked CBR of the soil with addition of 10%, 15%, 20%,
25%, 30% and 35% tile powder are found to be increases by 21.05%, 63.15%, 121%,
315.78%, 342% and 257.9% respectively, when compared to Soaked CBR of soil alone.

Table 5.8: Average Un Soaked CBR values for tile powder as additive material

S. No Tile Un Soaked Increment /

powder Decrement
CBR (%)
(%)
(%)
1 0 4.02 0

2 10 6.3 +56.71

3 15 7.4 +84.07

4 20 9.1 +126.37

5 25 12.6 +213.4

6 30 15 +273.134

7 35 13.2 +228.35

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Un - soaked CBR (%)

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 10 20 30 40
Tile powder, %

Fig. 5.9: Graph on Average Un soaked CBR values for tile powder as additive
material

Table 5.10: Average Soaked CBR values for tile powder as additive material
S. No Tile Soaked CBR Increment /
powder
(%) Decrement (%)
(%)

1 0 1.9 0

2 10 2.3 +21.05

3 15 3.1 +63.15

4 20 4.2 +121

5 25 7.9 +315.78

6 30 8.4 +342

7 35 6.8 +257.9

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Soaked CBR (%)

12

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
tile powder, %

Fig. 5.11: Graph on Average soaked CBR values for tile powder as additive
material

5.3 Summary
1. The Liquid limit and plastic limit values were decreasing with increasing tile
powder additive content in black cotton soil.
2. Adding ceramic tile waste, soil's plasticity changed from High plastic clay (CH)
to low plastic clay (CL).
3. The Optimum moisture content values were increasing with increasing tile
powder content but maximum dry density values increased up-to 30% after that
decreases.
4. The soaked and un-soaked CBR values increases up-to 30%tile powder, after
that CBR values decreases.
5. From this study the optimum dosage of tile powder using as stabilizer was 30%.

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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS
After a complete study of soft soil stabilization for the Kompally region, the effective
outcome arrived is that subgrade soil has a great influence on the modification of soft
soils. All laboratory tests, use of stabilizer is performed to give voice to the matter that
stabilization will help our soils for performing in the best manner. Following
conclusions are derived after a full-length study of soft soils using tile powder waste:
1. With the use of Tile powder waste in soft soils of the Kompally, there is a great
change in Index properties. It further leads to the stabilization of soil. With the
help of this stabilization of soil, pavements can be designed economically such
that sub-base thickness can be reduced with varying percentages of Tile powder
waste.
2. With addition of tile powder, the L.L. and P.I. of soils gradually decreases with
the increase of tile powder contents. Maximum decrease is observed at 30% tile
powder content.
3. Increase in tile powder content up-to 30%, in soil increases OMC and increases
MDD after 30% it decreases. At 30% tile powder waste content, OMC increases
by 12.26% and MDD increased by 8.99%.
4. CBR of soil-tile powder increases with the increase of tile powder content. The
maximum increase being observed at 30% tile powder content and more than
30% CBR value was decreases. At 30% tile powder content, the 4 days soaked
CBR of increase by 342% and un-soaked CBR of increase by 273.134%.
5. Since the more percentage gain in CBR values and MDD values of subgrade
soils, reduction in pavement thickness can be achieved, by mixing tile powder
waste. Use of it in highways and rural roads will certainly yield in terms of the
economy because a large amount of tile powder waste can be made available
from Tile powder Industries and a great problem of Construction and dismantled
waste, its disposal as well as environmental pollution would be solved.

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REFERENCES
1. RATHOR, A. P. S. (2021). Stabilization of Expansive Soil Using Waste
Ceramic Tile Dust. SPAST Abstracts, 1(01). Retrieved from
https://spast.org/techrep/article/view/2873
2. Amrendra Kumar, Dr. Ravi Kumar Sharma and Babita singh Compaction and
sub-grade characteristics Of Clayey Soil Mixed with Foundry Sand and Fly Ash
And Tile wastedz, international Conference on Advances in Engineering &
Technology -2014 (ICAET-2014),Page PP 01-05 e-ISSN:2278-1684.
3. Babita singh, Ravi kumar ,Evaluation of Geotechnical properties of clayey soil
blended with waste materials, Jordan Journal of civil engineering, volume-8
Nov-2 2014.
4. Dr. N.K. Ameta, Dr. Wayal A.S., Puneet (iranandani, Stabilization of Dune sand
with Tile waste as admixture, American journal of engineering Research
(AJER), e-2320-0847 p-ISSN: 2320-0936, Vol.-02 Issue-09, pp-133-139.
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 SOIL STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL BY USING TILES POWDER

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