VIDYA KAKSH INSTITUTE

… Orbit of Education
IX: SCIENCE PLANT TISSUE
PRATEEK AGRAWAL SIR NOTES
** represent Important Questions
NAME: ____________________________________________________________________BATCH DAYS-TIME: _________________________

Branch of biology that deals with the study of the anatomy of tissues: Histology

1. (a) Tissues are the group of cells that are similar in structure & work together to achieve a particular
function.
(b) What is the utility of tissues in multi-cellular organisms?
Ans. In Multicellular organisms, several cells are grouped to form tissues. These tissues perform particular
function at a definite place in the body. For example, nerve cells from the nervous tissue which helps in
transmission of messages.

2. Difference between:
No. Plant Tissue Organization Animal Tissue Organization
They are fixed; contain supportive tissue They are movable; contain living tissues, which help in
1
which give mechanical strength movement.
They have uniform growth, which stops at some point of
2
Growth is limited to certain regions. life.
The organization of organ & organ The organization of organ & organ system is more
3
system is less specialized. specialized.

3.

4. Write a short note on Meristematic Tissue

Ans. It is a group of young cells that are capable of active cell division and it is found in growing parts of
plants like root tip, shoot tip.
Functions of Meristematic tissue are:
(a) They are living cells & very active.
(b) They have dense granular cytoplasm.
(c) The nucleus is large & prominent.
(d) They have compactly arranged cells without intercellular spaces.
(e) They don’t store food material.
(f) It is the tissue 'whose cells' are capable of 'dividing and re-dividing'

Types of Meristematic tissue are:

(a) Apical Tissue: It is found at growing tips of stems & roots. It increases the length of stem & the root.
(b) Lateral Meristem (Cambium): It occurs on the sides & is responsible for increase in diameter of plant &
stems. These tissues are also responsible for growth in thickness of secondary tissue & it is called secondary
growth.
(c) Intercalary Meristem: It is found in/at the base of leaves or internodes of twigs. It helps in elongation of
the parts.
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5. Short note on Permanent Tissue (Supportive Tissue)
Ans. It is made up of one type of cell. Its types are:
(a) Parenchyma’s:
(i) It is simple, permanent living tissue, which is made up of unspecialized thin walled cells.
(ii) They are usually loosely packed so that large spaces between the cells are found.
(iii) It provides support to the plants & stores food.
(iv) It is found in xylem & phloem.
(v) Present in soft parts of plant & Leaves, Fruits and Flowers
**Aerenchyma: In many aquatic plants, parenchyma cell has well developed air spaces. These air spaces
give buoyancy to plants & help them to float in water. Ex. Lotus etc.

(b) Collenchyma’s:
(i) It provides flexibility in plants; allow easy bending in various parts of plant.
(ii) It provides mechanical support to plants.
(iii) It is found in leaf stalks below the epidermis.
(iv) Cells of this tissue are living, elongated, & irregularly thickened at the corners.
(v) They have very little intercellular spaces.
(vi) It gives tensile strength & rigidity to plants.

(c) Sclerenchyma:
(i) It makes the plant hard & stiff.
(ii) Cells of this tissue are dead and so it is used to make the husk of coconut.
(iii) They are long, narrow as walls are thickened due to lignin (Cement like material).
(iv) The walls are thick & so they do not have internal spaces.
(v) They are present in stems, around vascular bundles, in veins of leaves.
(vi) It gives strength to the plant cells.

## Sclereids belong to a type of simple permanent tissue that is dead due to the deposition of a complex
polymer in its wall. This polymer is impermeable to water. Sclereids present in the grit of guava of pear, Fruit
walls of nuts, seed coats of legumes.

6. Short note on Protective Plant Tissue:

Ans. (a) Epidermis:
(i) It is the outermost protective layer of plant organs.
(ii) It is usually single layered but in the leaves of some growing plants in dry habitat, it is multi-layered &
thick.
(iii) It protects the plant from water loss.
(iv) It covers entire surface of plant &protects all parts of plant against invasion of parasite
(v) It secretes a waxy, water resistant layer on outer surface which aids in protection against water
loss, mechanical injury.
(vi) Small pores in epidermis are called Stomata. Transpiration (Loss of water) also takes place through
it.
(vii) Each stoma is enclosed by two kidney shaped cells called Guard Cells. It controls the size of the
stomata.
(viii) Epidermal cells of roots are used in absorption of water.
(ix) They are used in Xerophytes to store water.

