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    Earth and Life Science Notes

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    Earth and life g 11

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    Earth and Life Science Notes

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    marylabausas73
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    Earth and life g 11

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    EARTH-AND-LIFE-SCIENCE-NOTES

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    Earth and life g 11

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    Earth and Life Science Notes

    Uploaded by

    marylabausas73
    Earth and life g 11

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE NOTES

    PLATE TECTONICS, FOLDING AND FAULTING

    Key Concepts:

    • Plate Tectonics: The theory that Earth's outer layer is divided into large, rigid
    plates that move over time.
    • Lithosphere: The rigid outermost layer of Earth, composed of the crust and
    upper mantle.
    • Folding: The bending of rock layers due to compression.
    • Faulting: The breaking of rock layers due to stress.

    Plate Boundaries and Their Effects:

    • Convergent Boundaries: Plates move towards each other, resulting in:


    o Folding: Compression causes rocks to bend into folds.
    o Faulting: Reverse faults form as rocks are pushed upward.
    o Mountain building: Massive Mountain ranges like the Himalayas form.
    o Volcanoes: If one plate subducts under another, magma can rise and
    create volcanoes.
    • Divergent Boundaries: Plates move away from each other, resulting in:
    o Faulting: Normal faults form as rocks are pulled apart.
    o Seafloor spreading: New oceanic crust is created at mid-ocean ridges.
    • Transform Boundaries: Plates slide past each other horizontally, resulting in:
    o Faulting: Strike-slip faults form, causing earthquakes.

    Types of Faults:

    • Normal Fault: The hanging wall block moves downward relative to the footwall
    block.
    • Reverse Fault: The hanging wall block moves upward relative to the footwall
    block.
    • Strike-Slip Fault: The blocks move horizontally past each other.

    Driving Forces of Plate Tectonics:

    • Convection Currents: The circulation of hot material in the mantle, which


    drives the movement of plates.
    • Ridge Push: The force exerted by the creation of new oceanic crust at mid-
    ocean ridges.
    • Slab Pull: The force exerted by the sinking of dense oceanic crust into the
    mantle.

    Additional Notes:
    • The West Panay Fault is a strike-slip fault located in the Philippines.
    • Volcanoes can also form at hotspots, which are areas of volcanic activity that are
    not located at plate boundaries.
    • Understanding plate tectonics is essential for understanding earthquakes,
    volcanoes, and the formation of mountains and continents.
    • The Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates.
    • If the North and South American plates continue to move westward, the Pacific
    Ocean will become smaller.

    Stratification, Relative, and Absolute Dating Notes


    Stratification

    • Lithification: The process of turning sediments into rock.


    • Sedimentary Rocks: Rocks formed from the accumulation and compaction of
    sediments.
    • Formation of Stratified Rocks:
    o Deposition: Sediments settle from water or wind.
    o Compaction: Sediments are squeezed together due to the weight of overlying
    material.
    o Cementation: Minerals fill the spaces between sediments, binding them
    together.
    • Importance of Rock Layers:
    o Provide clues about ancient environments, organisms, and climate change.

    Relative and Absolute Dating

    • Relative Dating: Determines the age of rocks compared to other rocks.


    o Principles:
    ▪ Law of Superposition: Older rocks are at the bottom; younger rocks
    are at the top.
    ▪ Law of Original Horizontality: Sediments are originally deposited
    horizontally.
    ▪ Law of Lateral Continuity: Sedimentary layers extend laterally.
    ▪ Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships: A feature that cuts across
    another is younger.
    ▪ Law of Inclusion: Fragments of older rock within a younger rock are
    older.
    • Absolute Dating: Determines the numerical age of rocks using radioactive decay.
    o Half-Life: The time it takes for half of a radioactive isotope to decay.

    Additional Notes

    • Unconformities: Gaps in the rock record due to erosion or non-deposition.


    • Principle of Uniformitarianism: The present is the key to the past.
    • Igneous Intrusions: Magma that cools and solidifies within the Earth's crust.
    • Fossil Succession: The order in which fossils appear and disappear in the rock record.

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