(b) Cork:
(i) It is mature, woody stem & made up of dead, thick, – walled cells.
(ii) They don’t have any intercellular spaces.
(iii) It provides insulation from freezing temperatures.
(iv) They have dead cells.
**Suberin is a chemical present in cork in their walls that make them impervious (exchange) to gases &
water.
**Cutin is a chemical present on epidermal, which is a waxy coating & have waterproof quality.

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7. Short note on Complex Permanent Tissue (Conducting Tissue)
Ans. (a) Xylem:
 It is a conducting tissue & constitutes a vascular tissue.
 Vascular or conductive tissue is responsible for their survival in the terrestrial environment.
 It is used in conduction of water & mineral
Xylem consist of 4 types:
(i) Xylem Vessels &Tracheid’s are tubular structure & help them in conduction of water & minerals.
(ii)Xylem fibers are supportive in nature & provide mechanical strength to plant body.
(iii) Xylem parenchyma is living component of xylem. They are concerned with storage of food & sideway
conduction of water.

S.NO. Tracheid's Vessels

Tracheid are live tubular cells in the xylem of Vessels are elongated dead cells which have
1 plants which help in the conduction of water and holes/perforations and help in conduction of
minerals. water and minerals.
2 It is made up of a single cell. It is made up of many cells.
3 They have a narrow lumen. They have a broad lumen.
4 The ends of tracheid's are pointed. The ends of vessels are broader.
5 They have a lower efficiency in water conduction. They have a high efficiency.

(b) Phloem:
It is responsible for transport of food prepared by leaves to other parts of plant. Materials can move in both
directions in phloem. It has 4 types of element:
(i) Sieve Tubes are living, tubular cells with perforated walls.
(ii) Companion Cells & Phloem Parenchyma are the living cells.
(i) Phloem Fibres are the dead cells.

8. **(a) Define: Differentiation?

Ans. The conversion of meristematic tissue into permanent tissue in respect to shape & function.
(b) Name the cell which is attached to the lateral side of the sieve tube.
Ans. Companion cell

9. Name the following:

(a) Tissue which makes the plant hard & stiff: Sclerenchyma
(b) Tissue which transport water & mineral vertically: Xylem
(c) Tissue which allows easy bending in various parts of plant without breaking it: Collenchyma
(d)The chemical present in cells of cork which make them impervious to gases & water: Suberin
(e)Tissue which provide buoyancy to the plants to help them to float: Aerenchyma
(f) Tissue which transport food from leaves to other parts of the plants: Phloem

10. **Give Reasons

(a) There is a crunchy and Granular felling on chewing guava fruit: because of presence of Sclerenchyma
(b) Branches of the trees move and bend freely in high wind velocity: because of the presence of collenchyma
(c) Water hyacinth floats on the surface of water: Due to the presence of air cavities present in its
parenchyma. This type of a tissue is called Aerenchyma.

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(d) Some plants increase in Girth over a period of time: due to cell division in lateral Meristem and that
causes the stems and roots to thicken.
(e) Plant parts do not become wet when it rains: due to presence of Cutin is a chemical present on epidermal.
(f) Hydrophytes (ex. water ferns) are submerging aquatic plants that do not have stomata: the plants surface
cells are capable of absorbing water, nutrients, and dissolved gases in the water.
(g)Xerophytes are covered with thick and modified leaves: to check transpiration and prevent excess of
water loss.
(h)Intercellular spaces are absent in sclerenchyma tissues: because they have a cementing substance (known
as lignin) around their cell membrane which makes them stiff and hard.
(i) It is difficult to pull out of the husk: it is made up of Sclerenchyma tissues which is made of dead cells.
Sclerenchyma gives rigidity and stiffness to the plant and also due to the presence of lignin on the walls of the
cells we find it tough to pull the husk out.\
(j) Growth of a plant occur in specific regions: Due to location of meristematic tissue, the growth of the plant
occurs only in specific regions.

11. Why Meristematic cells have a prominent nucleus and dense cytoplasm, but they lack vacuole? OR
why do meristematic lack vacuoles?
Ans. This is so because Meristematic cells have an ability to divide and form new cell. Also, there is no point in
storing food and other nutrients when the cell has to divide.
Vacuoles are storage sack but cells of meristematic do not require storage sacks.

12. The root tips of a plant were cut and the plant was replanted. What will happen to plant and why? OR A
plant fails to grow if root tip is destroyed. Why?
Ans. This will lead to the death of the plant as there will be no growth of roots (meristematic cells are
removed) thereby, preventing the proper absorption of water and minerals from the soil.

13. If the tip of sugarcane plant is removed, even then it keeps on growing in length. How?
Ans. If the tip of sugarcane plant is removed the apical Meristem is also removed as it is situated in the apices
of growing roots and stem. Intercalary Meristem is located at the base of leaves or nodes and leads to the
increase in the length of an organ such as leaves and internodes.

14. Name the four elements of water conducting tissue of plants?

Ans. Xylem Vessels & Tracheid’s, Xylem fibers, Xylem parenchyma

15.Name the tissue that:

(a)Chemical present in cork in their walls that make them impervious (exchange) to gases &water: Suberin
(b) Chemical present on epidermal, is a waxy coating & have waterproof quality/coating the epidermis in
desert plants: Cutin
(c) Tissue used to make husk of coconut: Sclerenchyma
(d) Cement like material present in Sclerenchyma, which thickened the walls of it: Lignin
(e) Provides insulation from freezing temperatures: Cork

16.Draw a diagram of phloem tissue & label on it all the three elements of phloem?
Ans.

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17. Why do Sclerenchyma cells have narrow lumen? Where are these tissues present & why?
Ans. Every cell has vacuoles as the Sclerenchyma cell is dead; the vacuole of the cell is represented by an
empty space called lumen which runs throughout the length of the cell. They also occur in leaves and fruits
and constitute the hard shell of nuts and the outer hard coat of many seeds.

18. Name the basic packing tissue in the form of a few layers of cells
Ans. Parenchyma

19. **Differentiate between the three types of simple permanent tissues on basis of their cell walls
Ans. Parenchyma: Cell wall is thin and made up of cellulose.
Collenchyma: Cell wall is thick at the corners due to the deposition of pectin
Sclerenchyma: Cell wall is thick due to deposition of lignin.

20. Why energy requirement of plants is less than animals?

Ans. Plants are stationary. They are autotrophic and do not have to move from one place to another in
search of their food. Hence, their energy requirement is less and therefore, most of the plant tissues are
dead with no living protoplasm.

21. Which type of parenchyma contains chlorophyll?

Ans. Chlorenchyma

22. Name the tissue which is present in the veins of leaves.

Ans. Sclerenchyma

23. What will happen if Apical Meristem is damaged or cut?

Ans. The growth of the plant will stop. As this is required for the growth and the elongation of the roots, of
the stem and increases the length of the plant.

24. ** Explain the significance of:

(a) Hair Like Projections on epidermal cells: These can move, and their movement pushes the mucus forward
to clear it.
(b) Small pores in the epidermis of leaf: Exchange of gases and lose water as transpiration

25. Explain the ways by which cuticle help in providing protection to the tissues?
Ans. A plant cuticle is a protecting film covering the epidermis of leaves, young shoots and other aerial plant
organs
The primary function of the plant cuticle is as a water permeability barrier that prevents evaporation of
water from the epidermal surface, and also prevents external water and solutes from entering the tissues.

26. What will happen if a potted plant is covered with a glass jar? Why?
Ans. If a potted plant is covered with a glass jar, water vapours appear on the wall of the glass jar because of
transpiration due to which water is released from the plant in the form of water vapour which appears on the
glass jar.

27. What are the changes that lead to formation of Cork. Mention two properties of cork that help it to acts as
a protective tissue?
Ans. Cork cambium produces cork cells, which form exterior to the cork cambium. In this, the cells are
arranged in regular radial rows one above the other. As cork cells mature, they secrete suberin (a waxy
substance) in their cell walls and which makes them impermeable then die. Cork cells function as a barrier to
protect the stem from physical damage and from pathogens.

28.** A small nail is inserted in the trunk of a tree at a height of 1 metre from the ground level. After 3 years
the nail will be at what height?
Ans. A small nail inserted into a tree trunk will remain in the cork cambium of the trunk. The vertical growth
in the tree will happen only at the apex where the apical meristems are present. Therefore, on the tree trunk,
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we would see an increase in the size of the girth. When you look at the tree from the longitudinal section, the
relative position of the nail will be the same.

29. State the role of following: -

(a) Stomata in the Epidermis of leaf.
(b) Coating of Cutin in the Epidermis of Desert plant
Ans. (a) Stomata regulate gas exchange between the plant and environment and control of water loss by
changing the size of the stomatal pore.
(b) Xerophytes acquire several adaptations as they are subjected to high temperatures and scarcity of water.
The waxy coating ensures minimal water loss by transpiration and serves as a protective covering.

*** END ***

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